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1.
After 4-5 months’ storage at 30° F. (-1° C.), runners of Redgauntlet and Cambridge Favourite strawberries established well when planted in June or July. In contrast to freshly lifted runners, stored plants runnered fairly freely in the year of planting and grew with an erect habit. In the year after planting, plant habit was normal but more stolons were produced early in the season.

Deblossoming cold-stored runners after planting, though not necessary for satisfactory establishment, increased the subsequent yield. Cold-stored runners planted in late July and deblossomed in August cropped well in the following year, the total crop and in particular the yield of large fruit (> ? in. diameter) being similar in amount to that from fresh runners planted in early August. The weight of early fruit harvested from Redgauntlet was appreciably greater from cold-stored than from early-planted fresh runners, but stored runners of Cambridge Favourite showed no gain in earliness. It is concluded that stored runners may satisfactorily be used as a substitute for fresh ones to obtain the recognized advantages of early planting.

Cold-stored Redgauntlet runners planted in June ripened a small crop of fruit in August. Reducing the inter-plant spacing from 18 in. to 9 in. doubled the initial yield and also increased the total amount of fruit harvested in the two succeeding years without lessening the quantity of large fruit.  相似文献   

2.
The growth and cropping of two virus-infected strawberry varieties was compared with that of clones the virus content of which had been reduced by heat therapy.

The heat-treated clones of both Cambridge Favourite and Early Cambridge were considerably more vigorous, bearing more crowns than their untreated counterparts. In the first year after planting, both clones of each variety produced similar total yields, but the heat-treated clones produced a higher percentage of large fruit. Plants of the heat-treated clone of Cambridge Favourite flowered and ripened their fruit later than plants of the untreated clone in the second year, but gave a greater yield. However, the two clones of Early Cambridge gave similar yields, the increased potential of the heat-treated clone provided by a greater number of crowns being offset by reduced inflorescence formation.

In order to establish whether reduction of vigour would lessen the tendency of some heat-treated clones to form barren crowns, spring planting was compared with autumn planting. Spring planting, which reduced plant size and yield of both varieties in the first season but had less effect on size and none on yield in the second season, failed to check partial barrenness in the heat-treated clone of Early Cambridge.

At the end of the first growing season the heat-treated clones of both varieties showed a greater incidence of Verticillium wilt than the untreated clones but this difference was not maintained in the second year.  相似文献   

3.
The results of two spacing experiments, one with var. Offenham only and the other with vars. Offenham and Avonresister, are described and discussed.

The number of plants per sq. ft. affected mean root size; about 2 plants per sq. ft. gave the highest yield of roots >2 in. crown diameter, whereas about 4 to 6 plants per sq. ft. gave the highest yield of prepackingsized roots (1½ in. to 2½ in.). At a given plant density, however, varying the row spacing over a range likely to be used commercially had no significant effect on the total yield of roots or their size grading.

The greatest difference in the yielding ability of the two varieties occurred at low plant densities, where Offenham outyielded Avonresister by up to 88%, whereas at high plant densities the yield difference was only about 10%. A mathematical model relating yield to plant density was used to analyse the results and characterize the difference in the response of the two varieties to plant density.  相似文献   

4.
In summer (August) planting of chilled cv. Tioga strawberry runners, under Israeli growing conditions, there is excessive runner production until mid-December. These runners are removed manually several times during the autumn season. Frequent runner removal had no salutary effect on subsequent flowering and yield. PP-413 inhibited runner production and development highly significantly, but at high concentrations (1 000–2 000 ppm) it had an adverse effect on yield. Ancymidol (25 ppm) had almost no effect on runner development.  相似文献   

5.
The yield results of six field experiments with bulb onions are presented and it is concluded that : (1) The total yield of ripe bulbs increased with increasing number of plants per sq. ft. until an optimum was reached and thereafter the yield declined.

(2) At the optimum plant densities for total yield the bulbs were too small for normal market purposes but were of a suitable size for pickling whole.

(3) Some varieties of onion would not produce large bulbs even when grown at low plant densities; thus the choice of varieties for ware bulb production is of paramount importance.

(4) The fitting of a mathematic model to the density/yield data showed that if varieties were ranked for yield at anyone plant density this ranking would remain the same at all other plant densities. Absolute yield differences between varieties were, however, greatest at low plant densities.

(5) Decreasing the distance between rows at a given plant density increased the total yield of bulbs. At 7 plants per sq. ft., a density suitable for commercial dry bulb production, reducing the row spacing from 18 in. to 9-12 in. increased yield by 10 to 30%.

  相似文献   

6.
Rockwool is an excellent growing medium for the hydroponic production of tomato; however, the standard size rockwool blocks [4 x 4 x 2.5 inches (10 x 10 x 6.3 cm) or 3 x 3 x 2.5 inches (7.5 x 7.5 x 6.3 cm)] are expensive. The following experiments were conducted with less expensive minirock wool blocks (MRBs), on rayon polyester material (RPM) as a bench top liner, to reduce the production cost of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in a limited-cluster, ebb and flood hydroponic cultivation system. Fruit yield for single-cluster plants growing in MRBs [2 x 2 x 1.6 inches (5 x 5 x 4 cm) and 1.6 x 1.6 x 1.6 inches (4 x 4 x 4 cm)] was not significantly different from plants grown in larger sized blocks (3 x 3 x 2.5 inches). When the bench top was lined with RPM, roots penetrated the RPM, and an extensive root mat developed between the RPM and the bench top. The fruit yield from plants on RPM was significantly increased compared to plants without RPM due to increases in fruit size and fruit number. RPM also significantly reduced the incidence of blossom-end rot. In a second experiment, single- and double-cluster plants were grown on RPM. Fruit yield for double-cluster plants was 40% greater than for single-cluster plants due to an increase in fruit number, although the fruit were smaller in size. As in the first experiment, fruit yield for all plants grown in MRBs was not significantly different from plants grown in the larger sized blocks. MRBs and a RPM bench liner are an effective combination in the production of limited-cluster hydroponic tomatoes.  相似文献   

7.
以番茄为试材,在日光温室越夏茬土壤起垄纸膜覆盖条件下,对番茄单双行种植和株行距参数结构进行了研究,分析了不同种植结构对番茄植株生长、产量、品质及根系空间分布特征的影响,以期探索日光温室纸膜覆盖下番茄适宜种植结构。结果表明:单行种植模式下,随着种植密度的降低,单果质量和单株产量显著增加,最低密度处理(3.00株·m-2)产量最高。双行种植模式下,密度处理对单果质量和单株产量没有显著影响,因此最高密度处理(3.90株·m-2)产量最高。在最高密度处理下,番茄在0~20 cm土层的根系占总根系量85%以上,双行模式的根系生物量显著高于单行种植模式,差异主要表现在0~10 cm土层内。单行低密度处理和双行高密度处理产量较高且相近,但双行低密度种植模式利用根系生物量积累,种苗成本低,利于管理,因此在宁夏日光温室番茄越夏南北垄向栽培中,推荐采用3.00株·m-2密度、单行种植模式。  相似文献   

8.
The crops harvested from maiden plants of Redgauntlet, Cambridge Vigour and Cambridge Favourite, rooted at intervals from April to November, have been examined in detail. Total crop decreased with later rooting dates, but average berry weight increased. This is attributed to the initiation of potentially larger receptacles on the flowers, to a higher proportion of primary flowers and to better berry development on the later-rooted plants. Usually the heavier total yield of early-rooted runners was due to the production of greater numbers of smaller berries, which adversely affected the profitability of the crop.

The actual yield of the plants examined was only one half to two-thirds of the possible yield had all the flowers initiated produced full-sized berries. The shortfall has been examined and attributed to a serious failure of some flowers to produce berries of any sort, coupled with poor berry development resulting in the formation of fruits that were only two-thirds to four-fifths of their possible size. Fields for study are indicated that offer the prospect of substantial increases in yields.  相似文献   

9.
CO2 enrichment advanced the date of first anthesis, promoted earlier cropping and shortened the duration of harvest for single-truss tomatoes sown in December and, to a lesser extent, for those sown in July. It also prevented arrested development of the flowers of a December-sown crop growing in poor light.

CO2 caused increases in marketable fruit yield that were greatest for a mid- July sowing and least for a mid-December sowing. The increases obtained from plants sown in mid-December were independent of population density. For a mid-July sowing the increases in yield of ripe marketable tomatoes were 33% and 17% at population densities of 10 and 25 plants/m2 respectively. Increases in total marketable fruit weight caused by CO2 resulted from an increase in the number of fruits attaining marketable size and an increase in the average weight of individual fruits.

Some of the advantages of producing fruit on single-truss tomatoes grown in shallow capillary-watered beds are mentioned.  相似文献   

10.
Summary

Responses to an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, prohexadione-calcium (Pro-Ca) at 0.01% (w/v), applied at three different times during nursery plant production, was tested in June-bearing strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cultivar ‘Honeoye’ under cool-climate, long-day conditions. The effects of mechanical manipulation, detaching runner plants from the mothers, were also tested on the same dates. The treatment dates were 12 August, 24 August and 2 September 2004 which corresponded to day-lengths of 16, 15 and 14 h, respectively. After lifting on 11 November, and sorting into size categories, the plants were cold-stored and their performance was subsequently investigated under greenhouse conditions. Mother plant growth was decreased by the first two Pro-Ca treatments. A Pro-Ca application on 12 August also decreased the number of runners, and the total number of daughter plants was reduced by 30%.This reduction was highest in the smallest plant category, which was the most abundant.All Pro-Ca treatments increased the dry mass of the crown and the roots of plants in the smallest size category. The Pro-Ca treatment on 12 August enhanced crown-branching in the largest size category, and increased the number of inflorescences in these plants when grown in the greenhouse. All Pro-Ca treatments increased the number of flowers in inflorescences of plants in the smallest size category. In contrast, plant production did not benefit from the detachment of runners from mothers, suggesting that this nursery practice has no advantageous consequences.  相似文献   

11.
The effects of farmyard manure (FYM), peat, and fertilizers applied in 1957 on the yield and mineral composition of runner beans grown in 1957 and 1958 are described. The residual effects of the organic matter treatments were compared with the effects of further applications of fertilizers in 1959 and i960. No fertilizer was applied in 1958.

In the year of application, FYM produced more than twice the yield of bean pods than did a generous application of fertilizers, but in succeeding years the difference decreased and had disappeared by i960. Peat had a much smaller effect on yield than FYM, both in the presence and in the absence of fertilizers, and by 1959 its residual effect was negligible. Possible reasons for the difference between the yield responses to applications of FYM and peat are discussed.

The results of chemical analyses of whole plants (1957) and of leaves (1958-60) did not indicate any major nutrient deficiency in the plants from the fertilizer-only plots, as compared with those from the FYM-treated plots, such as might account for the observed yield differences.

The manurial treatments had relatively little differential effect on the nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium contents of the bean leaves but had a large effect on their potassium and magnesium contents. In the bean pods, only the concentration of potassium was markedly affected by the manurial treatments. While there was a negative K/Mg interaction in the leaves, this was not found in the pods, in which the concentration of magnesium was virtually constant.

Runner bean leaves were found to contain more magnesium than many other vegetable materials, but the amount in the pods was much lower than that in the leaves, with the result that the amount of magnesium removed by this crop was similar to that removed by other vegetables.  相似文献   

12.
A long-term field experiment testing the effects of 4 soil management treatments and 4 levels of ammonium sulphate on Washington Navel and Late Valencia oranges, budded on rough lemon or sweet orange rootstocks, was terminated in 1965. At this stage the difference in crop yield between the worst and best treatments was about 150%; average annual yields for the 4-year period 1962–65 varied from 18.3 to 46.2 t/ha according to treatment. After 1965 remedial N and Ca treatments were applied to restore the experimental area to a uniformly high level of productivity.

For the 2-year period 1968–69, average annual yields from plots previously receiving the 4 ammonium sulphate treatments varied from 39.1 to 44.6 t/ha; uniformity in terms of yield had thus largely been achieved. Slightly less success, however, was achieved in terms of fruit quality.

Lime, applied to counteract soil acidity induced by the previous ammonium sulphate treatments, produced greater responses on tilled plots than on non-tilled plots. The smaller response to lime on non-tilled plots was largely due to citrus roots being close to the surface and able to absorb applied fertilizer P before fixation could occur.

Some trees, receiving a bare-surface chemical weed control treatment and no N since 1947, were in severe decline in 1965 ; however, they were restored rapidly to full vigour by a midwinter application of 255 kg N/ha in 1966. Furthermore, these trees produced high yields in 1968 when the rest of the orchard was in an ‘off’ year, thereby suggesting that suitable annual adjustments to levels of applied N could be a means of limiting or controlling biennial bearing.

Soil management treatments had no significant effect on the size distribution of the fruit, but the nil and highest N treatments, applied until 1965, had an adverse effect on the size grade (63–75 mm diam.) preferred commercially.  相似文献   

13.
以新品种‘北冰红’、品系‘2001-1-135'和‘98-8-165’为试材,研究了株距0.5、0.75、1.0、1.5m,行距2.5、3.0m,不同株行距和架式组合试验对葡萄品质和产量的影响.结果表明:篱架株行距(0.5～0.75)m×2.5m和小棚架0.5m×3.0m,建园密度大,通风透光差,植株感霜霉病害较重,导致第2年植株萌芽率和坐果率低而大幅度减产.小棚架株行距1.0m×3.0m单株保留2个主蔓和1.5m×3.0m单株保留3个主蔓,分别需5a和6a进入盛果期,表现植株感染霜霉病轻、坐果率、果实含糖高、产量低.株行距0.75 m×3.0m单株保留1个主蔓的小棚架,始花期早,4a生树可进入盛果期,表现产量最高,果实品质好,1.0m×2.5m单株保留2个主蔓的篱架产量较高,这2种架式和株行距表现试验当年和试验第2年稳产.通过试验结果确定,新品种‘北冰红’、品系‘2001-1-135'和‘98-8-165'建园适宜的株行距和架式是:0.75m×3.0m的小棚架和1.0m×2.5m的篱架.  相似文献   

14.
Summary

The effects of environmental conditions, planting date and crown size on the timing, intensity and duration of cropping in the strawberry Fragaria × ananassa cv. Elsanta were investigated. Temperature was positively correlated with the rate of progress to fruiting whereas crown size had no effect. The first fruit reached harvest maturity after an estimated 891 day-degrees had elapsed above a base temperature of 2.9°C for waiting bed plants and 831 day-degrees above a base temperature of 2.4°C for cold stored plants. Temperature was negatively correlated with total yield, berry number and average berry weight for both waiting bed and cold stored plants of different crown sizes. Yield, berry number and average berry weight were positively correlated with crown size. The effect of temperature on the yield components appeared to be due to its effect on vegetative growth of the plants: canopy development was more limited at warmer temperatures. These results can be used to generate models to predict the effect of growth environment on cropping in strawberry.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

The effects of exposing eggplants grown in recirculating nutrient solution to salt stress (6.1 dS m–1) from planting until the beginning of harvesting, on plant growth, yield and macronutrient status was investigated. The salinity was imposed by adding to a basic nutrient solution either additional nutrients at two cation ratios or NaCl. The results showed that the exposure of plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting reduced both vegetative growth during that time and early fruit yield, but the depression of the latter was more severe. The restriction of the early yield was a result of a reduced mean fruit weight due to a lower fruit water content. The detrimental effects of salinity on the mean fruit weight disappeared 25 d after discontinuing the salinity treatments. As a result, the total yield obtained after five months of harvesting was not influenced by exposing the plants to salinity prior to the beginning of harvesting. The salinity source had no specific effect on plant growth. Moreover, the increase of salinity up to 6.1 dS m–1 did not cause any specific nutritional imbalance or toxicity to the plants, irrespective of the salts used to achieve it. It is suggested that the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution may be raised to 6.1 dS m–1 to control excessive vegetative growth in eggplants grown hydroponically. However, salt treatment should be terminated either at the first harvest, if the total yield is more important than the early yield, or three weeks earlier, if the opposite is true.  相似文献   

16.
Summary

The apple cultivar Queen Cox on M.9 rootstock cropped more precociously when planted as two year old trees than when planted as one year old trees, even though there were no significant differences in the sizes (leader height and branch length) of the trees at the time of planting. However, the two year old trees had larger root systems at planting. As the trees aged, those planted as one year olds grew more vigorously and bore higher cumulative yields than those planted as two year olds. Annual root pruning of the trees, commencing 15 months after planting, reduced extension shoot growth, crown volume and grubbing weights (final fresh weights of scions) severely. In some seasons root pruning increased the number of spur and terminal floral buds produced and also the final sets and yield efficiencies on the treated trees. Planting trees within semi-permeable fabric membranes also reduced extension shoot growth and tree size, but less severely than the root-pruning treatment. Root restriction increased the efficiency of fruit set and yields and also improved the grades of fruits produced. Trickle irrigation treatments increased shoot growth and tree fresh weight at the time of grubbing, but had inconsistent and small effects on fruit set and yields. Interactions between tree age at the time of planting and the root manipulative treatments were significant.  相似文献   

17.
During the investigation of factors affecting fruit size in strawberry, the physical characteristics of the fruiting structure were examined as a possible cause of size limitation in fruit. The greatest total weight of fruit which can be sustained at any one time on an inflorescence appeared to be related to the dimensions of the main peduncle. At this limit the fruit yield may be no more than half the potential fruit yield of the inflorescence, indicating that unless ripe berries are removed development of immature berries may be restricted or stopped.This implies that under conventional management high yields will require frequent picking to achieve full potential. Once-over cropping, as in mechanical harvesting, may entail accepting yields one half or less of those now being obtained by conventional hand picking.It is suggested that if evaporative losses from ripe berries can be reduced, as by cloching, tunnelling, windbreaks, or plant breeding for less permeable cell walls, increased yields might be expected.  相似文献   

18.
以番茄品种罗拉为试材,设置5个处理,分别为:CK,定植密度33 300株·hm~(-2),留6穗果;T1,49 500株·hm~(-2),留4穗果;T2,66 000株·hm~(-2),留3穗果;T3,49 500株·hm~(-2),单株留2穗果与留6穗果相间;T4,66 000株·hm~(~(-2)),单株留2穗果与留4穗果相间,研究不同种植密度和留果方式对外保温覆盖大棚内番茄植株生长、产量、品质、群体微环境的影响。结果表明:T2和T1处理生育期平均温度、温度适宜度较高;T1和T3处理摘心前的叶片SPAD值显著高于对照;T1、T2处理的前期产量和总产量均显著高于对照;VC、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、番茄红素等果实品质以T1处理最优。综合产量、品质以及大棚内的温湿度和光照适宜度,T1处理种植风险较小,是外保温覆盖大棚中较为合适的种植方式。  相似文献   

19.
The effects of six cultural treatments on (a) marketable yield, (b) percentage marketable plants and (c) percentage perfect quality curds produced, were studied on representative varieties of three groups of autumn cauliflower in experiments carried out over a period of five years. The treatments included a comparison of the use of graded and ungraded seed, transplanting and direct-drilling of the crop, different transplant ages, selection for uniformity at planting or thinning time, and plant density and nitrogen levels during the early seedling stage of growth.

In general the yields and quality of drilled and transplanted crops were similar with all varieties each year and neither the use of graded seed nor the nitrogen treatments had any significant effect on yield or curd quality. Both increasing plant density in the seedbed and increasing age of transplant caused a reduction in yield on most occasions. The effects of the treatments on yield and quality are discussed in relation to their effects on the maturity characteristics of the crops.  相似文献   

20.
Summary

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill) cultivars Early Urbana and Red Clode were grown in the field at adverse temperatures (stress regimes) until they set fruit in two growing seasons (Autumn and Spring) during 1999 and 2000 in Ahwaz (Southern Iran). To test the effectiveness of auxins in enhancing fruit set, racemes of tomato were sprayed during early fruit set with 25, 50 and 100 mg l–1 4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (4-CPA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) followed by two additional applications at three intervals. The control plants were treated with deionized water. At harvest, racemes from autumn and spring plantings that were treated with 4-CPA had more large fruits than the control racemes. In both growing seasons, neither cultivar showed a significant difference in fruit set in plants treated with IBA, compared with controls. The ratio of fruit/flower in all racemes treated with 4-CPA increased significantly compared with the other treatments. However, auxin treatments did not significantly affect the number of flowers per raceme. Plants treated with 4-CPA produced the highest yield of marketable fruit. The greatest increase in total yield and parthenocarpic fruit occurred with 4-CPA treatments. Also, there was little difference between concentrations of 4-CPA on fruit set in both cultivars. It may be concluded that the response of fruit setting in tomato to either low or high temperatures regimes was auxin dependent and that 4-CPA was more effective than IBA.  相似文献   

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