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1.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether skin erythema in clinically normal dogs can be quantified by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs. ANIMALS: 9 German Shepherd Dogs and 10 mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURE: Hair was clipped at 7 sites on the body. Skin erythema was evaluated at the axillary region, right and left lateral aspect of thorax, right and left loin area (ie, part of the back between the thorax and pelvis), right and left groin area (ie, the junctional region between the abdomen and thigh), metatarsal digital pad, and on the nose. Replicate measurements were done by use of chromametry and image analysis of digital photographs, using erythema values in accordance with the Committee International d'Eclairage (CIE)-Lab color system. RESULTS: Repeatability was high for both techniques. Within-dog variation was lower than between-dog variation. Between-dog variation was high for both groups of dogs. Interregional variation was significant in German Shepherd Dogs and mixed-breed dogs. Erythema values revealed symmetry between the right and left lateral aspects of the thorax and loin and groin areas. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Precise objective methods are available for skin erythema quantification. Chromametric and photographic erythema values had a high within-dog reproducibility. Between-dog variability was high for German Shepherd Dogs and mixed-breed dogs as was regional variation, indicating differences in color among dogs.  相似文献   

2.
To evaluate the extent and severity of skin lesions in clinical trials enrolling dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD), the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis recently recommended the use of the third version of the CADESI. This version of the CADESI was found to exhibit acceptable content, construct, criterion, inter- and intraobserver reliability and sensitivity to change. The current study was aimed at determining optimal CADESI-03 cut-off points to separate AD severity categories for future clinical trials. One hundred and eight dogs with AD were selected based on current diagnosis standards. At one or more visits, clinicians subjectively rated the severity of AD as 'in remission', 'mild', 'moderate' or 'severe', and a CADESI-03 score was then determined. In all, 158 CADESI-03 values were recorded and divided among the four disease severity categories. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated at increasing cut-off values to determine the benchmark that would offer optimal sensitivity and specificity between adjacent categories. Cut-offs of 16, 60 and 120 are proposed at the interface of remission, mild, moderate and severe categories, respectively. Proposed intervals therefore are: remission: 0-15; mild AD: 16-59; moderate AD: 60-119; and severe AD: >/= 120. This Task Force recommends that, whenever applicable and relevant, subgroup analyses of outcome measures, based on disease severity as determined with these cut-off CADESI-03 values, be preplanned for clinical trials enrolling dogs with AD. Such subgroup analyses could help determine whether specific interventions might be more effective in a particular subset of atopic dogs.  相似文献   

3.
Objective assessment of canine atopic dermatitis severity is very difficult and only a few scoring systems have been developed. The most commonly used is the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Scoring Index (CADESI), adapted from the human SCORAD. Despite wide use of this score in clinical trials, no validation has been performed to our knowledge. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the CADESI in clinical practice. First, a set of 28 pictures taken from dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis was scored by six different investigators for three items: erythema, lichenification and excoriation. Next, 23 dogs with clinical signs compatible with atopic dermatitis were graded by two investigators using the CADESI. Erythema, lichenification and excoriation were assessed on 39 areas. With the pictures, significant correlations (Spearman's r, P < 0.05) were found for each combination of investigators for erythema and lichenification, but only in 10 of 15 combinations for excoriation. Interobserver agreement ranged between poor and fair (0.221 < Cohen's κ <0.508, mean = 0.395). For the living animals, significant correlations (P < 0.0001), but poor interobserver agreement, were found for the three items (κerythema = 0.366, κlichenification = 0.385, and κexcoration = 0.226). A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found for each location, and interobserver agreement varied between very poor and good (0.16 < κ < 0.66). These results suggest that erythema and lichenification are reliably assessed, but that grading excoriation is more difficult. Also, the assessment of severity varied depending on the site studied. Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

4.
In dogs, atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and chronic allergic skin disease that often necessitates treatment with pharmacological interventions. In the last 30 years, numerous clinical trials testing the efficacy of anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported, but there has been a lack of consistency in the assessment of outcome measures. Several clinical scales have been employed over time, but none of these scoring systems were ever tested for validity and reliability. A committee of the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis evaluated the currently available scales used to assess disease morbidity in humans and dogs with AD, and a third version of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI-03) was designed. This version was expanded from previous ones by redistribution and increase in body sites tested, the use of an additional lesion reflecting underlying pruritus (e.g. self-induced alopecia) and an increase in the numerical range of severity for each lesion. The CADESI-03 scale was tested for validity and reliability in a cohort of 38 dogs with AD. Overall, this revised version of the CADESI was found to exhibit acceptable content, construct, criterion, and inter- and intra-observer reliability and sensitivity to change. As a result, this scale is recommended as a validated tool for assessment of disease severity in clinical trials testing the efficacy of interventions in dogs with AD.  相似文献   

5.
Background – The third iteration of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI‐03) is the only tool rigorously validated for canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) lesion scoring. The CADESI‐03 requires 248 evaluations, limiting its widespread use. Hypothesis/Objectives – The goal of the study was to develop and validate a practical method of grading CAD lesions that requires scoring only the frequently affected body regions. Animals – Fifty‐seven privately owned atopic dogs were used in the study. Methods – The Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) was evaluated in an open, multicentre reliability study. Validity was assessed with expert opinion (content validity) and comparison of CADLI with existing disease severity measures (construct and criterion validity). Reliability was evaluated by analysing repeated observations of each dog. Convenience was assessed in terms of the time required to complete the scale. Results – The CADLI scores correlated with overall assessment scores (r = 0.60, P < 0.001, linear mixed model) and pruritus severity scores (r = 0.53, P < 0.001, linear mixed model), establishing construct validity. The CADLI was strongly correlated with CADESI‐03 (r = 0.84, P < 0.001, linear mixed model), establishing criterion validity. The CADLI values obtained by two observers correlated very strongly (r = 0.91, P < 0.001), as did the repeat values for the same observer (r = 0.98, P < 0.001). The mean time to complete the CADLI was less than that required for CADESI‐03 (1.9 and 12.6 min, respectively), a highly significant difference (P < 0.001). Conclusion and clinical importance – The CADLI was found to be an effective measure of CAD lesion severity, strongly correlating with CADESI‐03. The convenience of CADLI makes it suitable for use in both clinical research and practice.  相似文献   

6.
Objective assessment of canine atopic dermatitis severity is very difficult and only a few scoring systems have been developed. The most commonly used is the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Scoring Index (CADESI), adapted from the human SCORAD. Despite wide use of this score in clinical trials, no validation has been performed to our knowledge. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the CADESI in clinical practice. First, a set of 28 pictures taken from dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis was scored by six different investigators for three items: erythema, lichenification and excoriation. Next, 23 dogs with clinical signs compatible with atopic dermatitis were graded by two investigators using the CADESI. Erythema, lichenification and excoriation were assessed on 39 areas. With the pictures, significant correlations (Spearman's r , P  < 0.05) were found for each combination of investigators for erythema and lichenification, but only in 10 of 15 combinations for excoriation. Interobserver agreement ranged between poor and fair (0.221 < Cohen's κ <0.508, mean = 0.395). For the living animals, significant correlations ( P  < 0.0001), but poor interobserver agreement, were found for the three items (κerythema = 0.366, κlichenification = 0.385, and κexcoration = 0.226). A significant correlation ( P  < 0.05) was found for each location, and interobserver agreement varied between very poor and good (0.16 < κ < 0.66). These results suggest that erythema and lichenification are reliably assessed, but that grading excoriation is more difficult. Also, the assessment of severity varied depending on the site studied.
Funding: Self-funded.  相似文献   

7.
Background – Cutaneous impairment plays a crucial role in atopic dermatitis (AD). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurement is an indirect assessment of skin barrier function and correlates with disease severity in humans. Skin impairment also exists in canine AD; however, concerns exist regarding variability and reliability of TEWL measurements in dogs. Hypothesis/Objectives – The purposes of this retrospective study were twofold: first, to investigate the correlation between severity of dermatitis [measured by Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)] and TEWL; and second, to evaluate whether increased TEWL at a young age correlates with disease severity later in life. Methods – Data from atopic beagles and dogs with natural AD were analysed. Transepidermal water loss was measured in atopic beagles (n = 24) with an open chamber and in dogs with naturally occurring AD with a closed chamber device (two studies, with n = 14 and n = 18). Pearson product–moment correlation was used for analyses. Transepidermal water loss of the inguinal region, axilla, antebrachial flexure and pinna was analysed. Correlations were investigated for each study, separately first and then jointly. They included CADESI and TEWL of individual regions, total CADESI and total TEWL of all measured regions, and total CADESI and TEWL of key regions. Results – In atopic beagles, TEWL measured at 1 year of age pre‐ and post‐allergen challenge was correlated with CADESI at 1, 3 and 6 years of age. Overall, low correlation coefficients were found; therefore, a biologically relevant connection could not be demonstrated. The main significant positive correlation was found between TEWL in the pinna and total CADESI. Conclusions and clinical importance – It is concluded that TEWL does not correlate with disease severity.  相似文献   

8.
This study evaluated the efficacy of PhytopicaTM, a proprietary blend of standardised plant extracts, in canine atopic dermatitis (AD). One hundred twenty dogs with perennial AD were recruited on the basis of history and clinical signs, and a positive intradermal allergen test or rFcεRIα serology to perennial allergens. Other pruritic dermatoses were eliminated by antimicrobial treatment, skin scrapings, Sarcoptes serology, flea control and a 6‐week food trial. Exclusion criteria included antimicrobial therapy within 7 days, antihistamines within 14 days, oral/topical glucocorticoids or cyclosporin within 28 days, and parenteral glucocorticoids, essential fatty acids or immunotherapy within 56 days of entry into the study. Dogs [minimum Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI) = 25] were randomly allocated to receive placebo, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg PhytopicaTM daily for 12 weeks. Their CADESI was assessed every 4 weeks. A modified intention‐to‐treat population was analysed. The mean reductions in CADESI scores at the end of treatment compared to baseline were 4.4% (100 mg/kg; n = 30), 23.4% (200 mg/kg; n = 29, P < 0.01), 8.5% (400 mg/kg; n = 29) and 3.9% (placebo; n = 29). For more severely affected dogs (minimum CADESI ≥ 50 at baseline), there was significant reduction in mean CADESI score (29.3%, P = 0.038) only in the 200 mg/kg treatment group (n = 14). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that PhytopicaTM is an effective nonsteroidal treatment for canine AD. Funding: Phytopharm plc.  相似文献   

9.
The classical treatments for dogs with atopic dermatitis have traditionally been oral antipruritic drugs, allergen-specific immunotherapy and topical therapy. Fifty dogs with atopic dermatitis were included in this multicentred, double-blinded, randomized study to compare clinical response to an 8-week period of feeding one of three commercial veterinary foods marketed for dogs with atopic dermatitis (diets A-C) or a widely distributed supermarket food (diet D). Atopic dermatitis was diagnosed using Willemse's criteria and through the exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fourteen dogs were assigned to diet A and 12 dogs each to diet B, C or D. Flea and tick control using a monthly fipronil spot-on product was administered for a minimum of 4 weeks prior to inclusion in the study and during the study period. Evaluations were made monthly. These included lesion scores, using an established scoring system (canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index, CADESI-03) and owner evaluation of pruritus level using a visual analogue scale. After 8 weeks on the new diets, there was a significant improvement in CADESI and pruritus scores with diet B (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.043 and paired t-test, P = 0.012, respectively), in pruritus scores with diet A (paired t-test, P = 0.019) and in CADESI scores with diet D (Wilcoxon test, P = 0.037). No significant changes were detected with diet C. Based on the results of this study, in addition to the conventional therapies, changing the diet of dogs with atopic dermatitis may be a useful adjunctive therapeutic measure.  相似文献   

10.
Skin carriage and quantification of Malassezia yeasts were evaluated in 180 healthy dogs (group 1) and 117 dogs with clinical signs (pruritus, erythema, lichenification/seborrhoea, excoriations and alopecia) that could be related to Malassezia dermatitis (group 2) in Brazil. The lesions in the group 2 dogs were evaluated using CADESI‐03 scores. Samples were collected from five different anatomical areas. Direct examination was performed using the tape strip technique, and results were expressed as the mean number of yeasts per ×1000 microscopic field per dog. For mycological culture, a single piece of sterilized carpet was applied to the same areas sampled for cytology, and transferred onto Dixon’s modified medium. Yeast populations were expressed as mean colony forming units (CFU)/plate. Malassezia isolates were characterized by polymerase chain reaction–restriction endonuclease analysis of the large subunit (LSU) of ribosomal RNA gene. The probability of culturing Malassezia from dogs with skin lesions was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than from healthy dogs. There was a linear trend between CADESI‐03 score and mean CFU/plate. Group 2 dogs with positive cultures had higher CADESI‐03 scores than those with negative cultures (P < 0.05). Almost all isolates were identified as Malassezia pachydermatis. Only one isolate (group 2) was identified as Malassezia furfur. These data suggest that dogs with skin disorders harbouring Malassezia yeasts in quantities higher than 120 mean CFU/plate should be considered as having Malassezia dermatitis. The presence of Malassezia appears to exacerbate clinical lesions in dogs.  相似文献   

11.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a topical spray containing 0.0584% hydrocortisone aceponate (HCA) on canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) and to evaluate the skin barrier function during the treatment of CAD. Twenty-one dogs that fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for CAD were included in this study. The HCA spray was applied once a day to the lesions of all dogs for 7 or 14 days. Clinical assessment was performed before (day 0) and after treatment (day 14), and clinical responses were correlated with changes in skin barrier function. CAD severity significantly decreased after 14 days of HCA treatment based on the lesion scores (p < 0.0001), which were determined using the CAD extent and severity index (CADESI-03) and pruritus scores (p < 0.0001) calculated using a pruritus visual analog scale. Transepidermal water loss, a biomarker of skin barrier function, was significantly reduced compared to baseline (day 0) measurements (p = 0.0011). HCA spray was shown to be effective for significantly improving the condition of dogs suffering from CAD. This treatment also significantly improved cutaneous hydration and skin barrier function in the animals.  相似文献   

12.
In humans, skin barrier dysfunction is thought to be responsible for enhanced penetration of allergens. Similar to conditions seen in humans, canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is characterized by derangement of corneocytes and disorganization of intercellular lipids in the stratum corenum (SC) with decreased ceramide levels. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a moisturizer containing ceramide on dogs with CAD. Dogs (n = 20, 3~8 years old) with mild to moderate clinical signs were recruited and applied a moisturizer containing ceramide for 4 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, pruritus index for canine atopic dermatitis (PICAD) scores, and canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI) scores of all dogs were evaluated. Skin samples from five dogs were also examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using ruthenium tetroxide. TEWL, PICAD, and CADESI values decreased (p < 0.05) and skin hydration increased dramatically over time (p < 0.05). Electron micrographs showed that the skin barrier of all five dogs was partially restored (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that moisturizer containing ceramide was effective for treating skin barrier dysfunction and CAD symptoms.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
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15.
Secondary bacterial infection is a frequent complication in lesional skin of dogs with immunomodulatory‐responsive lymphocytic–plasmacytic pododermatitis (ImR‐LPP). However, the influence of skin pH and temperature in determining the composition of the cutaneous microflora at lesional sites has not been investigated. The association between ImR‐LPP and pedal skin temperature, pH and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates was thus evaluated. Temperature and pH were measured in 20 dogs with ImR‐LPP and in 30 clinically healthy control dogs, and S. pseudintermedius was cultured from interdigital and palmoplantar swabs in both groups and scored semi‐quantitatively for bacterial growth. In the ImR‐LPP group, mean skin pH was slightly, but significantly, higher at both interdigital and palmoplantar sites. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated more frequently, and scores for bacterial growth were also significantly higher. However, mean skin temperatures were not significantly different from those in the control group. The isolation of S. pseudintermedius was significantly associated with ImR‐LPP, with the single exception of isolates on Columbia blood agar from the palmoplantar region. However, pH and temperature were not significantly associated with the disease, and were not associated with the isolation of S. pseudintermedius at most sites sampled. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was not isolated from all feet sampled in dogs with ImR‐LPP. Taken together, these data would suggest that S. pseudintermedius infection is most likely to be a secondary phenomenon in dogs with ImR‐LPP, and that changes in skin pH and temperature are not significant risk factors for this disease.  相似文献   

16.
Shampoo therapy is frequently used on pruritic dogs. However, there are few double-blinded, placebo-controlled studies of this form of therapy. This randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a commercial medicated shampoo (DermaTopic; Almapharm) containing chlorhexidine, lactoferrin, piroctone olamine, chitosan and essential fatty acids in 27 dogs with mild to moderate allergic pruritus without secondary skin infections. All dogs received shampoo therapy with either DermaTopic or a shampoo vehicle as placebo twice weekly for four weeks. The extent of pruritus was evaluated before the study and then on a daily basis by the owners using a visual analogue scale. Before beginning the treatment and after four weeks, the skin lesions were evaluated by an experienced clinician with a validated lesion score (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index - CADESI). The pruritus was reduced significantly by both DermaTopic and placebo. However, there was no significant difference between both groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the CADESI scores pre- and post-treatment in either group or between the two types of treatment. This study provides further evidence of the benefit of shampoo therapy for pruritic dogs.  相似文献   

17.
Evidence suggests that high-quality diets enriched with essential fatty acids (EFA) and other nutrients can ameliorate canine atopic dermatitis (AD). This study compared such a diet (Eukanuba Veterinary Diets Dermatosis FP) with a home-cooked equivalent (fish and potato) in a randomised, single-blinded, cross-over trial. Twenty dogs with perennial AD were randomly assigned to receive either the test (group A) or the control diet (group B) for 1 month, followed by the contrasting diet for a further month. Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI version 2) and pruritus (visual analogue scale) scores were recorded at days 0, 30 and 60. Eight dogs in each group completed the study. CADESI scores significantly declined when dogs were fed the test diet (group A P < 0.01; group B P < 0.001), and increased (group A P < 0.05) or remained steady (group B) on the control diet. CADESI scores decreased in 15 of 16 dogs fed the test diet, but this was less than 50% in all cases. Pruritus scores also declined when dogs were fed the test diet compared to the control diet, but this was only significant for group A (P = 0.027). Pruritus was reduced in 11 of 16 dogs fed the test diet, but this was 50% or more in only two dogs. This trial provides evidence for the efficacy of Eukanuba Veterinary Diets Dermatosis FP in canine AD, although it is likely that most cases will require adjunct therapy. The mechanism is unclear, but may involve increased and balanced EFA levels.  相似文献   

18.
This study evaluated a 0.0584% hydrocortisone aceponate (HCA) spray (Cortavance®; Virbac SA, Carros, France) in canine atopic dermatitis (AD). Initially, dogs with a canine AD extent and severity index (CADESI-03) ≥ 50 were randomly allocated to receive HCA ( n  = 15) or placebo ( n  = 13) (two sprays from 10 cm away to treat an area of 100 cm2) once daily for 28 days. Twenty-one of the dogs then received HCA spray once daily, reducing to every other day or twice weekly over 42 days if improvement was maintained. CADESI, pruritus (14 cm visual-analogue-scale) and owner satisfaction (5-point scale) were recorded every 14 days. Haematology, biochemistry and adrenocorticotrophic hormone stimulation were performed at baseline, d28 and d70 (HCA n  = 9; placebo n  = 7). Intention-to-treat data were analysed. HCA spray significantly decreased CADESI (–61.4% versus –13.4%, P  = 0.0069) and pruritus (–38.8% versus +57.6%, P  = 0.0015) at d28 compared to placebo. Scores were significantly decreased at d14 (CADESI –50.5%, P  < 0.0021) and d28 (CADESI P  < 0.0001; pruritus P  = 0.018) compared to baseline following HCA but not placebo. At d28 11 of 15 and 7 of 15 HCA dogs had ≥ 50% reductions in CADESI and pruritus compared to 3 of 13 ( P  = 0.02) and 1 of 13 ( P  = 0.04) placebo dogs. Owner satisfaction scores were significantly higher in the HCA group (d28 P  = 0.0001). Daily 3 of the 21 dogs required daily maintenance therapy, 7 every other day, 6 twice weekly and 5 dogs required additional therapy. Coat length did not influence the results. No adverse effects or changes to blood parameters were noted. HCA spray proved safe and effective up to 70 days. It is not, however, licensed for long-term treatment.  相似文献   

19.
Background – Ciclosporin is widely used in the management of canine atopic dermatitis. In humans, ciclosporin therapy has been linked to disturbances in calcium metabolism and resultant skeletal disorders. Objectives – The objective of this study was to assess calcium homeostasis in dogs before and after a 6 week course of once daily oral ciclosporin at the licensed dose (5 mg/kg). Animals – Sixteen client‐owned dogs with spontaneous atopic dermatitis. Methods – Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate, creatinine, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25‐dihyroxyvitamin D and plasma concentrations of ionized calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured, together with the urinary fractional excretion of calcium and phosphate. The extent of skin lesions was scored using the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)‐03 and the degree of pruritus by the Edinburgh Pruritus Scale prior to and at the end of the study. Results – The CADESI‐03 and the Edinburgh Pruritus Scale scores decreased satisfactorily in all dogs by the end of the study. Plasma PTH concentrations were significantly increased (P = 0.02) following ciclosporin treatment, whereas all other biochemical parameters were not significantly different from their starting values. The increase in PTH was mild in most cases and the proportion of dogs that had a PTH concentration above the reference range was not significantly different following treatment. Conclusions and clinical importance – This study indicates that ciclosporin has minimal impact on calcium metabolism in dogs with atopic dermatitis when used at the licensed and clinically effective dosage for 6 weeks.  相似文献   

20.
Introduction Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a very common disease, but little is known about eye involvement. The conjunctival provocation test (CPT) is used in human to study the ocular response to allergenic stimuli and to evaluate anti‐allergic therapy. To our knowledge it has not been used in dogs. Objectives To evaluate the prevalence of ocular signs in a population of atopic dogs and relate these with clinical cAD scores; and the usefulness of CPT for dust mites in atopic dogs with itchy eyes. Procedures Sixty cAD patients were evaluated for (i) ocular signs of allergic conjunctivitis including conjunctival hyperemia, chemosis, epiphora, ocular discharge, pruritus and corneal involvement, graded 0 to 3 according to severity, and (2) cAD Extent and Severity Index (CADESI‐03). Additionally, CPTs for Dermatophagoides farinae (n = 12) and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (n = 12) were performed in sensitized atopic dogs and 24 control dogs. Results Periocular and ocular signs of allergy were present in 60% (36/60) of cases. Conjunctival hyperemia (90%) was the most common sign. Severity of ocular signs was significantly correlated with eye pruritus (rs = 0.690, P = <0.001) and skin lesions score for head region (rs = 0.261, P = 0.04). A highly significant difference (P < 0.001, Fisher test) was found in CPTs between the test and the control groups. Conclusion Allergic conjunctivitis signs associated with cAD seem under valuated so these patients would benefit from an ophthalmologic evaluation. Furthermore, we found CPT to be a reliable, easy to perform and safe test for the etiologic diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis in the dog.  相似文献   

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