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研究新进展最近的研究结果表明,仅用能量和氮源笼统地表达瘤胃微生物对这两大营养成分的需要量是不合适的,不同来源的碳水化合物和氮源对微生物的合成量和合成效率影响很大,并且揭示了一些新的概念(Russell等,1981,1983,1987;Chen等,1989;Erdman 相似文献
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瘤胃原虫对细菌的吞食作用是降低瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成量的重要因素。提高瘤胃内容物的稀释率可以减少原虫对细菌的吞食作用及微生物的维持能量需要,因而瘤胃水平衡对于瘤胃微生物区系、瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白质的合成量有重要影响。本研究进行了以下几方面的工作:(1)研究瘤胃内水的来源与去路及影响水平衡的因素,探讨根据瘤胃水平衡测定绵羊唾液分泌方法;(2)研究瘤胃内灌注人工唾液对瘤胃液体平衡、瘤胃发酵及微生物蛋白质合成的影响;瘤胃液稀释率与微生物蛋白质合成之间的关系。(3)探讨在生产实际中,调控瘤胃水平衡 相似文献
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蛋白质是动物的必需养分,也是喂给奶牛的费用最高的养分。蛋白质被奶牛采食以后,在瘤胃中降解为较小的成分,如肽、氨基酸和氨。肽和氨基酸在小肠中可被吸收,被母牛直接用于生长和泌乳,瘤胃微生物将氨用于微生物生长和蛋白质合成(Van Soest,1994)。微生物所需氮(N)的数量由可利用碳水化合物的数量所决定。如果喂给的日粮蛋白质超过微生物的需要,那么氨就会在肝中转化为尿素,排泄到尿中。饲喂更多的能量,就会增加微生物对N的需要,促进过量氨的利用(Van Soest,1994)。蛋白质和能量,或更确切地说是瘤胃降解蛋白质和快速发酵的碳水化合物的适… 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物多样性与定量 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《动物营养学报》2015,(12)
反刍动物由于瘤胃微生物的存在能够分解并利用饲料中的纤维素来提供能量和蛋白质。瘤胃微生物主要包括细菌、真菌和原虫,三者在消化饲料过程中分工明确,共同实现碳水化合物和蛋白质的分解。本文综述了定量瘤胃微生物群落多样性的新方法,尤其是分子生物学的应用,进一步提高人们对于瘤胃功能的认识水平。 相似文献
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不同纤维素与淀粉比率等氮纯化底物瘤胃发酵微生物蛋白质合成量 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
采用持续动态瘤胃模拟装置 (RSI)研究了 6种不同纤维素和淀粉比率 (C S) :0 .14、0 .44、0 .94、1.92、4.75、15 .76,等氮 ( 14.2 2 % ,风干物质基础 )纯化底物养分瘤胃发酵微生物组分及微生物蛋白质合成量。结果显示 :微生物有机物中氮的含量MN MOM在 5 5 0 %～ 6 64 %之间 ;微生物有机物中RNA含量 (RNA MOM ,% )不受日粮C S影响(P >0 0 5 ) ,仅发现微生物氮含量受到日粮碳水化合物比率影响 (P <0 0 5 )。 72小时发酵后 ,瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成效率与底物纤维素和淀粉比率成乘幂负相关关系 :MN RDN =0 .764 9(C S) - 0 .1 0 6 3,n =6,R =- 0 .93 1;MN FOM(g kg) =2 3 .88(C S) - 0 .0 988,n =6,R =- 0 .881。结果表明 ,在瘤胃可利用氮相同条件下 ,微生物蛋白合成效率取决于适宜的底物结构性碳水化合物和非结构性碳水化合物比率 相似文献
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氮元素是组成蛋白质的重要元素,各种蛋白质的氮含量比较恒定,平均值为16％。瘤胃微生物可利用日粮蛋白降解产生的氨、肽、氨基酸作为氮源,利用碳水化合物发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）、CO2、糖以及ATP作为碳链和能量合成的微生物蛋白质,可以提供动物机体40％～80％的氨基酸需要,是反刍动物蛋白质的主要来源之一。而可提供氮源的物质有：蛋白质、过瘤胃蛋白、过瘤胃氨基酸、非蛋白氮等。为了有效利用饲料蛋白质和菌体蛋白,必须充分利用氮素营养。本文主要介绍了氮素营养的种类及良好的应用效果。 相似文献
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前言瘤胃微生物厌氧发酵合成的微生物蛋白质可以为动物提供蛋白质需要量的40%～60%,生成的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)可以为动物提供能量需要量的70%～80%(Church,1988)。瘤胃微生物特有的功能是发酵结构性碳水化合物和非蛋白氮(NPN),为动物提供能量和蛋白质,但是同时也把优质蛋白和淀粉降解,造成浪费。因此,如何解决这一矛盾 相似文献
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H Bergner 《Archives of Animal Nutrition》1991,41(7-8):665-674
The ATP yield from the carbohydrates of anaerobically living microorganisms in the rumen amounts to only 5-10% of the ATP yield of the intermediary metabolism in the presence of oxygen. Vital functions and thus microbial protein synthesis are due to protein degradation in the rumen. The ATP yield in the intermediary metabolism of ruminants is mainly achieved from propionate and microbial protein by means of gluconeogenesis because the absorption of glucose from digested starch is very low. The relationships between ATP yield in the rumen and the processes of glucose provision for the production of lactose as well as the protein content of the milk are shown. As important processes of ATP production in microorganisms from easily soluble carbohydrates take place in silage preparations before feed intake, the corresponding consequences for the metabolism of high-performance cows fed with silage are shown. 相似文献
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Six double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls (initial weight: 345 +/- 16 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in two juxtaposed 3 x 3 Latin squares to study the effect of a lack of synchronization between energy and N in the rumen on microbial protein synthesis and N metabolism by giving the same diet according to three different feeding patterns. The feed ingredients of the diet were separated into two groups supplying the same amount of fermentable OM (FOM), but characterized by different levels of ruminally degradable N (RDN). The first group primarily provided energy for the ruminal microbes (14.6 g of RDN/kg of FOM), and the second provided N (33.3 g of RDN/kg of FOM). These two groups were fed to the bulls simultaneously or alternately with the aim of creating three different time periods of imbalance (0, 12, or 24 h) between energy and N supplies in the rumen. The introduction of imbalance affected neither microbial-N flow at the duodenum (P = 0.65) nor efficiency of growth (P = 0.69), but decreased (P = 0.016) the NDF degradation in the rumen 12.2% for a 12-h period of imbalance. N retention was not affected by imbalance (P = 0.53) and reached 57.8, 58.5, and 54.7 g/d, respectively, for 0-, 12- and 24-h imbalance. It seems that the introduction of an imbalance of 12 or 24 h between energy and N supplies for the ruminal microbes by altering the feeding pattern of the same diet does not negatively influence microbial protein synthesis or N retention by the animal. Nitrogen recycling in the rumen plays a major role in regulating the amount ofruminally available N and allows for continuous synchronization of N- and energy-yielding substrates for the microorganisms in the rumen. Therefore, a lack of synchronization in the diet between the energy and N supplies for the ruminal microbes is not detrimental to their growth or for the animal as long as the nutrient supply is balanced on a 48-h basis. Thus, these dietary feeding patterns may be used under practical feeding conditions with minimal effect on the performance of ruminant animals. 相似文献
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Gehrke M 《Polish journal of veterinary sciences》2005,8(3):201-207
This study was carried out in order to determine the influence of nitrogen excess in rumen and deficit of digestible organic matter in a feed ration for dairy cows on hypomagnesaemia at the beginning of green forage feeding. The balance of nitrogen and energy metabolism in rumen was determined using the rules of evaluation of the nutritional value of fodder (PDI system) according to the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), taking into consideration a potential protein synthesis from nitrogen by microorganisms in rumen (MPRN) and microbial protein synthesized from digestible organic matter (MP(RE)). It was found that an increase in the amount of rumen degradable protein (RDP) and MPRN-MPRE balance leads to a significant increase of urea nitrogen in serum (p < 0.05). An increase of total MPRN-MPRE balance in rumen results in a decrease of Mg concentration in serum. It has been demonstrated that in cows fed green forage at the end of spring (2nd half of May to 1st half of June) when the MPRN-MPRE balance is not higher than 187 g, adding 7 g or 25 g of MgO/cow/day to the same extent successfully prevents hypomagnesaemia. 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物在反刍动物饲粮消化和吸收中起着重要的作用,深入探索瘤胃微生物群落结构、代谢活动和功能作用,对反刍动物健康和促进饲草利用效率具有重要意义。相对传统瘤胃微生物纯培养方法,组学技术能够更加全面对瘤胃微生物种类、代谢途径、功能进行解释,宏组学联用为系统理解瘤胃微生物降解纤维物质分子机理提供新方式,并受到研究人员越来越多的关注。本文总结了宏基因组学、宏转录组学、宏蛋白质组学与代谢组学在瘤胃微生物研究中的应用,并围绕宏组学技术联合应用进行综述,为反刍动物瘤胃微生物的研究提供理论支持。 相似文献
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Seven double-muscled Belgian Blue bulls (initial BW: 341 +/- 21 kg) with cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in an incomplete replicated Latin square. The study examined the effect of imbalance between energy and N in the rumen on microbial protein synthesis and N metabolism by giving the same diet according to 3 different feeding patterns. The feed ingredients of the diet were separated into 2 groups supplying the same amount of fermentable OM (FOM) but characterized by different levels of ruminally degradable N (RDN). The first group primarily provided energy for the ruminal microbes (12.5 g of RDN/kg of FOM), whereas the second provided greater N (33.3 g of RDN/kg of FOM). These 2 groups were fed to the bulls in different combinations with the aim of creating 3 levels of imbalance (0, 20, and 40 g/ kg of DM) between energy and N supplies in the rumen. Imbalance was measured by the variation of the degradable protein balance (OEB value in the Dutch system) of the diet between the 2 meals each a day. Diurnal variations in ruminal NH3-N concentrations and plasma urea concentrations were greatly influenced by the feeding patterns of the diet. Introduction of imbalance affected neither microbial N flow at the duodenum (P = 0.97) nor efficiency of growth (P = 0.54). The feeding patterns of the diet had no negative impact on NDF degradation in the rumen (P = 0.33). Nitrogen retention was not affected by imbalance (P = 0.74) and reached 49.7, 52.0, and 51.3 g/d, respectively for 0, 20, and 40 g of OEB/kg of DM imbalance. It seems that introduction of an imbalance between energy and N supplies for the ruminal microbes by altering the feeding pattern of the same diet does not negatively influence the microbial activity in the rumen nor N retention of the animal. Nitrogen recycling in the rumen plays a major role in regulating the amount of ruminally available N and allows a continuous synchronization of N and energy-yielding substrates for the microorganisms in the rumen. Therefore, imbalance between dietary energy and N created over a 24-h interval was not detrimental to rumen microbial growth for the animal as long as the level of imbalance did not exceed 40 g of OEB/kg of DM. Thus, these feeding patterns of the diet can be used under practical feeding conditions with minimal impact on the performance of ruminant animals for meat production. 相似文献
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Merry RJ Lee MR Davies DR Dewhurst RJ Moorby JM Scollan ND Theodorou MK 《Journal of animal science》2006,84(11):3049-3060
Two experiments were carried out to determine the effects of feeding grass silages differing in their water-soluble carbohydrate content, with or without red clover silage, on the efficiency of nutrient use. High-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover were ensiled in laboratory silos for use in an in vitro experiment (Exp. 1). For an in vivo experiment (Exp. 2), the same forage types were baled and ensiled. All silages were well preserved; within experiments the grass silages had similar composition, except for greater (P < 0.05) water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations in the high-sugar than the control grass silage. In Exp. 1, high-sugar grass, control grass, and red clover silages were fed alone or as mixtures (30:70, 50:50, or 70:30 on a DM basis, respectively) of each grass with the red clover silage to a simulated rumen culture system. There were no significant differences in microbial N flow or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis between individual forages. However, the corresponding values for the 70:30 ratio of high-sugar grass:red clover silage were greater (P < 0.05) than for the red clover silage. The value for the efficiency of N use (g of microbial N/g of feed N) was greater (0.86; P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass silage than the control grass silage. In addition, the high-sugar grass:red clover silage mixtures all gave greater (P < 0.05) values for the efficiency of N use than red clover silage alone; this difference was not achieved with the control grass mixture. Experiment 2 was an incomplete Latin square design conducted with 6 Here-ford x Friesian steers (163 +/- 5.9 kg of BW) with rumen and duodenal cannulas fed the following 5 silage diets: high-sugar grass silage; control grass silage; high-sugar grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); control grass and red clover silage (50:50 DM basis); and red clover silage. Rumen NH3-N concentration was lowest (P < 0.05) with the high-sugar grass silage. Microbial N flows to the duodenum and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis were greater (P < 0.05) for steers fed the high-sugar grass silage than for control grass and red clover silages, and mixing red clover with grass silages increased (P < 0.05) these values compared with red clover silage alone. In both experiments, the efficiency of incorporation of silage N into microbial N was more than 20% greater (P < 0.05) for high-sugar grass than for control grass silage. These data suggest that grass silage with high-sugar content provides a forage-based strategy for balancing N and energy supply and improving the efficiency of use of grass silage N in the rumen. 相似文献
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K. J. Shingfield N. W. Offer 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》1999,82(2-3):125-134
Introduction A number of systems based on metabolizable protein, such as that adopted in the UK (A gricultural and F ood R esearch C ouncil 1992) have been developed to improve the accuracy of protein rationing for ruminants. Quantification of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen is a fundamental requirement of all such systems. In the UK system, microbial protein supply is predicted from an estimate of fermentable metabolizable energy intake, using a correction for the effects of level of feeding on the energetic efficiency of microbial protein synthesis. Use of such an approach is however subject to considerable error due to large variations in the energetic efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (A gricultural R esearch C ouncil 1984). Consequently there is an urgent requirement for an on-farm diagnostic marker of microbial protein supply as a basis for adjusting diets to maximize efficiency of dietary nitrogen utilization by dairy cows (D ewhurst et al. 1996). Urinary purine derivative excretion has been proposed as a noninvasive index of microbial protein supply in ruminant animals (T opps and E lliot 1965). Use of this microbial marker is based on the assumption that purines entering the duodenum are essentially microbial in origin (M c A llan 1982), and that following metabolism, their derivatives are quantitatively recovered in the urine (C hen et al. 1990; V erbic et al. 1990). Purine metabolites excreted in ruminant urine are primarily derived from the metabolism of absorbed purines, but as a consequence of tissue adenosine triphosphate and nucleic acid turnover, a proportion of purine bases are not salvaged and re-utilized, but enter catabolic pathways, constituting an endogenous loss. 相似文献