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1.
堆肥浸提液及其堆肥茶对裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病的防治效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《中国植保导刊》2019,(7)
为研究堆肥对裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病的控制作用,以清水和15%三唑酮可湿性粉剂1 000倍液为对照,在室内测定不同浓度牛粪、羊粪、鸡粪和马粪堆肥浸提液及由浸提液制备的堆肥茶对裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病的防治效果。结果表明,4种堆肥浸提液和堆肥茶中,羊粪浸提液原液及其堆肥茶原液对白粉病的预防效果最好,分别为50.35%和52.50%;牛粪堆肥茶原液对白粉病的治疗效果最好,相对防效为63.05%,可在裸仁美洲南瓜白粉病防治中发挥一定作用。 相似文献
2.
芽孢杆菌组合BCL-8的筛选及其促生抗病效果 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
为了获得对加工番茄具有促生、抗病双重功效且防治效果稳定的生防细菌组合,进行芽孢杆菌菌株组合的复配筛选.根据菌株间相互拮抗试验和菌株生长特性,将12株对6种番茄痛原菌有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌组合培养,平板对峙筛选得到23个抑菌活性优于单一芽孢杆菌的组合.活体接种进一步筛选,发现芽孢杆菌组合BCL-8具有显著的抗病促生效果.室内促生试验结果表明:组合BCL-8可促进加工番茄发芽和苗期生长,发芽率提高10%,苗期株高、鲜重和干重分别增加66.58%、176.19%和143.75%.在温室和田间条件下,组合BCL-8对加工番茄立枯病的防治效果分别达40.08%和55.42%,大田试验增产效果达24.32%. 相似文献
3.
智能聪(ZNC)是宛氏拟青霉Paecilomyces variotii的提取物, 前期研究证明其具有促进植物生长, 提高作物产量?品质和抗病的能力?为了进一步提高产品应用效果, 本研究将智能聪分别与壳寡糖和褐藻寡糖复配, 评价其对烟草生长和病毒病抗性的影响?结果表明, 智能聪与壳寡糖或褐藻寡糖复配后的促生效果和对马铃薯X病毒(potato virus X, PVX)的抑制作用优于单剂, 其中促生效果最佳的为0.05 μg/mL智能聪与12 μg/mL褐藻寡糖复配, 处理后烟草株高?根长?侧根数?鲜重和干重分别比单施褐藻寡糖增加26.31%?20.41%?23.20%?23.60%和31.03%; 对PVX病毒抑制作用最好的是0.05 μg/mL智能聪与30 μg/mL壳寡糖复配, 对PVX抑制率为71.26%?研究结果可为防治烟草花叶病的药剂复配选择提供依据? 相似文献
4.
溴甲烷土壤熏蒸处理，植物促生菌对大田黄瓜病害的生物防治作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
有人发现，植物生长促生菌（PGPR）能诱导黄瓜产生诱发系统抗性。为了进一步研究植物生长促生菌在有或无溴甲烷土壤熏蒸情况下对黄瓜生长及其自然发生的病害的作用，我们于1996年－1997年进行了田间试验，试验设7个植物生长促生菌的种子处理，其中包括枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus punilus)INR7,萎蔫短小杆菌（Curtolxacteriun flaccunfaciens)ME1和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus punilus)GBO33个菌株的单菌株处理及其4个混合菌株的处理。两年的数据表明，在无溴甲烷（MeBr)土壤熏蒸的情况下，所有7个植物生长促生菌处理与空白对照组相比都能显著促进黄瓜植株生长；而在有溴甲烷熏蒸的情况下，同样7个植物生长促生菌试验处理中，1996年有3个处理而1997年只有1个处理显著促进植株生长。1996年试验结果表明，7种植物生长促生菌处理中，有或无溴甲烷熏蒸处理黄瓜主茎生长长度的结果均相似。两年的田间试验表明，有或无溴甲烷的熏蒸；7种植物生长促生菌处理与空白对照相比都能显著减轻黄瓜叶病的严重度。1996年自然发生的叶病是黄瓜角斑病（Pseudomonas syringae pv.lachrymans)，1997年出现的是炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum orbiculare)和角斑病的复合侵染现象。两年中，无论是有还是无溴甲烷熏蒸的情况下，植物生长促生菌菌株的混合物处理比单个菌株处理表现出较高的抗病作用。结果表明，植物生长促生菌诱导蔬菜产生的诱发系统抗性作为蔬菜病虫害综合防治中的一个措施，不应该受到从现有蔬菜生产技术标准中逐步取消溴甲烷而产一的负面影响，植物生长促生菌的促生作用能补偿在无溴甲烷土壤熏蒸处理下造成的植株生长减少。 相似文献
5.
堆肥提取液诱导草莓对黄萎病抗性及抑菌机理研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了明确菌糠堆肥提取液的生物防治效果,进一步探讨其抑菌防病机理,以便于有针对性地利用堆肥提取液达到防病、治病的效果。采用体内和体外2种试验方法,以草莓黄萎病菌为靶标病原菌,研究了堆肥提取液原液、高温灭菌液和过滤除菌液对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,通过温室盆栽试验验证其对草莓黄萎病的防病促生效果,并测定根施堆肥提取液对草莓叶片内防御酶系的影响。研究表明,堆肥提取液对病原菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均有显著的抑制作用,抑制率分别为92.43%和82.94%,经高温灭菌和过滤除菌后抑制效果显著降低。盆栽试验结果表明,预先用堆肥提取液灌根处理对草莓黄萎病的防治效果高达42.23%,且能诱导草莓叶片内防御酶活性显著增强,接病原菌后第6 d该处理下的POD和PPO活性分别比施清水对照提高了45.45%和39.47%,而MDA含量则下降了14.83%。说明微生物对病原菌的直接抑制作用以及诱导系统抗性是菌糠堆肥提取液发挥抑菌防病功效的主要因素。 相似文献
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7.
芽胞杆菌组合BCL-8对番茄的促生防病效果及其促生机制初探 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
对芽胞杆菌组合BCL 8及其单一菌株对番茄的促生和抗病效果进行了比较研究。组合BCL 8可明显提高种子活力和发芽率,使发芽率提高10%;与单一菌株相比,组合BCL 8对番茄苗期的促生抗病作用更为显著,株高、鲜重和干重分别增加了117.08%、125.74%和140.51%,对番茄立枯病的防治效果达58.62%。采用福林 酚试剂法、3,5 二硝基水杨酸比色法和电导法分别测定组合BCL 8和单一菌株处理后种子的蛋白酶、α 淀粉酶和β 淀粉酶活性及发芽种子电导率的变化,结果表明,经组合BCL 8浸种处理后,种子的蛋白酶、α 淀粉酶和β 淀粉酶活性分别提高了299.91%、96.74%和99.98%,种子的电导率比对照降低了10.02%,初步揭示了BCL 8促进种子发芽的机制。 相似文献
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9.
寡雄腐霉发酵液对烤烟生长的影响及对烟草黑胫病的防治作用 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为了探索对烟草黑胫病高效、稳定的生防制剂,利用寡雄腐霉工程菌株制备发酵液,采用温室盆栽试验研究该发酵液对烟苗生长的影响和对烟草黑胫病的防治作用。寡雄腐霉发酵液可提高正常烟苗生物量达22.6%,促进烟苗氮、磷、钾吸收;带病烟苗的发病率和病情指数分别降低了61.6%和64.2%,相对防治效果达64.2%;施用发酵液明显降低带病烟苗的细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量,提高烟叶多酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性。说明寡雄腐霉发酵液可诱导烟株的防御作用,并提高其抗病能力和促生作用。 相似文献
10.
本文选择4种不同微生物活性成分的生防菌剂，采用盆栽生物量测定、温室和田间小区试验对辣椒主要病害进行抗病效果及促生增产作用评价。结果表明，木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂对辣椒的枯萎病、疫病、炭疽病和灰霉病防效分别达到72.2%、78.3%、71.9%和59.7%，枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂对辣椒4种病害的防效分别达到60.5%、62.1%、60.5%和50.9%；而淡紫紫孢菌菌剂只对辣椒炭疽病具有很好防效（77.5%）。同时，4种微生物菌剂对辣椒植株生物量均有显著促生作用，其中木霉-芽胞杆菌复合菌剂及枯草芽胞杆菌-粉红粘帚霉复合菌剂在盆栽试验中鲜重和干重增幅分别为132.79%、190.35%和211.80%、293.84%；两者在温室及田间小区试验中比对照增产182.3%、152.7%和65.0%、23.9%。本研究表明，生防菌剂可以替代化学药剂用于植物病害的防治，同时还能够促进作物植株生长，有增产作用。 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT Compost tea is being used increasingly in agricultural production to control plant diseases. However, there has been limited investigation relating disease control efficacy to various compost tea production methods, particularly compost tea produced with active aeration and additives to increase microbial population densities in compost tea. Aerated compost tea (ACT) and nonaerated compost tea (NCT), produced with or without additives, was investigated for the suppression of damping-off of cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum. Compost tea was used to drench soilless container medium inoculated with P. ultimum; effect on damping-off ranged from not suppressive to consistently suppressive depending on the method used to produce the tea. The most consistent formulation for damping-off suppression was ACT produced with kelp and humic acid additives. Producing ACT with a molasses-based additive inconsistently suppressed damping-off; evidence suggests that residual nutrients can interfere with disease suppression. Heating or diluting compost tea negated suppression. Across all compost tea samples, there was no significant relationship of bacterial populations, measured as active cells, total cells, or CFU, to disease suppression. However, for all ACT produced without the molasses-based additive, there was a threshold of bacterial population density (6 log(10) active cells per ml, 7.48 log(10) total cells per ml, or 7 log(10) CFU per ml) above which compost teas were suppressive. 相似文献
12.
Powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae) is an important foliar disease which is found in all rose-producing greenhouses. An experiment was carried out in a commercial greenhouse in Hashtgerd, Iran, in 2014 to investigate whether compost teas can be used to control this disease. Taguchi's design of experiment (Taguchi's DOE) method was used to plan a minimum number of experiments and optimization to control rose powdery mildew. The test included three factors, namely the different types of compost tea (aerated and non-aerated compost tea, aerated and non-aerated vermicompost tea), the dosage (1:8 and 1:16, compost:water), and the number of spray applications (once and twice per week). The experiment was set up as an orthogonal array L8 with three replicates. Based on the experimental results, the optimum treatment combination for controlling rose powdery mildew was found to be aerated compost tea with 1:8 dilution with an application of twice per week. 相似文献
13.
KAE MIYAZAWA HIROYUKI TSUJI MAKOTO YAMAGATA HIROSHI NAKANO TOMOMI NAKAMOTO 《Weed Biology and Management》2004,4(1):24-34
Weed flora in a crop rotation of soybean, sugar beet, and spring wheat were studied under combinations of conventional and reduced tillage, biocide application, and chemical fertilization to investigate whether any combination of conservational practices offers the potential to increase weed community diversity while maintaining weed biomass at an acceptable level. Weed density increased under reduced biocide application. Weed density and size increased under manure compost application (with reduced chemical fertilization) because of weed seed introduction. Weed emergence from seeds dispersed in the previous year was greater under reduced tillage. Two-year individuals increased under a combination of reduced tillage, reduced biocide application and manure compost application. These increases in weed population density and size under conservational practices were yet not consistent; rather, they showed an annually fluctuating trend. In terms of weed diversity, species richness and Shannon's diversity index were higher under manure application because of the introduction of new species and probably as a result of suppression of weed growth and reproduction, which can reduce the chance of dominance by certain species. When combined with manure application, reduced tillage may offer the potential for increasing diversity by reducing the competitiveness of dominant species and facilitating establishment of new or minor species. 相似文献
14.
Housam Kanaan Dror Minz Shlomit Medina Arkady Krasnovsky Michael Raviv 《Phytoparasitica》2016,44(1):55-64
The combined effects of soil solarization and application of compost of various maturity levels upon soil microbial activity were studied under field conditions during 2010–2012. Eight treatments were divided into solarized and non-solarized treatments, and each was either non-amended or annually amended with compost at 6 kg (DW) m-2. The composts were mature, partially mature, or immature. In all three tested parameters of microbial activity (respiration rate, heat output, and dehydrogenase activity) the immature compost showed higher activity than the other compost types. Soil samples were collected weekly in order to assess microbial activity, which was evaluated from measurements of soil respiration rate, heat output, and dehydrogenase activity. Significant and year-to-year reproducible differences in all three parameters were observed between soils amended with the three compost types. Some residual (carry-over) effects of previous-year treatments were obtained. Microbial activity decreased in both solarized and non-solarized treatments during the experimental period, probably because of increasing summer temperatures, but the decline was sharper in the solarized treatments probably due to oxygen deficiency under the tarp. Significantly higher activity was found in the treatments amended with the immature compost, both in the solarized and non-solarized treatments. This could be a result of the high level of dissolved organic matter in the immature compost, which enhanced microbial activity. 相似文献
15.
K Rasmussen 《Weed Research》2002,42(4):287-298
Summary Injection of liquid manure (slurry) into the soil is an alternative to the traditional surface application. By the injection method, it is possible to place nutrients closer to the crop sown, thus offering the crop a competitive advantage over weeds. This study compares the response in crop yield, weed density and weed biomass to injection vs. surface application of liquid manure through three growing seasons in barley and oats. The manure applications were combined with treatments of weed harrowing or herbicide spraying or no treatment at all. The levels of weed control and crop yield obtained by harrowing and herbicides were larger when slurry was injected compared with surface application. Without any weed control treatments, the injection method decreased the final weed biomass in barley. The influence of nutrient injection on yield and weed control seemed to be modulated by the time of emergence and the early growth rate of the crop relative to weeds. Thus, because of its early root growth and development, barley responded more quickly to the injection treatment than oats. Consequently, barley became a more competitive crop. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACT Soil fumigation with methyl bromide plus chloropicrin is used as a preplant treatment to control a broad range of pathogens in high-value annual crop production systems. In California, fumigation is used on approximately 10,125 ha of strawberry production to control pathogens ranging from Verticillium dahliae to root pruning pathogens such as Pythium, Rhizoctonia, or Cylindrocarpon spp. In addition to pathogen control, fumigation also causes an enhanced growth response of the plant and reduces weed pressure. The development of successful, long-term cost effective biocontrol strategies most likely will require the development of an integrated systems approach that incorporates diverse aspects of the crop production system. Although application of single microbial inoculants may provide some level of control for specific production problems, it will be a challenge to provide the broad spectrum of activity needed in production fields. 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACT Compost made from organic household and garden waste was used to substitute part of the peat in potting mixtures used for growing woody ornamental nursery stock. The effects of amendment with compost on the colonization of potting mixture by Rhizoctonia solani (AG1) were studied in greenhouse experiments. A bioassay was developed using cucumber as a sensitive herbaceous test plant as a substitute for woody ornamental cuttings. Pathogen growth in the potting mixture was estimated by measuring the distance over which damping-off of seedlings occurred. Compost from two commercial composting facilities suppressed growth of R. solani in potting mixtures with 20% of the product when the compost was fresh (directly after delivery) or long matured (after 5 to 7 months of additional curing). In contrast, short-matured compost (1 month of additional curing) from the same batches stimulated pathogen growth. In vitro mycelial growth of R. solani on mixtures with mature compost was inhibited by microbial antagonism. Compost-amended potting mixtures responded differentially to the addition of cellulose powder; the effect on suppressiveness depended on curing time and origin of the compost. In long-matured compost, suppressiveness to R. solani was associated with high population densities of cellulolytic and oligotrophic actinomycetes. The ratio of the population density of actinomycetes to that of other bacteria was around 200-fold higher in mature suppressive compost than in conducive compost. 相似文献
18.
Composts are known for their suppressive properties toward many different seed- and root-infecting pathogens and diseases. Although disease and pathogen suppression induced by composts is believed to be mediated by microbial activities, the nature of the microbial species and processes responsible for suppressiveness remain unknown. We demonstrated previously that seed-colonizing microbial consortia from leaf compost could explain the observed levels of Pythium ultimum-induced damping-off suppression on cotton. The aim of the present work was to determine whether seed-colonizing microbial consortia could explain Pythium damping-off suppression in municipal biosolids compost on three different plant species. Significant levels of disease suppression were observed on cucumber, wheat, and pea at water potentials of -2 kPa. The suppression of damping-off on cucumber and wheat could be eliminated by autoclaving the compost prior to sowing. High levels of suppressiveness were expressed both on cucumber and on wheat seed surfaces within 8 h of sowing. However, the expression of damping-off suppression on the surface of pea seeds was inconsistent and highly variable. Our results demonstrate that compost-induced suppression of P. ultimum damping-off of cucumber and wheat can be explained by the microbial consortia colonizing seeds within 8 h of sowing. These results further suggest that disease suppression in composts is related to microbial species that interact with the pathogen in its infection court and not in the bulk compost. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT Suppression of seedling damping-off disease caused by Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani is a potential benefit of formulating soilless container media with compost. Thirty-six compost samples from Pacific Northwest commercial composting facilities were analyzed for a number of physical, chemical, and biological properties, including suppression of damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum, P. irregulare, and R. solani. The samples were produced from diverse feedstocks and composting technol ogies; this was reflected in a large degree of variability in the measured properties. When mixed with sphagnum peat moss and inorganic aggregates, 67% of the compost samples significantly suppressed P. irregulare damping-off of cucumber, 64% suppressed P. ultimum damping-off of cucumber, and 17% suppressed damping-off of cabbage caused by R. solani. Suppression of Pythium damping-off was related to the potential of compost to support microbial activity and a qualitative index of ammonia volatilization. Suppression of Rhizoctonia damping-off was not related to any one compost factor. Currently available compost products potentially could provide commercially acceptable control of damping-off caused by Pythium spp., but it is necessary to fortify composts with microbial antagonists for the control of R. solani. 相似文献