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ABSTRACTThe effects of combined infrared-vacuum drying parameters, including infrared power (300–400 W), pressure (5–25 kPa) and time (0–140 min) on the drying kinetics of grapefruit slices were investigated. Both the infrared lamp power and vacuum pressure influenced the drying time of grapefruit slices. The regression results showed that the quadratic model satisfactorily described the drying behavior with highest R and lowest SE values. The effective moisture diffusivity increases as power increases and range between 5.83 × 10–10 and 2.13 × 10–9 m2/s. The color scale parameters, including redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and lightness (L*) values of dried grapefruit slices increased during drying. The rise in infrared power has a negative effect on the color change intensity (?E) and with increasing in infrared radiation power it was increased. Different kinetic models were used to fit the experimental data and the results revealed that the power model was the most suitable to describe the ?E. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Fruit Science》2013,13(2):101-118
ABSTRACT Four pear cultivars originating from Portugal (‘Amêndoa’, ‘Amorim’, ‘Carapinheira Branca’ and ‘S. Bartolomeu’) were dried in a solar drier, following a traditional sun drying method normally used in Portugal for the production of dried pears. The temperature and relative humidity inside the drier were recorded hourly throughout the whole process, while the moisture loss in the pears was evaluated with a variable frequency along the drying process, according to the drying rate. From the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that the conditions inside the drier are very favorable to drying, with periods in which the atmosphere is characterized by very high temperatures and very low relative humidities. Furthermore, the drying rates of the four cultivars of pears used in this study were investigated and it was observed that all of them present a similar kinetic behavior, thus enabling the use of alternative cultivars for the production of dried pears. 相似文献
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Probir Kumar Ghosh Satadal Das 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2017,92(2):130-145
Tuberose cut flowers, available as loose flowers, were treated with gamma (γ) irradiation and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) preservative solutions for extension of shelf life. The flowers were packaged in low-density polyethylene bags, heat sealed and stored at 23 ± 2°C, 80% relative humidity (RH) and 4 ± 1°C, 40% RH, respectively. The flowers stored at these two temperature regimes were subjected to sensory evaluation and biochemical analyses. From these assessments, the longest shelf life of tuberose flowers was found to be 8 days at 23 ± 2°C, 80% RH (compared to 4 days for control) and 24 days at 4 ± 1°C, 40% RH (compared to 8 days for control) using combination treatment of low dose γ-irradiation (0.02 kGy) and preservative solutions (4% sucrose and 0.02% CaCl2). Ethanolic extract of tuberose flowers of the most shelf stable set (stored at 4 ± 1°C), i.e. at the end of 24 days, showed antimicrobial potency against the common skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923 and MDR strains), suggesting utility of the senesced tuberose flowers for therapeutic applications. This preservation technique would promote export of tuberose flowers by extension of their shelf lives and allow utilization of these flowers, post senescence. 相似文献
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Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a tropical, underutilized fruit which is highly perishable in nature. It is a good source of vitamin C, tannins, gallic acid and anthocyanins and its beneficial effects are mostly due to the presence of bioactive compounds (pigments and phenolic compounds) in it. Due to astringent and fibrous nature, preparation of jam from jamun pulp is quite difficult, but other fruits (apple and kiwifruit) can be incorporated in it to improve its quality. This study aims to develop jam from blends of jamun with other fruits and analyse various physico-chemical, nutritional, textural and sensory properties. It was found that physico-chemical properties of jams were not found to vary greatly, but the jamun–kiwifruit jam was found to have fairly high amount of antioxidants(46.75 ± 0.67%), tartaric acid (26.24 ± 0.02 mg/100g sample), ascorbic acid (0.08 ± 0.01 mg/100 g sample) and lactic acid (23.95 ± 0.01 mg/100g sample) and lowest amount of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (0.38 ± 0.04 mg/100 g sample). Jamun jam and jamun–kiwifruit jam possessed the texture required for jam while jamun–apple jam was found to be a relatively harder gel. Jam made with jamun and kiwifruit pulp was found to have highest acceptability on the basis of sensory evaluation. 相似文献
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Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) grown well for commercial purposes in subtropical regions nearly 30 countries and originated from China. The most important loquat producers in the world are China, Spain, Turkey, Pakistan, India, Italy and Brazil. In this study, ten pre-selected promising loquat genotypes sampled from eastern Black region and analyzed for their important morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics. The standard cultivar ‘Sayda’ is also included in the study. The results indicated differences for all of the morphological, biochemical and antioxidant characteristics among tested genotypes. Fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage of the genotypes ranged from 35.40?g (LOQ-8) to 46.90?g (LOQ-5) and from 79.40 (%) to 86.32 (%) indicating some local genotypes had higher fruit mass and fruit flesh percentage than standard cultivar ‘Sayda’. Total phenolic content was the highest as 263?μg GAE/g in LOQ-7 genotype while the lowest in LOQ-8 genotype (185?μg GAE/g). LOQ-7 genotype had the highest total antioxidant capacity. Local genotypes in general have higher total phenolic, total carotenoid, vitamin C and antioxidant activity than cv. ‘Sayda’. 相似文献
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H.L. Zhang Z.K. Zhang J.G. Li 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):399-404
SummarySix wild species of Eriobotrya were evaluated as rootstocks for domesticated loquat. Twelve-month-old seedlings of Oak leaf loquat (an Oak Leaf loquat ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ hybrid) and wild Fragrant loquat (E. fragrans Champ) had higher root-to-shoot fresh weight (FW) ratios than other wild species. When the domesticated loquat, ‘Zaozhong No. 6’, was grafted onto seedlings of six different wild loquat species, differences in compatibility were observed. Graft compatibility was lower for all combinations compared to ‘Zaozhong No. 6’ grafted onto domesticated loquat seedlings. When wild Henry loquat was used as a rootstock, delayed incompatibility was observed. Differences in soluble sugar contents (SSC) between scion and rootstock were observed, and there was a significant negative correlation between graft compatibility and the difference in SSC values. The influence of the rootstock on anatomical changes at the graft union were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Wild rootstocks also influenced scion growth, fruit bearing, and fruit quality. Graft combinations which used wild Fragrant loquat as the rootstock had increased cold tolerance and improved scion growth. Wild Fragrant loquat therefore appears to have value as a rootstock for domesticated loquat. 相似文献
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S. F. Cao S. S. Tang P. Jin K. T. Wang 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(6):816-820
SummaryThe effect of Pichia membranefaciens on reducing post-harvest anthracnose rot caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in loquat fruit was investigated. Fruit were treated with different suspensions of P. membranefaciens before challenge with 1.0 105 spores ml–1 of C. acutatum, then incubated at 20°C for 6 d. The results showed that 1 108 colony-forming units (CFU) ml–1 of washed cell suspensions of the yeast provided better control of anthracnose rot than yeast in culture broth at the same concentration. Treatment with autoclaved cell cultures or culture filtrates did not prevent the incidence of disease. The concentration of a washed cell suspension of P. membranefaciens had a significant effect on the efficacy of controlling anthracnose rot in loquat fruit. At a concentration range from 1 106 to 1 109 CFU ml–1, the higher the concentration of the antagonist, the lower the incidence of the disease and the smaller the diameter of the lesions. In inoculated wounds of loquat fruit, populations of P. membranefaciens increased approx. 34-fold after 6 d of incubation at 20°C.Washed cell suspensions of P. membranefaciens also significantly inhibited spore germination and germ-tube growth of C. acutatum, in vitro. These results suggest that P. membranefaciens has potential as a biocontrol agent to reduce post-harvest decay caused by C. acutatum in loquat fruit. 相似文献
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M. Blanke 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2008,50(3):77-84
A new electro-catalytic sensor for the measurement of the gaseous ethylene (C2H4) concentration in air is described here. The measuring principle is based on ethylene oxidation to CO2 and H2O on a gold-plated anode with weak sulphuric acid as a catalyst, the small ethylene molecules are trapped in the pores of the gold-plated anode; the measurement consumes ethylene. During the warming-up phase, the unit automatically calibrates its zero by employing dried, ethylene-free gas from the built-in drying and potassium permanganate columns. Thereafter, the unit requires calibration with humidified gas from gas supplied externally e.g. from a cylinder at a concentration of between 4–10 ppm C2H4; this end-point calibration is kept until switching off. The accuracy was 96–98% with a SD of 0.05–0.15?ppm C2H4 and a variation coefficient of 0.5–2%, when the calibration gas of 8?ppm C2H4was measured after the calibration. The measuring range is 0–50?ppm C2H4 with an accuracy of ±?5% and displayed resolution of 1?ppb. For a typical 30?sec measurement, the instrument draws a ca. 150?ml gas sample and appears suitable for measurement of individual fruit in an open or closed gas system, single gas samples or traditional injection of a ca. 5?ml gas sample. Temperature and humidity (and as additional options CO2 concentration, another gas or ethylene analogues like MCP) are displayed concomitantly. The reproducibility of the values was 93% with 3 subsequent measurements of a variety of fruits. The unit can be operated on mains or built-in battery providing up to 8?hours operation and weighs about 4.5?kg including battery, which makes it portable for in-situ ethylene measurement after calibration with an external gas supply. The instrument appears to be an elegant alternative to the traditional determination of ethylene concentration based on a 10?ml sample from the head space of jar after several hours of accumulation, by a gas chromatograph with N2 as tracer gas, Poropak?Q column and flame ionisation detector (FID). 相似文献
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The objective of the MSc project was to improve fruit quality, i.e. fruit firmness, colour and size, by mechanical blossom thinning. Ten-year-old slender spindle apple cv. ‘Gala, Mondial’ trees at Campus Klein-Altendorf near Bonn, Germany with an intense flowering of 7–8 on the 0–9 scale were blossom-thinned on 21 April 2009; unthinned trees served as control. Rotor speeds were 360 rpm or 420 rpm at 5 or 7.5 km/h tractor speed using the new mechanical thinning device developed at the University of Bonn in 2004–2006. Therein, a vertical mast supports three horizontal rotors, whose vertically rotating tines remove excessive flowers; the device was mounted on the front three point hitch of the tractor with the following results:
- Mechanical thinning reduced the number of apple fruit from 18 per branch section in the un-thinned control, 12–13 in the medium to 8 fruit in the strongest thinning (420 rpm, 5 km/h).
- Similarly, the number of singlets (one fruitlet/flower cluster) nearly doubled from ca. 2 per branch in the control to 3–4 after mechanical thinning, as intended.
- The natural June drop after mechanical thinning resembled that in the un-thinned control.
- Mechanical thinning increased fruit mass by 20 g—48 g relative to the un-thinned control.
- Mechanical thinning with 420 rpm increased the portion of premium fruit >?70 mm (class I) by 43?% (7.5 km/h) and 63?% (5 km/h); combined mechanical and hand-thinning yielded the largest portion of fruit >?70 mm (70?%), but with a dramatic loss in yield (55?%).
- Mechanical and manual thinning improved the portion of well coloured fruit (75–100?% coloured) (78–98?%) when compared to the un-thinned control fruits with 55?%, probably due to selective removal of shaded fruits from the inner tree canopy.
- Overall, mechanical thinning alone gave better results than hand thinning alone or its combination with hand-thinning in cv. ‘Gala’; mechanical thinning waived the need for hand thinning in this experiment.
- Mechanical thinning improved fruit firmness from 9.4 kg/cm2 in the un-thinned control to 10.4 kg/cm2.
- Neither vegetative growth nor subsequent fruit drop were stimulated by this type of mechanical thinning.
- The risk of both alternate bearing and over-sized fruit was waived due to the variety employed.
- An economic evaluation showed a net profit of € 220/ha in the weak (420 rpm—7.5 km/h) aνô € 1,844/ha in the intermediate (360 rpm—5 km/h), but a net loss of € 1,120/ha (420 rpm—5 km/h) for the strongest thinning treatment, assuming a cost of € 120/ha for the mechanical treatment and a saving of € 200 for reduced hand thinning.
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Oluwagade Adenike Okunade Parameswari Namasivayam Mallappa Kumara Swamy Paul T. Lynch 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2018,93(5):510-518
This study reports on the influence of seed position within the fruit and shoot development on the production of jackfruit in vitro. Seeds were extracted from the different sections in the fruit and shoot tips excised from the resultant seedlings. The tips were cultured in vitro on media supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) or thidiazuron (TDZ). The seeds from the middle and basal sections of the fruit were larger and produced larger seedlings than those from the top. Seeds from the basal position took 10 days to germinate and produced seedlings 11 cm tall with four or five leaves. Partially covered and fully open shoots from 6–8 week-old seedlings performed best. The highest frequency of shoot induction (100%) and multiple shoot production (7.31 ± 1.2) with a mean length of 3.6 ± 0.13 cm was observed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 3.0 mg/L BAP. Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW), and MS media were equally effective in shoot multiplication. More than 80% of the rooted plants survived culture, indicating that this technology could be used to conserve wild germplasm. 相似文献
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Ye Ji Park Si Hyun Seong Min Sun Kim Sang Wan Seo Mee Ree Kim Hyun Sik Kim 《Plant methods》2017,13(1):108
Background
Plant extracts contain a huge variety of pharmacologically active substances. Conventionally, various chromatographic methods must be applied several times to purify functional compounds to measure their functional activity. However, conventional purification methods are time-consuming and expensive due to the laborious purification process. Recently, a high-throughput discovery method that replaces such time-consuming purification processes was introduced; this method uses 15 T ultra-high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (15 T FT-ICR MS) and a high-throughput screening method. This 15 T FT-ICR MS provides unparalleled resolution and sub-ppm accuracy in mass measurements, while simultaneously detecting multiple compounds without separation. The high-throughput, simultaneous multi-component discovery method known as Scaling of Correlations between Activity and Mass Profiles (SCAMP) was used to detect functional compounds in a plant extract. We validated the performance of SCAMP using 33 fractions from antioxidant-rich mulberry ethyl acetate extract and known standard antioxidants.Results
The mulberry fruit was first separated into 33 fractions by LC and analyzed using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The antioxidative strength of the 33 fractions and standard antioxidants was measured. To validate the efficiency of this antioxidant discovery method, correlations between the antioxidation activity profile and changes in mass intensity of components within the 33 fractions were calculated to provide relative scores for the antioxidant candidate list. Enrichment curves and area under the curve (AUC) values were then calculated to compare the performance of the methods. Using this improved scoring method, five strong antioxidants, chlorogenic acid (14.2 ng), dihydoxy quercetin (46.2 ng), rutin (154.0 ng), quercetin (71.7 ng) and luteolin (3.5 ng) in 2 kg mulberry fruit, were found within the top 20 candidates.Conclusions
We calculated AUCs in order to compare scoring methods quantitatively. Scoring systems were compared and calculated AUCs, where the AUCs for new scoring systems (0.98 and 0.99) were higher than the previously used correlation coefficient (AUC = 0.89). Using the new scoring algorithms, we successfully enriched thirteen unknown strong antioxidant candidates in addition to known antioxidants, methyl syringin and naringenin (3.5 ng) in mulberry extract. Targeted purification of these unknown candidates will significantly reduce purification time and labor.14.
Pongnart Nartvaranant 《International Journal of Fruit Science》2019,19(1):91-103
The research was conducted in the pummelo growing areas of Thailand. The results showed that the dropped fruits had a statistically smaller fruit size (7.25 cm) than the retained fruit (9.35 cm; P < 0.05) at 4 months after fruit set. Moreover, the dropped fruits had an abnormal fruit shape when compared to the retained fruits. Consideration of fruit and leaf carbohydrate concentrations showed that the retained fruits had statistically higher carbohydrate concentrations (262 mg g?1) than the dropped fruits (203 mg g?1; P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the dropped fruits had statistically lower leaf carbohydrate concentrations (55 mg g?1) than those in the retained fruits (85 mg g?1; P < 0.05). The retained fruits also had statistically higher N, P, and K concentrations (1.6%, 1.1%, and 1.3%, respectively) than the dropped fruits (1.1%, 0.5%, and 1.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). Therefore, the causes of early fruit drop in pummelo could be insufficient carbohydrate and plant nutrients supplied for fruit growth and development. 相似文献
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《Scientia Horticulturae》2005,104(2):161-168
The efficacy of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) in blossom thinning was investigated as a function of concentration, drying time and flower development stage at the time of treatment. In 2-year-old crabapple trees, flower damage caused by ATS, applied at a concentration of 10 g/l, increased as the drying time of the ATS spray increased. Approximately 40% of flowers were damaged when the ATS spray dried in 30 min, significantly less than the 80% damage observed when the drying time was 71 min. Application of ATS at 2% resulted in high levels of flower damage regardless of drying time. Fully developed open flowers were more susceptible to ATS damage than closed flowers. Ethylene does not appear to have a major role in mediating the thinning activity of ATS, as the levels of flower and leaf damage were unaffected by the use of an ethylene inhibitor. In ‘Jonagold’ apples, ATS at either 5 or 10% provided excellent thinning but was phytotoxic unless washed off the trees. The effects of drying time and flower development stage on ATS activity can be countered by applying ATS at a concentration of 5% at petal fall then washing the tree with water within 1 h of application to avoid excessive thinning and leaf damage. 相似文献
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以树莓为试验材料,采用自然干燥、红外干燥、热风恒温干燥和真空冷冻干燥4种干燥方式处理树莓,超声波辅助提取法提取树莓样品中的总酚和总黄酮含量,体外DPPH·和ABTS^+·的清除能力,拓展树莓加工产品方式,提高树莓干燥效率和品质。结果表明:干燥处理后样品中总酚、总黄酮含量及对ABTS^+·和DPPH·清除能力不同程度降低,其中真空冷冻干燥样品总酚和总黄酮含量损失最少,分别为(2.47±0.29)mg·g^-1和(2.06±0.61)mg·g^-1,ABTS^+·和DPPH·清除能力最大,其IC50分别为(4.53±0.04)mg·mL^-1和(5.17±0.12)mg·mL^-1;真空冷冻干燥方式最适宜于树莓的干燥。 相似文献
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Apurba Bandyopadhyay Dipak Kumar Ghosh Maheswarappa Halli Parameswarappa Jagadish Timsina 《International Journal of Fruit Science》2019,19(1):57-74
Fertigation has the potential to reduce extra chemical load by improving nutrient and water use efficiency of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), but studies demonstrating the fertilizer reduction through drip irrigation in comparison to conventional ring basin method are rare in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) of South Asia. A long-term field experiment was conducted during 2007–2013 in West Bengal, India, to study the effect of fertigation on coconut var. DXT. The experiment was laid out in a randomised complete block design (RCBD) with six treatments (control – no fertilizers and water applied with drip irrigation; 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), each applied with drip irrigation; and 100% of the RDF and water applied with ring basin method of irrigation (i.e., conventional method)). Nuts yield was significantly higher for 75% of RDF (24.44 t ha?1 year?1) followed by 100% of RDF, each drip irrigation (23.79 t ha?1 year?1) compared to control (21.89 t ha?1 year?1). Copra yield was significantly higher for 75% of RDF (3.19 t ha?1) compared to 100% of RDF (3.12 t ha?1) and no fertilizer (1.87 t ha?1). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents of soil increased by 4.9%, 10.4% and 9.4%, respectively, with 75% of RDF applied through drip irrigation. Microbial population showed inverse relationship with amount of fertilizer application. The most water-use efficient fertigation treatment was 75% RDF (13.48 kg copra m?3) followed by 100% RDF (13.18 kg copra m?3) with drip irrigation as compared to conventional way soil application of fertilizers through ring basin method of irrigation (4.23 kg copra m?3). Role of N on yield variability was most prominent by both available soil N status (R2 = 0.49**) and leaf N concentration (R2 = 0.51**). The study indicated that there is a great scope for reducing the N, P and K fertilizers by up to 25% of the present RDFs for coconut when applied through drip irrigation compared to ring basin method of irrigation for its higher productivity and profitability through efficient use of nutrients and water in the Eastern IGP of South Asia. 相似文献
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热激处理对枇杷2n花粉发生率的影响 总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10
以龙泉1号枇杷为试材,用热激处理诱导小孢子2n配子的发生;并通过观察天然四倍体枇杷花粉,研究其中正常花粉与2n花粉在形态上的异同及其所占的比例。结果表明:30℃/12 h的处理可以使枇杷2n花粉的发生率由对照的0.26％提高到2.64％,败育率约为2.44％。32℃/12 h处理过后的枇杷花粉由于败育率达到20％以上,不能准确计算2n花粉所占比例;在天然四倍体枇杷花粉中存在四种直径不同的花粉,即45μm左右的特大花粉、31μm左右的大花粉。25μm左右的中型花粉和18μm左右的败育花粉,其比例分别为0.1％、54.52％、19.32％和26.06％。 相似文献