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《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):39-63
Abstract The agroforestry program of the AMISCONDE Initiative was implemented in 13 buffer zone communities of La Amistad Biosphere Reserve. This program introduced citrus (Citrus spp.) and promoted the widespread inclusion of poró (Erythrina poeppigiana) shade trees, ground story vegetation, and soil conservation techniques to the local cultivation of coffee (Coffea arabica var caturra). This program sought long-term socioeconomic and ecological health in these buffer zone communities through conservation and development projects such as coffee agroforestry systems. This paper examines the ecological and socioeconomic benefits of two introduced coffee agroforestry systems: coffee-poró and coffee-citrus. The project has decreased agrochemical inputs, integrated multi-strata vegetation, and implemented soil conservation techniques such as vetiver grass, cover crops, terraces, water channeling, and shade trees in an effort to sustainably manage coffee production on the steep buffer zone slopes. The agroforestry project of the AMISCONDE Initiative has likely improved the production of coffee ecologically and economically. However, new specialty markets should be explored to increase economic and ecological gains. Organic and fair trade coffee niche markets are suggested as alternatives for meeting the long-term AMISCONDE objectives of community development and conservation. 相似文献
3.
W. M. Loker 《Agroforestry Systems》1994,25(3):227-241
Low external input agroforestry systems hold great promise as alternative, sustainable production systems for small-to-medium farmers in the Amazon Basin. The design of such systems is considered essential to stabilize agricultural production and avoid the cycle of continuing destruction of primary forest [Anderson A (1990) In: Anderson A (ed) Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps toward Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rain Forest pp 3–23. Columbia University Press, New York]. In order to be successful, these systems must be compatible with local ecological conditions and adoptable by farmers. Currently, many small-to-medium producers in the Amazon Basin use a slash and burn agricultural strategy that combines annual cropping with cattle grazing in mixed farming systems. While cattle play an important role in household economic survival, grazing-induced land degradation threatens the long-term viability of these farms [Loker W (1993) Human Organization 52(1)14–24]. This paper presents a model of a low external input agroforestry system that incorporates farmer preferences and practices but uses well-adapted grass-legume pastures, rotational grazing and the management of natural forest regeneration to enhance productivity in an ecologically sound manner. This system provides farmers with the benefits of both annual crops and cattle raising, avoids the land degradation that characterizes current practices and effectively incorporates trees into the production system. 相似文献
4.
H. M. Tuihedur Rahman Jiban Chandra Deb Gordon M. Hickey Imrul Kayes 《Journal of Forest Research》2014,19(1):12-21
This research contrasts the financial profitability of different agroforestry practices in community-based buffer zone management of Madhupur National Park (MNP), Bangladesh. This park is the second largest in Bangladesh and subjected to enormous anthropogenic pressure and land rights-related conflicts. This paper reports the different agroforestry practices of villagers in different modules of the buffer zone of MNP, identified by a participatory research approach. It then assesses the profitability of each module on the basis of cost–benefit analysis, net present value, internal rate of return, and annualized income. Results indicate three agroforestry systems were being practised in the buffer zone by the participants: agro-silviculture, agro-silvo-horticulture, and combined woodlot and agroforestry. Among these modules, agro-silvo-horticulture was the most profitable, followed by agro-silviculture then combined woodlot and agroforestry. We recognize that not all of the participants can practise intensive agroforestry; our results suggest that the community-based buffer zone management strategy for MNP would benefit from prioritizing agroforestry practices where possible. This will lead to more successful buffer zone management for the conservation of natural forests while supporting the development of local resource-dependent communities. 相似文献
5.
Laura A. Hildreth 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):119-126
In an effort to mitigate severe environmental problems, the Chinese government introduced ecological agriculture as an approach
to sustainable grain production. One such method heavily employed in the Northern Plains of China is agroforestry. This region
provides a unique case to assess the effect of agroforestry on agricultural output. This paper estimates a production function
with a measure for forest cover to test the hypothesis that agroforestry makes a positive and significant contribution to
agricultural output. Evidence shows that the effects of agroforestry on agricultural output are positive, though not always
significant. This finding is relevant not only to Chinese agriculture, but also in answering the question of how agricultural
sustainability can be accomplished in the long term. With increasing populations and decreasing opportunities for land expansion
globally, agroforestry is one answer to improving agricultural growth. 相似文献
6.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):11-17
Summary A combination of social, economic and physical factors contribute to a decision to migrate for a peasant farmer. Seventy percent of Panamanian land comprises steep topography with low soil fertility. Campesinos (peasant farmers) must perpetually migrate when the land they have settled in the forest loses fertility. This process of continual migration results in deforestation and conversion of forest land to pasture land, which then becomes degraded and subsequently abandoned. Also, government policy has not favored the activities of small land owners, but loans from national banks have financed the promotion of large-scale cattle ranches. Migration patterns consist of moving to a forested area, clearing it for agriculture for one to three years, and thereafter sowing it for pasture. These conditions eventually result in low agricultural and cattle production. Campesinos therefore sell the land to cattle ranchers who can afford to invest in better management practices. Deforestation in the Canal Watershed, therefore, has left a pattern of land ownership comprising a matrix of a few large landowners, within which remain numerous but small peasant land holdings. A program for small land owners in and around the Watershed region that promotes social, cultural, and economic stability of land use is needed. Supporting and promoting agroforestry with uses of native tree species associated with subsistence and market crops is an alternative for slowing deforestation and promoting sedentary land use. 相似文献
7.
The farming system and traditional agroforestry systems in the Maya community of San Jose, Belize 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Shifting slash-and-burn agriculture is likely one of the main causes of forest degradation in southern Belize. Although many development projects have attempted to reduce the impacts of agriculture on the tropical rainforest, the situation is still a cause for concern. A study of the farming system of the San Jose Maya community was therefore carried out to examine agricultural production in its social, cultural, economic, and political context. Results demonstrate that agricultural production contributes to forest degradation because of the limited availability of agricultural land, the low level of investment in agricultural production, the land tenure system, limited marketing opportunities, and the exclusion of Mayas from the country's political and economic domains. Agroforestry could, however, offer a partial solution to the problem of forest degradation. Three types of traditional agroforestry systems are practised in San Jose: the milpa (a slash-and-burn agriculture system), cacao (Theobroma cacao) cultivation under shade trees, and the homegarden. These traditional agroforestry systems almost entirely meet a family's needs for food and wood, and generate at least 62% of family income. Improving the productivity of these systems could help to reduce pressure on the forest in southern Belize.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
In this paper we use a real options approach to analyze farmers' economic incentives to abandon gum production or expand by creating new plantations. Our results indicate that agricultural crops currently provide higher economic benefits as compared to gum agroforestry. However, we show that the incentives for gum producers to abandon gum production is low, because (i) land is abundant, (ii) gum arabic is produced during the dry season and agricultural crops mainly during the wet season, and (iii) the dry season opportunity cost of labor is low. Hence, an increase in deforestation in the near future is not expected. The analysis further shows that an increase in the prices of gum arabic of about 315% is needed to induce an expansion of gum agroforestry and a shift in land use system from continuous agricultural production to gum agroforestry system. Hence, also an expansion of gum forests and/or agroforests in the near future is not expected. Price policies to improve incentives for expanding gum forests are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Scattered trees and woodlots are a prominent feature of agricultural landscapes of Rwanda. However, little is known about their characteristics and their contribution to farmers’ wood needs. Here, we present the results of a survey of (a) the abundance, composition, and size of trees and woodlots in the low, medium and high altitude regions of Rwanda, (b) total woody biomass and biomass for fuelwood at farm and landscape levels, and (c) opportunities for their sustainable use. Scattered trees occurred in all landscapes at minimum densities ranging from 20 to 167 trees ha?1. Of the 56 tree genera recorded, a handful of tree species dominated, with the ten most common species accounting for over 70 % of all trees recorded. Most of them provided fuelwood, fruit and timber to farm owners. Woodlots occurred on about 40 % of the survey farms and consisted for 90 % of eucalyptus coppice. Woody biomass dry weight of scattered trees on agricultural landscape was 0.7 t ha?1 in low altitude region (LAR), 3 t ha?1 in medium altitude region (MAR), and 1 t ha?1 in high altitude region (HAR). Dry weight woody biomass in woodlots (<0.5 ha) was the highest in MAR (221 t ha?1), followed by that in HAR (205 t ha?1) and least in LAR (96 t ha?1). About 80 % of total woody biomass in trees and woodlots on farmland was useable biomass for fuelwood, indicating that the production of fuelwood on agricultural land was important. Woody biomass on agricultural land was higher than that in forest plantations, and was potentially sufficient to reduce the gap between fuelwood supply and demand when the entire agricultural area was taken into account. In order to achieve this on agricultural land, while contributing to food security and environmental conservation as well, smallholder farmers must be provided with incentives to grow woodlots and to adopt agroforestry systems, thereby considering the trade-offs with agricultural production. Strategies to encourage smallholder farmers to increase the use of agroforestry have to account for the farmers’ ecological and socioeconomic conditions. 相似文献
10.
Analysis of existing agroforestry practices in Madhupur Sal forest: an assessment based on ecological and economic perspectives 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A study was conducted in Madhupur sal forest of Tangail, Bangladesh to identify the suitable agroforestry practices of the
area. Considering the ecological aspects of different agroforestry practices 10 sample plots (10 m × 10 m) from each land
uses were taken, including natural forest to get a comparative scenario. The study showed that among the different agroforestry
practices, Margalef and Shannon-Weiner index values are the maximum for pineapple agroforestry and lower for banana agroforestry,
and Evenness index value is the maximum for lemon agroforestry. Determination of tree biomass in different land uses revealed
that it is highest (3 078.6 kg/100 m2) in natural forest followed by pineapple agroforestry, lemon agroforestry and banana agroforestry. Soil pH, moisture content,
organic matter, organic carbon, phosphorus and total nitrogen showed statistically significant variation while bulk density,
particle density, sulphur and potassium did not show any statistically significant variation among the land uses. Soil fertility
status showed that pineapple agroforestry is more fertile than rest of other land uses. The Net Present Value (NPV) indicated
that banana agroforestry is financially more profitable than other two systems, while the Benefit-Cost ratio (BCR) is higher
in pineapple agroforestry (4.21 in participatory agroforestry and 3.35 in privately managed land). Even though banana agroforestry
gives higher NPV, capital required for this practice is much higher. The findings suggest that pineapple agroforestry has
a tendency towards becoming ecologically and economically more sound than other two practices as it has better ecological
attributes and required comparatively low investment. 相似文献
11.
Agroforestry is a new name for a rather old practice. From a historical point of view, various agroforestry systems existed in Europe, of which the wood pastures (Neolithicum), the Dehesas in Spain (~4,500 years old) and the Hauberg of the Siegerland (established in the Middle Age) are the most prominent. Other widespread systems in Europe were hedgerows, windbreaks and Streuobst (orchard intercropping). Due to mechanisation and intensification of agriculture, trees have been progressively removed from agricultural fields and traditional agroforestry systems slowly disappeared. Today, agroforestry systems are again increasing in interest as they offer the potential to solve important ecological and, especially, biodiversity problems, while at the same time enabling the production of food, wood products and fodder for cattle. Although agroforestry systems offer many advantages, many farmers are sceptical of these systems and are critical and risk-averse with regard to adopting new practices. However, in comparison to traditional systems, modern agroforestry systems can be adapted to current farming practices. By selecting suitable trees and appropriate tree management, high-quality timber can be produced without influencing agricultural crops excessively. In future, agroforestry systems will become increasingly important as they offer the prospect of producing woody perennials for bioenergy on the same land area as food and/or fodder plants, while enhancing overall biodiversity. 相似文献
12.
Shaded cacao (Theobroma cacao) cultivation is a tropical land-use that has potential to reduce pressure on the forest and
provide additional income to smallholder growers. A land-use system (LUS) model was formulated to represent the economic returns
derived from shaded cacao production practiced by smallholders in the Toledo district of Belize. Sixty scenarios were tested
to elicit response of net-present-value (NPV), returns to labor, and annual returns to land (ARTL) to individual changes in
10 system parameters. Further scenarios tested the combined interactions between hardwood shade tree type, planting density,
time to harvest hardwoods, cacao cultivation practice, and expected output. As a modeling exercise, LUS analysis highlights
system components that government agencies, donors, NGOs, extension agents, and smallholders should target with policies,
agri-silvi- culture projects, and further research. Results identify more favorable credit, labor-saving technology, better
shade-management practices, grafting, and incorporating non-hardwood shade trees and laurel (Cordia alliadora) as interventions
that could improve cacao financial performance and encourage adoption. At present, the model cannot predict whether smallholders
would respond to recommendations and invest in shaded cacao cultivation in lieu of alternative agricultural land-uses or off-farm
employment. 相似文献
13.
Smallholder Cacao (Theobroma cacao Linn.) cultivation in agroforestry systems of West and Central Africa: challenges and opportunities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The cultural features, management practice, environmental sustainability, and economic profitability of smallholder cacao
(Theobroma cacao)production in West and Central Africa are reviewed. The aim is tohighlight factors affecting the cacao production and marketing
sectorand to propose appropriate strategies to ensure sustainable and profitable cacao production in the region. The cacao
cultivation system causes minimum damage to soil resources. In terms of carbon sequestration and below- and above-ground bio-diversity,
the cacao agroforest is superior to the alternative food crop production land use. The food crop production system is based
on the practice of slash-and-burn farming, which, due to population pressure and reduced fallow cycle, is no longer sustainable.
Economic profitability analysis of this system in Cameroon showed that, at current prices, even with no value assigned to
the tree species, the sector could still be profitable. Based on the current review and our knowledge of West and Central
Africa, there is an urgent need to: (a) rationalize and optimize arrangement of the various components in cacao agroforest,
(b) domesticate high value and shade tolerant indigenous species such as Gnetum africanum and integrate into the system in order to enhance the system's diversity and profitability, (c) develop shade-tolerant and
disease-resistant cacao varieties, (d) integrate small-stock production into the system, and (e) develop an enabling policy
environment addressing cacao marketing, plant protection, land tenure and transformation of non-cacao primary products from
the cacao agroforests.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Agroforestry Tree Seed Production and Supply Systems in Malawi 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Betserai I. Nyoka Simon A. Mng��omba Festus K. Akinnifesi Oluyede C. Ajayi Gudeta Sileshi Ramni Jamnadass 《Small-Scale Forestry》2011,10(4):419-434
A sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system is vital to resource-constrained smallholder farmers who depend on
agroforestry to improve the productivity of their farm enterprises. Successful adoption of agroforestry hinges on the development
of a sustainable agroforestry tree germplasm supply system. This paper reviews the agroforestry tree seed supply system in
Malawi, with a view to determining its sustainability and quality. Currently, more than 90% of the documented agroforestry
tree seed distributed to farmers is produced by smallholder farmers collected mainly from scattered farmland trees, the remainder
being produced from seed orchards and seed stands owned or controlled by research organizations. Three organizations—namely
the Land Resources Centre (LRC), National Tree Seed Centre (NTSC) of the Forestry Research Institute of Malawi (FRIM) and
the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)—were identified as major procurers of agroforestry tree seed produced by smallholder
farmers. Agroforestry germplasm is distributed to farmers by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and government agricultural
and forestry extension departments. The procurement and distribution of germplasm to farmers is in general effective. The
major challenge to sustainability of agroforestry tree germplasm distribution in Malawi is dependence on donor funding. The
agroforestry tree seed system is, to some extent, sustainable with regards to production, although the genetic quality of
the germplasm is low. Germplasm storage facilities at national level are available and possibly adequate, but knowledge and
information on effective low-cost tree germplasm storage systems at household level are limited. Sustainability could be enhanced
by strengthening of grass-root organizations involved in tree seed production to institutionalize the distribution through
farmer–farmer exchange. There is also a need to support the development, promotion and adoption of low-cost tree germplasm
storage facilities by smallholder farmers. 相似文献
15.
Historical development of a permanent agriculture system based on the use of agroforestry in the temperate zone is traced. In general, reasons for a renewed interest in agroforestry include the end of cheap, subsidized fossil fuels; increased concern about soil erosion and marginal land use; an international awakening as to the dangers of indiscriminate use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals; and a need to balance food production with other land uses.For the forestry profession in particular, reasons for interest in agroforestry stem from a need to revitalize rural economies, the desire to increase timber exports, and potential resolution to land use conflicts between agriculture and forestry. Through use of agroforestry management systems, an increase in both economic and silvicultural benefits are obtainable.Two agroforestry management systems are reviewed which currently appear feasible for implementation in many industrialized countries of the temperate zone. These two systems include: 1) Animal grazing and intercropping under managed coniferous forests or plantations; and 2) Multicropping of agricultural crops under intensively managed, high value hardwood plantations.Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Paper No. 12046. 相似文献
16.
Stewart A.W. Diemont Jessica L. BohnDonald D. Rayome Sarah J. KelsenKaity Cheng 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(10):1696-1705
Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration. 相似文献
17.
Bremer Jori A. Lobry de Bruyn Lisa A. Smith R. Geoff B. Darsono Wahyu Soedjana Tjeppy D. Cowley Frances C. 《Agroforestry Systems》2022,96(7):1023-1037
Current Indonesian beef production only meets 45% of local demand. Increasing local beef production through integration of cattle production in pre-existing oil palm plantations is a possible solution to meeting this shortfall. The oil palm understorey provides feed, alleviating the need to convert additional land to agriculture. Smallholders are important contributors to both Indonesian cattle and palm oil production. This case study research seeks to understand key aspects of smallholder cattle management in palm oil production areas, to highlight opportunities and barriers to cattle integration. Thirty-nine smallholder cattle farmers from four villages in South Kalimantan were individually interviewed. The lack of alternative feed sources was the major driver towards the adoption of cattle production using oil palm understorey as feed. Cattle grazing was uncontrolled due to labour shortages and occurred in individually owned and ‘plasma’ plantations, with cattle penned at night where possible to avoid theft. Arrangements on land access and use between stakeholders are needed for systematic cattle grazing and to control cattle theft.
相似文献18.
以2012年塞罕坝二类森林资源调查数据为基底,结合塞罕坝地形地貌特征等自然条件和森林经营传统等方面因素,划分为自然保护区、森林公园景观林区、生态防护林区和商品用材林区4个林业功能区,并分析了各区的森林资源现状与特点,有针对性地提出了保护区人工林天然化、景观林多层次多树种改造、防护林控制皆伐性采伐、用材林市场化经营的管理思路。 相似文献
19.
S. Aleixo A. C. Gama-Rodrigues M. G. Costa M. V. S. Sales E. F. Gama-Rodrigues J. R. B. Marques 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(3):423-437
Little is known about the phosphorus (P) fractions and P lability of agroforest soils in tropical regions, particularly those of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforests. We hypothesized that the effect of P fertilization on the distribution of P fractions in the soil based on the source-sink relationship differs for different cacao agroforestry systems. The cacao agroforestry systems studied were the following: open cacao-cabruca, closed cacao-cabruca, cacao + erythrina, mixed cacao + rubber tree, and cacao + rubber tree intercropping. A natural forest and an unfertilized pasture were used as reference systems. The P fractions were determined using the Hedley sequential extraction method, and the P transformation processes were evaluated via structural equation modeling. The impact of low P fertilizer input on the P fractions varied according to the specific environmental conditions of each cacao production system. Consequently, there was high dissimilarity among all of the cacao sites. In all of the cacao agroforestry systems, there was an increase in inorganic P (Pi), especially the labile fraction (resin-Pi and NaHCO3-Pi), but organic P (Po) increased only in the cacao + erythrina system and in the rubber tree planting row of the cacao + rubber tree intercropping system. As a result, the fitted structural models indicated that the inter-relationships of the geochemical processes were more important for determining the P availability than the biological processes. However, the Po concentrations and relative proportion were high in all of the cacao agroforestry systems, thereby revealing the high potential of supplying P to plants via the mineralization process in the eventual removal of mineral fertilization. 相似文献
20.
ABSTRACT Industrial production of beef, soybeans, cotton, and biofuels is expanding into the tropical latitudes of South America and may soon reach tropical Africa in the most important agricultural transition since the Green Revolution. This shift is driven by the shortage of land suitable for expansion of cultivation and grazing in the temperate zone, increased global demands for agricultural commodities, the rising price of petroleum, and technological advances. At risk are some of the world's most ecologically and culturally-rich landscapes in the world, such as the Amazon rainforest, the Cerrado woodland complex, and African savannas. A strategy for reducing the negative ecological and social impacts of this transition could harness the rising environmental and social standards imposed by many importers and purchasers of agricultural commodities, similar reforms underway among “Equator” banks, growing corporate governance, and Brazil's prominence in international diplomacy. Integrated certification of commodity sanitation, compliance with rigorous environmental standards, and sound labor practices could become the norm for participation in commodity markets. These reforms in agro-industrial behavior could be reinforced by trade agreements and strategic support from non-governmental organizations. 相似文献