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1.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(1-2):293-306
Abstract Fungal root pathogens are widespread and may cause substantial seedling losses in conifer nurseries. Furthermore, poor seedling survival and growth on reforestation sites results in reduced forest regeneration. Use of microbial inoculants for disease control and plant growth promotion has become an important endeavour. A microbial culture collection of 500 strains was assessed for biological control of fungal root pathogens and/or plant growth promotion of conifer seedlings. Seven of these strains showed significant suppres-sive effects on various soil-bome fungal pathogens. On Douglas fir, two strains, RAL3 and 64-3, reduced disease caused by Fusariumby. 7-42% in repeated growth room assays. The same strains significantly increased healthy stand of white spruce seedlings inoculated with Fusariumand Pythiumin a conifer nursery, and increased the survival of bare-root white spruce seedlings planted on a reforestation site by 19-23%. Both strains also significantly increased new root and total plant dry weights. Strain RAL3 in commercial formulation maintained a viable population of about log 8-9 cfu/ml for over a year when stored at 5°C. Strain survival on seed varied with conifer species. No decreases in bacterial populations were observed on seeds of jack pine or Douglas fir after 37 to 44 days storage at 5°C, but decreases were observed on seeds of white spruce and Scots pine. This study has provided candidate beneficial microbial inocu-lants which offer promise for development of commercial inoculants for the forestry industry. 相似文献
2.
Y. Zhang C. L. Zhong Y. Chen Z. Chen Q. B. Jiang C. Wu K. Pinyopusarerk 《New Forests》2010,40(3):261-271
Effects of mycorrhizal association on improving tolerance of host plant under stress environments have received attentions
in recent years. In this paper, six isolates of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus) were inoculated to Casuarina equisetifolia seedlings under glasshouse conditions to investigate the effects of AMF on growth and drought tolerance of host plants. All
the six isolates which belong to Glomus showed high mycorrhizal colonization (88.5–96.0%) with C. equisetifolia seedlings. Seedlings were subjected to drought stress without watering for 7 days and survival of the seedlings inoculated
with Glomus caledonium Gc90068, G. versiforme Gv9004 and G. caledonium Gc90036 increased by 36.6, 23.3 and 16.6%, respectively compared with uninoculated seedlings. Limited influence of AMF on
seedling height growth was found, but the effects of AMF on total biomass increment were very significant; the increment ranged
from 25.7 to 118.9% compared with uninoculated treatment, and it was noted that AMF exerted more influences on root biomass
than shoot biomass. Based on the changes in physiological and biochemical parameters among different treatments caused by
drought stress, it was concluded that AM (arbuscular mycorrhizal) associations improve the drought tolerance of C. equisetifolia seedlings by means of some physiological and biochemical responses, such as lowering permeability of plasma membrane and
MDA (malondialdehyde) contents, enhancing concentrations of P nutrition, soluble sugar, soluble protein and activities of
POX (Peroxidase) of C. equisetifolia seedlings. 相似文献
3.
在广东、广西、云南 7个点进行采样调查的结果表明 ,在自然条件下 ,7个柚木根系样品全部感染AM菌 ,感染率达 4 0 % 70 % ,感染指数达 11 6 7 19 17;4个AM菌对 12个不同地理种源柚木苗人工接种的结果表明 ,全部处理均形成感染 ,感染率达 70 % 10 0 % ;利用 3个AM菌对 4个柚木无性系进行人工接种 ,感染率达 86 % 10 0 % ,感染指数达 2 8 33 5 2 5 0 ;接种株苗高比对照增加 5 4 0 % 4 0 8% ,地径增加 5 % 4 30 % ,生物量增加 116 4 % 2 5 74 8% ;统计结果表明 ,无论无性系、菌种或无性系×菌种在苗木高、地径及生物量上与对照的差异均为极显著 ;综合比较 ,3个菌种对柚木生长均有接种效果 ,以G90 0 4效果最好 ,G6 0 0 8菌株次之 ,再次是G30 0 6菌株 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3):37-54
Abstract Selected microorganisms (Laccaria laccata, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas corrugata and Azotobacter chroococcum) were used as inoculants to study their influence on seed germination, seedling survival and subsequent growth in Cedrus deodara. The microbial inoculations positively affected these parameters over control, in the following order: Azotobacter chroococcum Pseudomonas corrugata Bacillus subtilis Trichoderma viride Laccaria laccata.The major cause of seedling mortality was found to be (1) wilting of emerged seedlings by Fusarium oxysporum, and (2) cutworm attack. Bacterial inoculations were found to be superior in suppressing the proliferation of Fusariumsp., thereby enhancing seedling survival. One of the bacterial inoculants, B. subtilis, resulted in 76% seed germination, compared to 54% in control. Though inoculation with L. laccataresulted in maximum mycorrhizal infection (up to 72%) compared to48%in control seedlings, it afforded least protection against Fusariumsp., as well as minimal growth promotion. On the other hand, inoculation with T. viridesignificantly controlled wilting of seedlings and improved plant growth. Microbial inoculations were found to influence the soil microflora, nutrient status of the rhizosphere soil and that of different parts of seedlings. Enrichment of carbon was recorded in the rhizosphere soil. Enhanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of various plant parts indicated a positive influence also on nutrient uptake. The present study has implications for large scale forestry programs. 相似文献
5.
Present study evaluated growth of Populus deltoides G48 and Toona ciliata over a period of 6 months, in nursery soil amended with 10% fly ash (v/v), 5% distillery waste (v/v), 20% farmyard manure
(v/v) and microbial consortium of Pseudomonas striata and Azotobacter sp. @ 30 ml/pot in different combinations leading to 12 different treatments with 16 replicates in completely randomized
block design. Biometric parameters such as plant height, collar diameter and total dry biomass were analyzed which indicated
that the treatment (T8) comprising of fly ash @ 10% (v/v), farmyard manure @ 20% (v/v) and microbial consortium @ 30 ml/pot
promoted growth of P. deltoides. The results indicated that combined addition of fly ash, farm yard manure and microbial inoculants can be used as a good
potting mixture for improving survival rates and plant growth in forestry nurseries. 相似文献
6.
Nursery practice using microbial inoculants was performed to find out the efficacy of the inoculants on seed germination and
seedling growth of sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). Microbial inoculants or effective microorganisms (EM) are a mixture of many different beneficial microorganisms in
a solution. The seedlings were grown in a mixture of sandy soil and cowdung (3:1) kept in polybags with pouring EM solution
at different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 10%) before and after a week of sowing the seeds. Seed germination
rate and growth parameters of seedlings were measured, such as, shoot and root length, vigor index, fresh and dry weight of
shoot and root and total biomass increment. The nodulation status influenced by EM was also observed along with the measurement
of pigment contents in leaves. The highest germination rate (69%) was observed in 2% EM treatment, followed by 67% and 65%
in 1% and 5% EM. The highest shoot length (33.2 cm) was in 2% EM, whereas highest root length (26.3 cm) was in 1% EM. Both
fresh and dry weights from shoot and root, were maximum (4.16 g and 1.57 g; 2.12 g and 0.83 g respectively) in 2% EM and were
significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from control. Vigor index was highest (4071) in 2% EM, which was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from control. Total dry weight increment was highest in 2% EM treatment, followed by 1% and 5% concentrations
of EM. Nodulation number was higher at very low (0.1%) concentration of EM solution but it normally decreased with the increase
of EM concentrations. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid were highest (60.11, 17.05 and 42.48 mg·L−1 respectively) in 2% EM treatment and lowest (39.35, 13.55 and 27.29 mg·L−1 respectively) in control treatment. Therefore, low concentration of EM (up to 2%) can be used for getting maximum seed germination
rate and seedling development of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. 相似文献
7.
Polylepis forests are one of the most endangered high mountain ecosystems of South America and reforestation with native Polylepis species has been highly recommended. Greenhouse bioassays were set up to determine the influence of three different soils on growth and phosphorous nutrition of Polylepis australis seedlings. Soils were collected from a grassland, a rare mature forest and a forest degraded due to repeated fires. We identified the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) present in the three soils and after 12 months we harvested the seedlings to evaluate root and shoot biomass, plant P content and root colonization by native AMF and dark septate endophytes (DSE). The soil inocula contained 26 AMF morphospecies. Grassland inoculum showed the highest AMF richness, and mature forest showed a different AMF community assembly from grassland and degraded forest inocula. Root biomass and root colonization were highest in seedlings inoculated with mature forest soil, meanwhile shoot biomass and plant P content were similar between all treatments. AMF colonization correlated negatively with DSE and root biomass was negatively correlated with DSE colonization, thus these fungal symbionts could be competing for resources. Our results indicate that AMF inoculum from the mature forest stand has the potential to improve P. australis performance, probably due to the dominance of Glomeraceae and Acaulosporaceae families. However, other soil microorganisms could be together with AMF in the natural inocula, affecting the growth response of P. australis seedlings. Future studies evaluating the effect of these inocula under field conditions should be carried out. 相似文献
8.
利用3个内生菌根菌和10个外生菌根菌接种滨海木麻黄苗,测定小苗的树高、地径、地上干质量、地下干质量、总生物量和保存率.结果表明:接种两种菌根菌后能显著地促进滨海木麻黄苗期的生长;滨海木麻黄对供试的内生菌根菌和外生菌根菌的菌根依赖性都属于中等强度或较弱的依赖性;接种菌根菌后滨海木麻黄苗的保存率比对照显著提高;苏格兰球囊霉90068、地表球囊霉9004、苏格兰球囊霉90036、黄硬皮马勃0207、松茸和彩色豆马勃9705在促进滨海木麻黄苗期生长和提高保存率上都有较好的效果,可在滨海木麻黄苗期接种应用. 相似文献
9.
Response of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) and the shade tree Inga edulis Mart. (inga) seedlings from an organically-grown cacao plantation to inoculation with native arbuscular mycorrhizae forming
fungi (AMF) was studied in a cross-inoculation assay under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings of inga and cacao were grown in
pots filled with heat-treated soil from the plantation. Control was heat-treated soil without inoculum and roots of cacao
and inga from the plantation were applied as AMF inocula. Undisturbed soil blocks were used as a “positive control” of the
inoculation potential of untreated soil and roots combined. No AMF structures were observed in the roots of either species
in the heat-treated control. All inocula were infective in both hosts and the differences in the total AMF colonization percentage
between the hosts were not significant but inga had significantly higher colonization by hyphal coils and arbuscules. Cacao
roots but neither inga roots nor soil block inocula stimulated cacao growth. All inocula significantly increased growth of
inga, which had higher relative mycorrhizal responsiveness than cacao. Thus, in spite of the strong infectivity of the inocula
in both hosts, cacao and inga responded differently to the same AMF populations. The strong conspecific preference of cacao
suggests that attention must be paid to the AMF inoculum used for this species. However, the strong response of inga to cacao
root inoculum indicates that the two species may share same AMF symbionts, thus enabling positive interactions between them,
including formation of common mycelial networks. 相似文献
10.
孟加拉东南部土壤中的砷含量很高,不仅威胁人的健康,而且对土壤也有破坏作用。云南石梓(Gmelina arborea)在孟加拉是个快速生长的树种,也是含砷土壤中的潜力树种。研究评价了含砷试验土中丛枝菌根真菌对云南石梓(Gmelina arborea)生长的影响。播种前,四种不同浓度的砷(10mg·kg-1、25mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1和100mg·kg-1)被加入到试验土中。记录生长参数,如,植物的根、苗鲜重、干重、冠幅径、根长和苗高、根瘤菌和孢子菌群落。菌根植株较非菌根植株生长好。与其它含砷量高的土壤中植株的生长情况相比,在含砷量为10-mg·kg-1的土壤中,菌根植株和菌根生长效果最佳,菌根植株生物量最高。随着砷浓度的增加,种苗生长,根瘤菌和孢子菌群落均明显降低p0.05)。与非菌根植株比较,菌根植株高生长增加了40%,生物量增加了2.4倍。研究表明,根瘤菌接种可以减少有害土壤中的云南石梓(Gmelina arborea)的初生长的影响。 相似文献
11.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,207(3):351-362
The main objectives of this study were to determine the influence of several strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Acacia holosericea in a dry tropical environment and their short-term effect on indicators of ecosystem soil conditions such as biological soil properties (microbial biomass, mycorrhizal soil infectivity). Three fungal strains have been tested: Pisolithus albus IR100, P. albus COI024 and Scleroderma dictyosporum IR109. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly enhanced the growth (shoot and root biomass) of A. holosericea seedlings after 4 months culture in glasshouse conditions in a disinfected soil. In field conditions, the transplanting shock was less important for the ectomycorrhized trees. After 2 years, the inoculated trees had a better growth than that recorded in the control treatment. Ectomycorrhizal inoculation has significantly stimulated height, leave and wood biomass, root biomass of A. holosericea trees. Moreover, this fungal inoculation has significantly modified the leaf nutrient contents for P, N and phenols. Microbial biomass and mycorrhizal soil infectivity were also larger in the inoculated plots.Ectomycorrhizal inoculation could be of great relevance to improve the reafforestation process of degraded areas with legumes fast growing trees. This biological practice could also ameliorate soil characteristics such as microbial biomass or mycorrhizal soil infectivity. 相似文献
12.
Reduced physiological efficiency as well as low and irregular germination rate under environmental stress conditions (e.g., salinity) are among the major factors affecting the propagation of numerous plants, in particular medicinal ones. A factorial experiment using a completely randomized design was employed to evaluate the effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on hopbush seed germination and seedling growth under salinity stress. After the seeds were inoculated with the Azospirillum lipoferum, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Azospirillum + Azotobacter and exposed to salinity stress at six levels, they were placed into a germinator at 20°C temperature and 65% relative humidity with a photoperiodic regime of 16 h light/8 h dark at 1,000 lux fluorescent light. The seeds inoculated with the bacterial strains could tolerate salinity levels of up to 50 dS/m and germinate. The combined treatment of Azospirillum + Azotobacter increased germination percentage at 20 and 50 dS/m levels by 21.67 and 10%, respectively. Also, A. chroococcum at 15 and 20 dS/m and Azospirillum + Azotobacter at 50 dS/m stress levels increased germination rate by 88, 316, and 155%, respectively, compared with the control. Furthermore, plant growth parameters—e.g., root and stem length, root and stem dry and fresh weights, as well as the ratios of root length and weight to the stem counterparts—were considerably enhanced by Azotobacter chroococcum treatment under elevated salinity stress (15 and 20 dS/m), relative to the control. Inoculation with A. chroococcum more favorably affected on and was also more compatible with Dodonaea viscosa seedlings leading to considerably improved seedlings growth parameters as well as seed germination under salinity stress. 相似文献
13.
Maman?Turjaman Yutaka?Tamai Hendrik?Segah Suwido Hester?Limin Joo Young?Cha Mitsuru?Osaki Keitaro?Tawaraya
Trees of the family Dipterocarpaceae are the dominant trees in Southeast Asian tropical forests where they play an important ecological role and are also important commercially. An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of dipterocarp species in peat soils. Seedlings of Shorea pinanga were inoculated with spores of two ectomycorrhizal fungi, Pisolithus arhizus and Scleroderma sp. were grown in pots containing sterilized peat soil for 7 months. The percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization on S. pinanga exceeded 86%. Colonization of S. pinanga roots by ectomycorrhizal fungi resulted in increased shoot height, stem diameter, number of leaves, and shoot fresh and dry weight. Survival rates of S. pinanga were greater for inoculated seedlings than control seedlings. These results suggest that inoculation of ectomycorrhizal fungi can improve the early growth of S. pinanga grown in tropical forests and that this technique will accelerate the rehabilitation of degraded dipterocarp forests. 相似文献
14.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) technology is a soil-based fertilization practice for sustainable crop productivity. We evaluated six indigenous Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) strains for their symbiotic response with Piper longum (long pepper), a non-timber forest product holding promise as a commercial crop for its medicinal fruits and roots. Piper saplings were raised in a 10 cm thick sand and soil mix inoculated with various AMF. Under field conditions, plants inoculated with AMF demonstrated better survival (≥80%) than non mycorrhizal plants (58%). Almost all the studied AMF strains increased the plant growth, biomass and nutrient content (N and P) over the uninoculated control. Mycorrhizal inoculation with four AMF species, viz: Glomus fasciculatum, G. clarum, G. etunicatum and G. versiforme greatly enhanced long pepper growth both in the nursery and field conditions. 相似文献
15.
The effect of two arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, Glomus fasciculatum and G. macrocarpum on shoot and root dry weights and nutrient content of Cassia siamea in a semi-arid wasteland soil was evaluated. Under nursery conditions, mycorrhizal inoculation improved growth of seedlings. Root and shoot dry weights were higher in mycorrhizal than non-mycorrhizal plants. The concentration of P, K, Cu, Zn and Na was significantly higher in AM inoculated seedlings than in non-inoculated seedlings. Mycorrhization led to decrease in alkalinity of the rhizosphere soil from pH 8.5 to 7.4. Under nursery conditions, the degree of mycorrhizal dependency increased with age of C. siamea seedling. On transplantation to the field, the survival rate of mycorrhizal seedlings (75%–90%) was higher than that of non-mycorrhizal seedlings (40%). Besides better survival rate, AM inoculation improved the growth performance of seedlings in terms of height and stem diameter. Among the two AM fungi used, the efficiency of Glomus macrocarpum was higher than that of G. fasciculatum under both nursery and field conditions.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrected page numbers. 相似文献
16.
Zaizhi Zhou Kunnan Liang Daping Xu Yuchen Zhang Guihua Huang Huaming Ma 《New Forests》2012,43(2):231-243
Many teak plantations are established on acidic soils with low nutrient availability. There is also poor documentation of
nutrient budgets for teak, therefore, a pot experiment with optimal hybrid regression design (Roquemore R311A) was implemented
with calcium, boron and nitrogen treatments with teak seedlings (Tectona grandis L.f.) planted in acidic lateritic red soil substrate. Seedling growth, biomass production and root development, and soil
pH, and exchangeable Ca and Al concentration were measured. Plant height, root collar diameter, biomass of leaves, stems and
roots, root volume, taproot length, number of lateral roots of teak seedlings were significantly and positively correlated
with soil exchangeable Ca, pH and Ca/Al molar ratio, and negatively correlated with exchangeable Al. All growth traits were
significantly affected by calcium, nitrogen and their interaction, but B fertilizer and other interactions had insignificant
effects. To effectively cultivate teak seedlings in acidic soil substrates, 1.68 g kg−1 quicklime (CaO) and 0.65 g kg−1 urea was suggested to be added to neutralize soil acidity, and enhance soil exchangeable Ca content and Ca/Al molar ratio.
Urea should not be added without quicklime. 相似文献
17.
Dual inoculation of a woody legume (Centrolobium tomentosum) with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi in south-eastern Brazil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The integration of N2 fixing trees into stable agroforestry systems in the tropics is being tested due to their ability to produce high biomass
N and P yields, when symbiotically associated with rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. The growth of Centrolobium tomentosum Guill. ex Benth, a native leguminous tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, was assessed with dual inoculation of Rhizobium spp and mycorrhizal fungi under field conditions. Complete fertilization was compared to treatments of inoculation with selected
rhizobia strains BHICB-Ab1 or BHICB-Ab3, associated or not to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The dual inoculation increased
the height and growth in relation to the plants treated with rhizobia alone. Plants inoculated with strain BHICB-Ab1 and arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) exhibited an increase of 56% dry matter over uninoculated control and nitrogen accumulation was greater
than with BHICB-Ab3 inoculated plants. Strain BHICB-Ab1 presented a synergetic relationship with mycorrhizal fungi since the
combined inoculation with BHICB-Ab1 enhanced plant height and dry weight more than single inoculation while the growth of
BHICB-Ab3 plants was not modified by AMF inoculation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced plants survival and seemed to
favour the nodule occupation by rhizobia strains as compared to the non-mycorrhizal plants. Inoculation with selected rhizobia
and AMF improved the growth of C. tomentosum under field conditions.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Carlos Magni Paola Poch Betsabé Abarca Iván Grez Eduardo Martínez 《Southern Forests》2019,81(2):103-109
Information on the morphological and physiological responses of seedlings to stressors, such as water stress, is required for successful early establishment of seedlings. We examined provenance variation in morphological and physiological traits of Quillaja saponaria Molina seeds from nine provenances representing a latitudinal transect across the species range in Chile. The seedlings were subjected to two water regimes (well-watered vs water restriction) in a nursery experiment, and growth, biomass, survival, and gas exchange traits were measured. As expected, well-watered seedlings exhibited a superior performance in all traits analysed. Provenance effects were significant for most of the morphological and physiological traits. In the growth and biomass analysis, the northernmost provenance showed the lowest survival, growth and dry biomass, whereas in the gas exchange analysis, the southern interior provenance showed the highest net photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency. The interaction between water regimes and provenance was only significant for diameter and net photosynthesis. These results indicate that different provenances of Q. saponaria show a stable performance across different controlled drought conditions. This information is of relevance for sourcing seeds for the restoration of the species. 相似文献
19.
Fatou Ndoye Aboubacry Kane Niokhor Bakhoum Arsène Sanon Dioumacor Fall Diégane Diouf Samba Ndao Sylla Amadou Mustapha Bâ Mame Ourèye Sy Kandioura Noba 《Agroforestry Systems》2013,87(4):941-952
The benefits of inoculation with six arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates (Glomus aggregatum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, G. manihotis, G. mosseae, and G. verriculosum) were investigated on seedlings of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., a multipurpose tree legume highly valued for arabic gum production. Mycorrhizal root colonization, plant growth and relative mycorrhizal dependency (RMD) were measured in A. senegal seedlings growing in soils from three geographical sites in Senegal (Dahra, Bambey and Goudiry) and two soil conditions (sterilized vs unsterilized) in the glasshouse. The impact of inoculation on mycorrhizal root colonization and plant growth depended on AMF isolates, soil origins and soil conditions. Mycorrhizal root colonization and plant growth were increased in sterilized soils regardless of soil origin and AMF isolates. The degree of RMD of A. senegal seedlings varied with soil origin, soil condition and AMF isolates. A. senegal showed the highest RMD values, reaching a maximum of 45 %, when inoculated with G. manihotis. However, in unsterilized soils, no significant effect of AMF inoculation on plant growth was observed despite significant root colonization with certain AMF isolates in Dahra and Goudiry soils. This indicates that the most infective AMF isolates were not the most effective and unsterilized soils may contain effective mycorrhizal propagules. In conclusion, it is important to consider the native mycorrhizal component of the soils before harnessing mycorrhizal inoculation programs for sustainable agroforestry systems. 相似文献
20.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):409-414
Second-year Norway spruce seedlings [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] grown in containers were divided into three fertilization levels in August [5, 15 and 25 mg nitrogen (N) seedling?1]. The resulting foliar concentrations of N were 11.0, 13.1 and 15.8 g kg?1, respectively. Seedling height (mean 26.0 cm) did not differ among treatments. The next spring, the seedlings were tested in two experiments. (1) The seedlings were transplanted into pots containing sandy soil in the greenhouse, where they were fertilized with either pure water or nutrient solution (22 mg N l?1). (2) The outplanting performance of the autumn-fertilized seedlings was tested on a sandy field. In the greenhouse experiment, the autumn fertilization level affected height growth and root egress of the seedlings significantly, but less than fertilization with a nutrient solution after planting. In the field experiment, during the first season after transplanting shoot growth of the seedlings increased with the level of autumn fertilization. After the second and third seasons, the seedling stem volume was highest with the highest level of autumn fertilization. These results suggest that, by improving the preplanting nutrient status of seedlings, the growth of shoot, stem diameter and root biomass can be enhanced after planting, especially on nutrient-poor soils. However, heavier autumn fertilization than that used here may yield a greater and more persistent increment in growth. 相似文献