首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
Abstract

New tools and forms of cooperation at the landscape level are needed in order for forestry and environmental conservation to co-exist in areas with many land owners. Awareness has existed for several years in Sweden that cooperation at the landscape level is essential for protecting areas of high environmental value. This awareness has come to expression in several projects and initiatives. One of these projects is the Östra Vätterbranterna Partnership, a successful example of the new orientation toward environmental management as formulated in the government bill Sustainable protection of nature areas: new working methods with a focus on collaboration and increased dialog by involving more actors and utilizing a greater combination of steering instruments. This development resonates with the growing trend toward deregulation and less state intervention in environmental management, implying a stronger emphasis on new governance structures and market-driven processes. This paper examines the preconditions for a development toward governance-oriented forms of steering in the area of environmental policy and law, with specific emphasis on the protection of forestry areas with high environmental value. Paralleling this development, the transformation of environmental public administration is analyzed, using a model representing three different perspectives on administration's role, values and meaning, showing state action's progressive transition from “rowing” to “steering” to “serving” and facilitating.  相似文献   

2.
Past monoculture forestry in China has contributed to countrywide ecological disasters and economic difficulties in forestry regions. China‘s new forestry programs, Natural Forest Conservation Program and Returning Farmlands to Forests Program, provide opportunities for ecosystem management of mountain forests in China. A decision support system, FORE-STAR, has been developed for better managing and protecting natural forests in Changbai Mountain area. It uses GIS-based forest inventory data at a scale of forestry bureau. The first version contains two sub-modules: forest operation and forest res-toration. Under each sub-module, users can compare several decision options and make optimal choices. It can help field for-esters, forest managers, and policy makers make multi-objective and consistent decisions in planning forest management at hierarchical administrative scales.  相似文献   

3.
INTRODUCTION China is the country with the largest number of people in the world. In the past 20 years, the rapid urbanization proceeding had brought huge pressure on the ecology, environment and economy. The European practice showed that the ecological and environmental problem in the city could be solved by developing Urban Forestry (Konijnendijk 2003; Chai Yixin et al. 2004; Konijnendijk et al. 2005). Additionally, urban forestry policy formulation and management methodologies are t…  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

In many countries of Africa and Asia, timber production is dominated by concession contracts in public forests. In the neo-tropics, however, timber production occurs on both public and private lands; a mixture that moves countries of the neo-tropics towards the complex systems of forestry sectors in the developed world. Therefore, much of the forest taxation and public forest management literature that currently exists is pertinent to new forest policy decisions in developing countries. Unfortunately, the similarities between forest policies in the neo-tropics and those of developed countries have largely been ignored. This paper begins the process of bridging that gap to show how existing literature is important to the design of timber concessions and accompanying policy instrument design. Although the principles we discuss here apply in any mixed harvest forest economy, we use Brazil as an example because it is in the process of adopting a system of timber concessions in national forests. In our discussion, we suggest that concessions are not a perfect substitute for private forestry in the neo-tropics; concession and other instrument policies must be designed jointly; and because concession policies and government revenue objectives may be linked, the expansion of concessions must be carefully monitored.  相似文献   

5.
林业作为国民经济的重要组成部分,在国民经济周期波动的大背景下,林业经济也存在着周期性波动。本文通过对“八五”以来我国林业经济周期问题的初步分析,力图揭示在社会主义市场经济高速发展时期,我国林业经济发展的特点、规律以及引起林业经济周期性波动的内外部动因,并在此基础上提出了有利于我国林业经济稳定发展的政策建议。  相似文献   

6.
Summary

It is some years now since forest decline was a major public concern in Europe and was one of the principal environmental issues around which international research programs were focused. A number of internationally coordinated activities were initiated in the 1980s and 1990s and have continued until now; these contributed significantly to our current understanding of forestry and to the way in which forestry policies have developed. In short, the concept of sustainable development has had an increasing influence and is now of immeasurable value in forest policy, with sustainable forest management well established as its guiding principle. This sequence of events is examined here. The extent to which understanding has advanced is remarkable; much has changed. Arguably this period gave the first indication of the extent to which forests and ecosystems globally are threatened by environmental change. On the basis of the last 20 years, it is tempting to conclude that we now have an effective institutional framework and have made excellent progress. However, some of the recorded ecosystem responses seem anomalous; there are surprises in system responses, e.g., the linkage between sulphur and nitrogen depositions and forest growth. Even more importantly some specific pollutant problems remain and will intensify, and climate change has become an environmental issue of overwhelming importance.  相似文献   

7.
欧洲实践证明, 有效制定和实施林业政策能够推动城市林业的发展, 从而有效改善城市人居环境和促进居民身心健康。文中在收集关于中国和欧洲城市林业方面的文献以及对中国和欧洲进行城市林业实地考察的基础上, 对中国和欧洲城市林业政策与规划、城市林业管理手段、发展城市林业的工作方法进行了比较, 目的是吸收欧洲在城市林业政策制定和实施过程中的先进经验和最佳实践, 提高中国城市林业的政府决策者、管理人员、研究人员、利益相关者和社区在城市林业政策制定和实施方面的知识和能力, 改善中国城市和城市周边地区的环境质量, 最大限度发挥城市林业促进居民身心健康和福祉的作用。  相似文献   

8.
Summary

Community-based stewardship forestry (CBSF) on public lands in the United States is still a fledgling concept. Neither the number of projects completed nor the length of time that has passed since their initial implementation has been sufficient to draw definitive conclusions about the movement's success in improving economic, social, and environmental conditions in forest-dependent communities. What is of most concern now is whether the CBSF fledgling will have a chance to reach its full potential or will instead fall victim to organizational exhaustion, economic malnutrition, or political sniping. Experiences with stewardship collaboratives in northwest Montana have helped define 10 key factors CBSF groups must effectively address if they are to survive: (1) organizational burnout; (2) membership composition, expansion, diversification, and utilization; (3) change in organizational mission or focus; (4) financial viability; (5) responsiveness of federal decision makers to CBSF groups' legislative concerns; (6) continued skepticism among both industry and environmental communities; (7) movement from small demonstration projects to implementation on a larger scale; (8) need for procedural simplification; (9) outreach to the broader community; and (10) institutionalization of a meaningful role for communities in the natural resource policy making and management process. There are no simple solutions to these challenges, but the collective record of CBSF groups so far suggests a level of commitment and staying power sufficient to propel the fledgling through the transition and into full flight.  相似文献   

9.
The role of forests in the public and private spheres is the standard against which workers in the sector must measure their activities in outlining models for the use of forest resources. The actions of legislators and public administrations are aimed at identifying the intrinsic nature of forests in and of themselves (internal limits), from which flows the identification of their optimal use in terms of society and its economic interests (external limits). Additional measures have reinforced a new set of goals, which has shown a need for a new management approach with an emphasis on environmental uses, in turn calling for an indemnification to land owners for loss of income. This forest policy approach is frequently use in Italy, especially for forest with high environmental value as the forests within protected areas or in forests included in the Natura 2000 network. The workings of law 43/1974 for the Lazio region are reconcilable with this emerging model. This analysis of its 30 years of practice shows both its intrinsic potential for improving the environment, and the seriousness of its influence when it is mistakenly used to intervene in precarious ecosystems. The conclusions will highlight the circumstances and procedures for the proper use of a forestry indemnity as evidenced by the Lazio Region, pointing out the essential characteristics of a forestry policy that efficiently supports sustainable forest management. Conclusions highlighted the circumstances and procedures for the proper use of forestry indemnity, and, according to the Regione Lazio experience, certain essential characters that should typify the forest policy in order to support efficiently the sustainable forest management.  相似文献   

10.
This paper examines how local forestry management has evolved in the Aït Bougmez Valley (Central High Atlas, Morocco) in the last three decades and how this evolution has affected forest ecosystem conditions. It focuses on the impact of the forestry administration on ‘traditional forestry management’ since its introduction in 1985, and of recent innovation in forestry policy. The relatively new Strategic Environmental Management Analysis (SEMA) framework is applied, rather than a more ‘classical’ new institutional framework. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of both strategic interactions between various actors and ecological consequences of these interactions. An interesting empirical findings is that instead of a quite simple opposition between the forestry administration and local populations, negotiation opportunities exist that are taken by the actors. This leads to specific actor configurations and sometimes unexpected environmental outcomes, even if from a global point of view, forest stands have been seriously depleted over the last 40 years mainly due to exploitation by local population and the absence of economic alternative to forest exploitation. On the other hand, the implementation of a new policy tool in such a context has to be understood as an opportunity for new actors to take part in forest management rules definition.  相似文献   

11.
森林认证对一国林业政策的影响因不同经济体而异。文中首先从理论方面归纳出森林认证作为市场机制和林业政策作为政策机制相互矛盾但又相互联系、相互作用的特点。其次,结合实践,通过对比和评述不同类型经济体代表国家的森林认证及其对本国林业政策的影响发现:在发达经济体国家,森林认证与林业政策往往相互促进、协同发展;在发展中经济体国家,两者存在重叠,导致低效;在转型经济体国家,两者存在对抗。再次,考察并总结了影响森林认证和林业政策关系的主要因素,认为二者的关系与一国经济、社会发展形态以及对森林认证的认知程度和公民的参与程度有关。最后,提出建议并指明未来研究方向。  相似文献   

12.
In this paper, the feasibility of using stakeholder approaches to assess forest management practices is examined. The paper focuses on two such approaches: the idea of ethical accounting developed for livestock farming, and the so-called ethical matrix. More extensive accounting is needed in forestry. The public is increasingly sensitive to, and aware of, the broader impact of forest management, not only on human welfare but also on environmental values such as nature conservation and biodiversity. Green accounting is being used to assess the environmental effects of forestry. In a broader approach such as ethical accounting as developed for livestock farming, both the purpose and the type of use that is being made of the forest must be examined. It is also necessary to ask which visible or invisible stakeholders are to be included. However, it is important to note that the adoption of stakeholder approaches does not remove the need to reflect on one's fundamental ethical position. In fact, one must critically consider one's basic values before applying these approaches to forestry.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

This article establishes principles conveyed by criteria and indicators as a useful tool for measuring progress made toward sustainable forest management (SFM). Pedagogically, the conceptual construction raises questions on the following topics: (a) the various management practices and policies that exist in the high forest zone, (b) how criteria and indicators for assessments are selected, and (c) how progress made toward SFM is measured. Performance scores are established for indicators identified within the three sectors (forest ecosystems, forest communities, and the economy) for sustainability assessment. Measuring progress toward SFM operations are quantitatively performed with estimated maximum and minimum thresholds levels at which resource-use would be sustained using the Measure of Forest Resource-Use Sustainability Scale (MoFRUSS). The outcome of the measurement operations, as depicted by MoFRUSS, reveals the actual extent to which stakeholder’s initiatives toward sustainable forest management has progressed and in which direction it is moving. It also offers optional policy baskets for resource management interventions from which the socio-eco economic bundle is recommended if the forestry sector of Ghana’s Vision 2020 (sustainable development) is to be achieved with improved societal well-being, improved environmental health and vitality, and improved economic growth and development.  相似文献   

14.
通过分析当前商品林经营管理中存在的问题，探讨了商品林与传统林业的区别，商品林的基本特性，商品林理论以及与公益林和林产工业的关系，提出了商品林是实行林业分类经营改革的产物，它与传统林业具有本质区别：商品林与公益林既有联系，又有区别，商品林主要是解决林业的次要问题；商品林的发展要在体制上创新，必须树立商品林就是商品的意识，建立适应社会主义市场经济体制，符合商品生产一般规律的商品林经营管理模式；商品林最终发展有赖于林业市场繁荣和政策引导，同时对商品林经营管理有关政策提出了建议。  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

In Europe, intensive forest management has anteceded a long history of intensive exploitation. The result has been the replacement of natural forests with highly productive albeit more vulnerable forests of simplified structure. Polish forestry has followed this same pattern and the country has seen a substantial increase in forest cover over the last 50 years. The main challenge for Polish forest management comes in trying to meet growing demand for wood products while responding to increased public demand for conservation of environmental values. Poland's new Forest Act for the first time puts environmental social and productive values of the forest on an equal footing. Within the framework of the Act. the Polish Policy of Sustainable Forest Development puts special emphasis on protection of biological diversity and the promotion of environmentally safe technologies and practices. The concept of Forest Promotion Areas is the major element of the Policy. The challenge for Forest Promotion Areas and for Model Forests will be to bring together all the necessary elements: environmental, economic and social that will allow sustainable development in its broadest sense.  相似文献   

16.

In the last few years, the European countries have created a whole arsenal of regulatory, financial and informational instruments with the objective of enhancing sustainable forest management (SFM). In the course of this policy development effort, so far, the targets of governance have been more or less neglected. This article argues that a forest manager's values have a major influence on the perception of and the reaction to different types of public policy instruments. The results of a mail survey carried out among Austrian forestry professionals show that the persons in charge of putting SFM into practical action can be characterized by specific value patterns. By means of cluster analysis, forestry professionals were classified into six value types. Each of the six types identified is expected to respond to policy instruments in a specific way. Based on these findings, I finally discuss if and how policy instruments can be designed and implemented in a more target-group oriented way.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract

The trade relationship between suppliers (e.g., growers) and processors often plays an important role in determining the nature and extent of benefits derived from commercial forestry, and the distribution of these benefits. Those interested in forestry development-whether in industrialized or non-industrialized countries-are becoming increasingly aware that positive partnerships between forest companies and growers can provide a means of encouraging forest management which is environmentally sustainable, cost-efficient and equitable. Forestry out-grower schemes describe one type of partnership emerging between growers and processing companies, as the companies with inadequate forest holdings or access to public forests seek to secure additional supplies to meet the increasing global demand for wood products. However, existing out-grower arrangements vary considerably in their ability to be mutually beneficial, achieve sustainable forest management, and meet the social, technical or economic goals of the partners. This paper reports on recent research in which the authors undertook a survey and analysis of 17 forestry out-grower schemes in 11 countries to assess the extent and location of out-grower schemes world-wide and identify key parameters for successful out-growers schemes to provide guidance to forestry developers, decision makers and participants in such schemes.  相似文献   

18.
回顾了西方7国20世纪的森林与林业政策的变迁.欧美7国的森林与林业政策有其特定的历史背景和各自的长短:根据笔者短期赴现地的调查研究和大量的文献资料查阅,简单总结了西方7国的林业生产状况、环保运动起因、政策转变过程等情况,并简述了各国最终都逐步走向"生态系统管理(EM)"或"近自然林业(CTNF)"等趋势;笔者从立足东亚、"旁观者清"的角度试图提供一点比较客观的欧美所谓的"林业发达国家"的线索,以供中国读者对21世纪初的"广义新林业"引发新的思考.  相似文献   

19.
以福建省尤溪县为例,探讨"三线林"的区划界定及采伐管理制度所引发的林业投资与经营管理的问题,提出对"三线林"采取融资优惠政策、建立投资保障机制及提供其他林业政策支持等解决对策,探讨化解林业生态建设与林业经济建设矛盾的方法与途径。  相似文献   

20.
试论森林环境资源核算   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
环境资源核算是当前国际社会最关注的热门课题之一。作者指出了现行国民经济核算体系的缺陷, 论述了世界环境资源核算的研究现状及发展前景, 重点介绍了环境资源核算研究的指导思想、环境资源核算的新概念及其分类、价值和计算方法、环境产业问题等, 并对我国开展森林环境资源核算研究提出了几点建议。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号