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1.
Nguyen Duc Thanh Soichiro Wakiya Kazutaka Matsuda Bui Duy Ngoc Junji Sugiyama Yohsei Kohdzuma 《Journal of Wood Science》2018,64(6):836-844
This study shows a method to easily develop suitable impregnation procedure of chemicals for preserving the archaeological waterlogged wood (WW) using diffusion constant. The steady-state diffusion coefficients of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG4000), trehalose, and keratin through eight archaeological waterlogged wood species were obtained from the total amounts of the chemicals diffused through the wood samples. The diffusion coefficients were strongly affected by the anatomical structures of the wood species and degree of wood deterioration. Within the same species of wood, the highest diffusion rates were measured in the longitudinal direction, followed by those in the radial and tangential directions. The longitudinal diffusion coefficients were 1.5- to 8.1-times higher than the radial diffusion coefficients, which were in turn approximately 1.1- to 5.7-times higher than the tangential diffusion coefficients. The diffusion rates were found to be inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the diffusing chemical. The diffusivity of trehalose through the waterlogged woods was found to be higher than those of keratin and PEG4000. This study provides a potential method to easily estimate chemical diffusion coefficients for dip-diffusion treatments. 相似文献
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文章采用PEG的分子量、质量体积浓度、压力的变化作为影响因子,探讨了不同条件下的PEG对鱼鳞云杉尺寸稳定性能的影响,结果表明,PEG处理过的鱼鳞云杉具有较高的尺寸稳定性,PEG的分子量、处理液浓度、抽真空度和浸渍加压压力对木材尺寸稳定性都有一定的影响。 相似文献
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Movement of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 from wood cell lumens into adjacent cell walls was studied for different cell wall
moisture contents (MCs) and PEG solvents; relative amounts of PEG that penetrated into the cell walls were estimated by Raman
microscopy. It was shown that samples treated with PEG from chloroform solution adsorb less PEG than samples treated with
PEG-water solution even in the case of samples with open cell wall structure near fibre saturation point MC. Reconditioning
of PEG-chloroform treated samples at high relative humidities enhanced PEG bulking of cell walls, but not to the maximum amounts
observed with PEG-water treatments. Raman microscopy was a useful tool for estimating relative PEG amounts in the cell walls. 相似文献
4.
Minzhen Bao Xianai Huang Mingliang Jiang Wenji Yu Yanglun Yu 《Journal of Wood Science》2017,63(6):591-605
This study aimed at developing a thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processing to compress poplar wood and investigating the effects of high temperature, moisture, and pressure during the THM processing on the changes in microstructure, porosity, mechanical properties, and dimensional stability of compressed poplar wood. The variations in these properties were correlated and their mathematical relations were determined. Poplar woods with high moisture content were compressed using different pressures at a temperature of 160 °C for different periods. The compression level was characterized by the volume compression ratio (CR), which is defined as the ratio of the compression volume and the original volume of sample before and after THM processing. The obtained results indicated that the high pressure of THM process caused the collapsing of wood cell lumens and the developing of a certain amount of fractures in the cell wall. The damage level of wood cells increased with increasing pressure and time. Moreover, the pressure narrowed the cell lumens, which decreased significantly the pore volume in wood substrate. The pore size distribution shifted from the level of macropores to those of mesopores and micropores after THM process. The THM process created superior mechanical property, especially for those with higher CR. Besides, it was revealed that the process decreased dramatically the set recovery of treated woods and improved their dimensional stability. A significant improvement was achieved in terms of the mechanical and physical properties of compressed poplar wood via the structural reformation during the THM process. 相似文献
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The amounts of polyethylene glycol (PEG) of a range of molecular weights (200–20000) and their mixtures in wood cell walls were estimated by preferential extraction of PEG from the cell lumens. PEG extracted by toluene over 1 h extraction periods was examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectroscopy. The assumption that a non-polar solvent would not extract PEG from the cell walls was shown to be invalid. Only about 0.07–0.08 g PEG per g dry wood was retained in wood after 12 h-toluene extraction and this value was not significantly affected by PEG molecular weight (MW). This relatively low cell wall content can result in as high as 50% cell wall bulking (CWB) which is dependent on MW. Samples treated with mixture of PEG MWs indicated preferential penetration of lower MW into cell walls. 相似文献
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Highly hydrophobic bulk wood was successfully prepared by grafting long-chain octadecyl isocyanate (OTI) onto wood cell walls via a urethane linkage. The resulting wood was highly hydrophobic and showed significantly reduced surface free energy. The microstructure and chemical composition of the untreated and treated wood were characterized using the scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hydrophobic property of the wood was characterized using contact angle measurements. The mechanical and physical properties as well as the chemical durability of the highly hydrophobic wood were evaluated. The results suggested that the resultant OTI-treated wood presented fairly low surface free energy, high hydrophobicity even in the wood core, and excellent stability and durability against chemical corrosion and mechanical abrasion. Furthermore, the physical properties, including self-cleaning, dimensional stability, and water uptake, were significantly improved in the treated wood. 相似文献
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Wood-polymer combinations: The chemical modification of wood by alkoxysilane coupling agents 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Summary Vinyl polymers in wood-polymer combinations fill cell cavities but do not bond to nor enter cell walls to any noticeable extent. The wood dimensional stability thus remains virtually unchanged. Nonleachable-bulking treatments which react with the cell wall material tend to diminish wood strength properties and do not appear to show promise for providing a link between the cell wall and the polymer. Alkoxysilane coupling agents are widely used to modify the interface between dissimilar materials, such as glass fibers and thermoplastic or thermosetting resins. The coupling agent -methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was used in this study with trembling aspen, white birch and eastern white pine woods. Antishrink efficiencies comparable to those reported for reactive chemical wood modifiers were obtained. This treatment did not require acidic or basic reaction conditions which could cause wood strength reductions. Its effects upon wood strength and the extent of bonding to the cell wall are presently under investigation.The authors are grateful for financial support by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada 相似文献
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Preparation of acetylated wood meal and polypropylene composites II: mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the composites 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Acetylated wood meals of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D.Don) wood were prepared by mechanochemical processing using a high-speed vibration rod mill. Weight percent gain (WPG) of the acetylated wood meals ranged from 7.0 to 35.5 %. Wood–plastic composites (WPCs) containing 50 % acetylated woods were produced by an injection molding technique. The polymer matrix used was polypropylene homopolymer. Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was also used as a compatibilizing agent. The mechanical properties of WPCs in bending and tensile tests were independent of WPG of acetylated wood meals, and the test values for WPCs containing acetylated wood meals were lower than that of unmodified wood meal. The use of MAPP increased bending and tensile strength, but no effect on bending modulus was found. An increase in WPG significantly decreased water absorbability and thickness swelling of WPCs as measured by dimensional stability tests. These results demonstrated that mechanochemical processing is a promising technique for preparing WPC material with improved dimensional stability. The future challenge is to inhibit the decreases in mechanical properties of WPCs containing acetylated wood meals. 相似文献
9.
Jian-Zhang Li Takeshi Furuno Sadanobu Katoh Tohru Uehara 《Journal of Wood Science》2000,46(3):215-221
Acetylated, propionylated, butyrylated, isobutyrylated, and hexanoylated woods were prepared at several temperatures. The reaction rate, dimensional stability, and changes in the ratios of specific gravity and dimensions in the tangential and radial directions were estimated. The reaction rate of propionylation was slow at temperatures under 90°C but increased with the temperature. The butyrylated, isobutyrylated, and hexanoylated woods showed little or no weight percent gain (WPG) and little or no antiswelling efficiency (ASE) below 110°C even for 24h, but they achieved significant WPG and ASE values at 140°C with a longer reaction time. The acetylated, propionylated, and butyrylated woods showed almost the same values for dimensional stabilization efficiency based on WPG (DSE). The specific gravity and dimensions ratios for acetylated, propionylated, and butyrylated woods compared to those of untreated wood increased with an increase in WPG. 相似文献
10.
Falcataria moluccana or sengon is one of the fast-growing wood species widely grown in Indonesia.However,its wood is low quality with low density,and poor strength,durability,and dimensional stability.This study determined the effects of impregnation with monoethylene glycol(MEG)and nano-SiO2 on the characteristics of sengon wood,including its dimensional stability and density.Impregnation with MEG and nano-SiO2 had a significant effects on dimensional stability in terms of the weight percent gain,anti-swelling efficiency,water uptake,bulking effect,and density.The impregnated wood was examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results show that MEG and nano-SiO2 were distributed homogeneously into cell walls of wood treated with 0.5%MEGSiO2. 相似文献
11.
Sheikh Ali Ahmed Tom Morén Margot Sehlstedt-Persson Åsa Blom 《Journal of Wood Science》2017,63(1):74-82
Conventional chemical wood preservatives have been banned or restricted in some applications due to human and animal toxicity and their adverse impact on the surrounding environment. New, low-environmental-impact wood treatments that still provide effective protection systems are needed to protect wood. Thermal modification of wood could reduce hygroscopicity, improve dimensional stability and enhance resistance to mold attack. The aim of this study was to investigate if these properties enhanced in thermally modified (TM) wood through treatments with oils. In this study, TM European aspen (Populus tremula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) wood were impregnated with three different types of oil: water-miscible commercial Elit Träskydd (Beckers oil with propiconazole and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate, IPBC), a pine tar formulation and 100% tung oil. The properties of oil-impregnated wood investigated were water repellency, dimensional stability and mold susceptibility. The treated wood, especially with pine tar and tung oil, showed an increase in water repellency and dimensional stability. However, Beckers oil which contains biocides like propiconazole and IPBC showed better protection against mold compared with pine tar and tung oil. To enhance the dimensional stability of the wood, pine tar and tung oil can be used, but these oil treatments did not significantly improve mold resistance rather sometimes enhanced the mold growth, whereas a significant anti-mold effect was observed on Beckers oil treated samples. 相似文献
12.
脲醛树脂改性木材的研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
文中介绍了将缓冲式脲甲醛溶液浸注到木材人部后聚合而形成固化脲醛树脂的木材改进性方法。通过实验，研究分析了处理材抵抗干燥收缩、吸湿膨胀和吸水膨胀的效果。结果表明，脲醛树脂改性处理可显著提高木材干燥、吸湿和吸水时的尺寸稳定性，并对木材有明显的增硬作用。 相似文献
13.
In order to improve the dimensional stability of wood-polymer composites, wood flour pre-treated by polyethylene glyco1 (PEG) at two different concentrations and then thermally treated at 140°C, was used as raw material to produce wood flour/polypropylene (PP) composites at a wood content of 40%. The structure of modified wood flour was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and its effect on the physical and mechanical properties of wood flour/PP composites was evaluated. The SEM results indicated the "bulking" effect of PEG on wood flour, which resulted in reduced water uptake. The combination of PEG and heat treatment further improved the moisture resistance of the composites. However, PEG modification had a negative effect on the flexural modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE); whereas heat treatment partly compensated for this reduction. For dynamic mechanical properties, PEG treatment decreased the storage modulus (E′). However, the heat treatment resulted in an increase of E′ of the wood flour/PP composites, with the temperature of loss factor peaks shifting to a higher temperature. 相似文献
14.
To enhance dimensional stability and biological properties, low molecular weight phenolic resins of a conventional alkaline type and neutralized type were impregnated into Japanese cedar wood (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and heat-cured. The treatment with the neutralized type resin retained the original wood color, whereas the alkaline treatment changed the color of wood to red-brown. The concentrations of the resin solutions and the weight gains due to the resin loading of wood after treatment were highly correlated, and the target resin loading could be assessed from the solution concentration. A high dimensional stability of 60% antiswelling efficiency was attained when both types of resins were impregnated at about 30% resin loading and no significant difference was recognized between the two. To suppress decay attack from brown-rot and white-rot fungi, 15% and 10% resin loading due to treatment was required for the neutralized and alkaline types of phenolic resins, respectively. The penetration of resin into wood cell walls was investigated by means of light microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPMA). A m-Bromophenol-formaldehyde resin of three levels of an average molecular weight was used to detect the presence of resin by bromine signals. The phenolic resins with low and medium molecular weights (290 and 470) were shown to penetrate into the cell walls the furthest, thereby contributing to the enhancement of dimensional stability and decay resistance in the resin-impregnated wood. Also, for phenolic resin with a high molecular weight (820), only the resin components of low molecular weight appeared to be present in the walls, making very little contribution to the dimensional stability. 相似文献
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杨树是我国重要的速生林树种之一。为了充分利用杨树资源,提高速生杨木的品质,缓解我国目前木材的供需矛盾,迫切需要对杨木进行改性处理。论述速生杨木改性的研究进展,目前对速生杨木改性主要是从其材质松软、密度小、硬度低、易腐朽、尺寸稳定性差等天然缺陷出发,采取浸渍处理和非浸渍处理两大主要方式。浸渍改性包括采取有机物浸渍改性、无机物浸渍改性或二者联合浸渍改性。非浸渍改性包括与其它物质或材料复合改性,压密改性,热压改性,高温热处理改性、熏烟热处理改性、汽蒸改性,水热改性以及多种方法联合改性处理。研究表明,这些改性处理方式对杨木材性提高有显著作用,为杨木高附加值生产提供了重要依据。 相似文献
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Summary Crosslinking of wood with gaseous formaldehyde improves its hygroscopic and dimensional behaviour and its resistance against microorganisms. However, this formaldehyde crosslinking reaction takes place only in the presence of an acid catalyst, which results in losses in mechanical strength. Electron microscopic analysis of poplar samples treated under various conditions of reaction revealed severe degradation of cell wall substances. The formaldehyde gaseous nonomer is shown to have some hydrolytic action on cellular structure. Sulphur dioxide and particularly hydrochloric acid used as catalysts caused substantial extraction of matrix substances from fibre walls. Walls of vessels and ray parenchyma cells seemed to become less degraded. Strong exposure of cellulose fibrils during formaldehyde crosslinking reactions, illustrated by highly electron transparent zones in the S1 and inner S2 layers, occurred for both the SO2 and HCl catalyzed treatments. In general a more extensive degradation was observed for the formaldehyde-hydrochloric acid reaction and for the formaldehyde sulfur dioxide treatments using a high acid concentration. From these observations it might be concluded that the reduced mechanical strength of formaldehyde-treated woods are partially based on the hydrolysis of the carbohydrate backbone of the cell wall.The senior author wishes to express his gratitude to the F.V.S.Stiftung in Hamburg (Federal Republic of Germany) for the grant of a Justus-von-Liebig Reisestipendium. He is also indebted to Prof. Dr.W.LLiese for the opportunity to work in the Institut für Holzbiologie und Holzschutz der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst-und Holzwirtschaft, Hamburg 相似文献
20.
Improvements in dimensional stability and lightfastness of wood by butyrylation using microwave heating 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Microwave heating was used as the heat source for butyrylation of wood with the aim of reducing the reaction time. The photostability and dimensional stability of butyrylated wood were also investigated in this study. Chemical changes of wood were confirmed by cross polarization/magic angle spin 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) after butyrylation by microwave heating. Results from DRIFT with the Si-Carb sampling technique revealed that, using microwave heating, a higher degree of butyrylation of maple wood occurred in the middle of the specimen than on the outer surface. The increase in yellowness index of butyrylated wood treated with microwave heating was much less than that of untreated wood after the lightfastness test, indicating that photoyellowing of wood is effectively inhibited by butyrylation using microwave heating. The dimensional stability of wood was also improved after modification. 相似文献