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摘要:为了探索三江源区“黑土型”退化草地上建植的青海草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis cv．Qinghai）栽培草地群落植被特征、物种组成、多样性指数和土壤物理性状的变化趋势,对不同生长年限的栽培草地进行了实地调查。结果表明,不同建植年限栽培草地群落盖度、植株高度、地上植物量均呈下降趋势,且不同建植年限草地之间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,随着生长年限的延长,不同建植年限栽培草地之间物种数和Shannon Wiener指数差异不显著（P>0.05）,均匀度指数存在显著差异（P<0.05）。生长9年的青海草地早熟禾土壤含水量和土壤容重均比2年草地的高,且2年和9年的草地各土壤层含水量差异不显著(P>0.05),9年比2年草地各土层土壤容重增加0.03～0.33 g/cm3 。 相似文献
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沙打旺根部入侵真菌的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以甘肃省环县微温微干温带典型草原区种植的不同年限的沙打旺植株为研究材料,在2003年整个生长季内,于返青期、分枝期、盛花期和枯黄期分别对1龄,3龄和5龄沙打旺植株进行4次取样,并对样本根部入侵真菌进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:3个年龄沙打旺植株在分枝期和盛花期的根部带菌率均显著高于返青期,且随着沙打旺种植年限的增加其根部带菌率也不断增加;试验自沙打旺根部共分离到31种真菌,1龄23种,3龄23种,5龄22种;燕麦镰孢,腐皮镰孢和青霉3种真菌在3个年龄沙打旺各生育期植株根部均有分离。 相似文献
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条带式改良陡坡草地的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文对条带式补播改良陡坡草地的效果进行了研究，结果表明，条带式改良草地可以提高产草量。较天然草地的风干草产量提高１７０．３０％－２２５．６０％（Ｐ＜０．０１），且可以改善草群品质，草群中豆科牧草的比重由原来的２４．０４％增加到７５．４６％，有毒有害植物明显秒。草地植覆盖度由原来的４２．５％提高到８３．５％。改变了植物群落结构，将蒿属植物为建群种的群落变为沙打旺－野艾蒿－万年蓬组成的群落。改良草地地 相似文献
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科尔沁沙地沙打旺草地衰退规律与恢复技术研究 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
科尔沁沙地沙打旺草地发育可划分为3个时期:形成期(生长1年)、高产期(生长2、3年)、衰退期(生长4年或5年之后)。衰退草地表现为植株矮小,分蘖能力下降,枝条减少直径变细,根颈中央有坏死组织出现,枝条多沿着根颈的外围长出,单株重明显下降,群落中沙打旺株丛减少,仅有3～4株/m2,杂草占绝对优势。沙打旺草地经济利用期为2～3年,生态有效期4～5年。选择衰退初期的沙打旺草地进行施肥可明显地提高产草量(中耕结合施肥比撒施效果更好),并可延长利用期。 相似文献
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为探讨高寒地区生物土壤结皮（Biological Soil Crusts,BSCs）在人工草地演替中的生态作用,揭示其对人工草地植被与土壤养分恢复的影响规律。本研究选择在青海省玛沁县5个建植年限（18,14,11,4,和1年）的人工草地,调查各年限草地中BSCs的分布情况,以及BSCs的特征与植被分布特征和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：不同建植年限人工草地中BSCs的类型、盖度、厚度各不相同,较长建植年限人工草地中BSCs的多样性大、种类多,主要包括苔藓、地衣以及藻类,而建植年限短的人工草地中仅分布少量的苔藓,但厚度较大。BSCs盖度与禾本科（Gramineae）植物盖度、密度以及地上生物量显著正相关（P<0.05）,但与植被平均高度以及0~10 cm地下生物量显著负相关（P<0.05）。BSCs能调节pH,对累积土壤养分有明显作用,能显著增加建植年限长（14和18年）的人工草地中表层（0~5 cm）土壤速效养分以及建植年限短（1和4年）的人工草地中的全效养分含量（P<0.05）;在建植年限短的草地中,BSCs可减小（P<0.05）土壤粒径,增加（P<0.05）土壤细颗粒（细砂粒、黏粉粒）含量。本研究揭示,建立人工草地有利于增加BSCs盖度、厚度以及多样性,同时BSCs对人工草地地上生物量的增加和土壤结构和养分的恢复具有重要意义。 相似文献
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我国五省（区,市）的沙打旺病害及其分布特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对我国江苏省淮阴县、北京市平谷县、内蒙古自治区库伦旗、陕西省吴旗县和甘肃省武威市的不同年龄的沙打旺（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓａｄｓｕｒｇｅｎｓＰａｌ．）病害进行了调查，并以生长地≥０℃年积温和草原湿润度为指标，分析了病害与产地环境条件的关系。结果表明，沙打旺植株田间发病率随草地年龄而增加，在四龄时最高可达１００％。共发现１０种真菌病害，它们是锈病（Ｕｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｌａｐｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）、白粉病（Ｅｒｙｓｉｐｈｅｐｉｓｉ）、小丛壳炭疽病（Ｇｌｏｍｅｒｅｌａｓｐ．）、交链孢黑斑病（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａａｌｔｅｒｎａｔａ）、多主枝孢叶斑病（Ｃｌａｄｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｈｅｒｂａｒｕｍ）、茎点霉褐霉病（Ｐｈｏｍａｓｐ．）、棘壳孢叶斑病（Ｐｙｒｅｎｏｃｈａｅｔａｓｐ．）、丝核菌基腐病（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａｓｏｌａｎｉ）、壳针孢斑枯病（Ｓｅｐｔｏｒｉａｓｐ．）和匍柄霉叶斑病（Ｓｔｅｍｐｈｙｌｉｕｍｂｏｔｒｙｏｓｕｍ）等，另发现细菌病、病毒病（花叶病）和菟丝子各１种。细菌、病毒未鉴定，菟丝子为中国菟丝子（Ｃｕｓｃｕｔａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）。各地病害发生种数与≥０℃年积温相关不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但与草原湿润度（Ｋ值）显著相关 相似文献
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江河源区不同建植期人工草地土壤养分及微生物量磷和磷酸酶活性研究 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
研究了"黑土滩"退化草地上建植的2,4和6龄垂穗披碱草人工草地土壤养分、微生物量磷、中性磷酸酶活性变化以及它们之间的相互关系。结果表明,随建植期的增加,土壤pH值呈现先降低后升高的趋势,人工4龄草地土壤pH值最低,人工6龄草地最高。从时间尺度看,人工2龄草地土壤养分含量、土壤微生物量磷含量和土壤中性磷酸酶活性较"黑土滩"退化草地明显升高,随着建植期的增加,人工4龄草地各测定指标明显下降,而人工6龄草地各测定指标再次升高。4种草地土壤养分含量、微生物量磷含量和中性磷酸酶活性在土壤剖面中均呈现随土壤深度的增加而递减的趋势。相关分析结果表明,土壤微生物量磷与有机碳、全氮、速效氮和速效钾含量之间呈极显著正相关关系,与全磷含量间呈显著正相关关系;土壤中性磷酸酶活性与大多数土壤养分呈显著或极显著正相关关系,其中与土壤有机碳的相关系数最大;土壤微生物量磷与中性磷酸酶活性呈极显著正相关关系。 相似文献
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本研究搜集2007—2010年间的1 807头猪的目标体重日龄记录资料，利用SPSS统计学软件分析年份、季节、性别、胎次和场地等因素对长白猪生产性能中目标体重日龄的影响。结果表明：2007年的目标体重日龄极显著高于2008、2009和2010年（P<0.01）；秋季的目标体重日龄极显著高于春季、冬季和夏季（P<0.01），冬季的目标体重日龄极显著高于夏季（P<0.01）；第1、4、6胎次的目标体重日龄显著高于第7胎次（P<0.05）；目标体重日龄在不同性别之间无显著差异（P>0.05）；场地A的目标体重日龄显著高于场地B(P<0.05)。 相似文献
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巴尔鲁克山地混播人工草地群落生物量动态变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对建植2～4年旱作混播人工草地地上生物量、各类群所占比例、地下生物量动态进行了研究分析,结果表明,随建植年限的延长,人工草地上生物量动态总体呈＂慢（初期）-快（中期）-慢（后期）＂的＂S＂型变化模式,地上生物量逐年增加;草地群落中,禾本科草替代豆科草的速率逐渐加快;垂直分布上,0～30cm地下生物总量逐年增加。地上、地... 相似文献
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Basri H. HAKYEMEZ Ahmet GOKKUS Turker SAVAS Ismail Y. YURTMAN 《Animal Science Journal》2009,80(1):34-40
This study aimed at identifying changes in natural pastures during the grazing season and investigating the effects of these changes on pasture feeding potential for high yielding dairy goats. During the study, 12 dairy goats were grazed on a 1.5 ha natural pasture for three months from April to June in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The goats were fed 0.5 kg/day of concentrate as a supplement during the grazing season. Botanical composition, herbage production and intake, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the pasture were determined. Live weight, milk yield, milk dry matter (DM) and fat content of the goats were monitored. The data were analyzed using a linear model, which evaluated the effects of grazing seasons in each year. Based on the three-year average, 87% of pasture was herbaceous plants and the remaining was shrubs in DM basis with Cistus creticus , Quercus ithaburensis , Pistacia atlantica and Asparagus acutifolius being the major shrub species. The herbage yield in June was significantly lower than in other months in all years ( P = 0.001). In all experimental years, the CP content of the pasture decreased but the structural carbohydrates increased as the grazing season proceeded. While live weight was not affected by grazing periods except for 2004 ( P = 0.001), milk yield significantly decreased with advancing grazing period ( P = 0.001). The results of the present study indicate that natural pasture has a supportive effect in April and May on the milk yield of lactating goats which are in mid-lactation, and suggested that supplementary feeding is required in consecutive grazing periods. 相似文献
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A study was carried out on a ranch in the semi-arid area of Kajiado District in Kenya during the period July 2000 to June 2001 to determine the seasonal patterns of development and survival of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep on pastures. A series of plots were contaminated with sheep faeces every month and pasture samples were collected weekly for the recovery and identification of larvae. The availability of infective larvae on naturally contaminated pastures was also monitored on the paddocks grazed by sheep and around the night pen and the watering point every month from July 2000 to June 2001. The results from the examination of the pasture samples indicated that rainfall distribution was the major factor governing the development and survival of the pre-parasitic stages. No parasitic larvae were detected from the plots contaminated during the dry months from July to October 2000, but development and translocation of infective larvae on pastures occurred on plots contaminated during the rainy seasons and soon after when relatively high moisture was present in the herbage (November 2000 to June 2001). During this period, peak larval counts occurred between the first and the second week post contamination, then declined to undetectable levels between week 4 and 16 post contamination. The lack of development of infective larvae during the dry season and the relatively rapid decline of their population during the wet season presents an opportunity for the use of pasture spelling as a means of helminth control in the study area. The availability of infective larvae on naturally contaminated pastures, around the night pen and around the watering point also followed the rainfall distribution pattern. Infective larvae were consistently recovered around the watering point throughout the study period. This indicated that the point is an important source of infection for sheep, especially during the dry season when other pastures are non-infective. 相似文献
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Corriher VA Hill GM Andrae JG Froetschel MA Mullinix BG 《Journal of animal science》2007,85(10):2762-2771
Cow and calf performance was determined in a 2-yr, 2 x 2 factorial, grazing experiment using Coastal or Tifton 85 (T85) replicated Bermudagrass pastures (4 pastures each; each pasture 4.86 ha), without or with aeschynomene creep-grazing paddocks (n = 4, 0.202 ha each, planted in May of each year, 13.44 kg/ha). On June 10, 2004, and June 8, 2005, 96 winter-calving beef "tester" cows and their calves were grouped by cow breed (9 Angus and 3 Polled Hereford/group), initial cow BW (592.9 +/- 70.1 kg, 2-yr mean), age of dam, calf breed (Angus, Polled Hereford, or Angus x Polled Hereford), calf sex, initial calf age (117 +/- 20.1 d, 2-yr mean), and initial calf BW (161.3 +/- 30.4 kg) and were randomly assigned to pastures. Additional cow-calf pairs and open cows were added as the forage increased during the season. Forage mass was similar for all treatment pastures (P > 0.70; 2-yr mean, 6,939 vs. 6,628 kg/ha, Coastal vs. T85; 6,664 vs. 6,896 kg/ha, no creep grazing vs. creep grazing). Main effect interactions did not occur for performance variables (P > 0.10; 2-yr means), and year affected only the initial and final BW of the calves and cows. The 91-d tester calf ADG was greater for calves grazing T85 than Coastal (0.94 vs. 0.79 kg; P < 0.01), and for calves creep grazing aeschynomene compared with calves without creep grazing (0.90 vs. 0.82 kg; P < 0.03). Calf 205-d adjusted weaning weights were increased for calves grazing T85 compared with Coastal (252.9 vs. 240.3 kg; P < 0.01) and for calves with access to creep grazing (249.9 vs. 243.3 kg; P < 0.05). The IVDMD of esophageal masticate from pastures had a forage x creep grazing interaction (P < 0.05; Coastal, no creep grazing = 57.4%; Coastal, creep grazing = 52.1%; T85, no creep grazing = 59.1%; T85, creep grazing = 60.0%), and IVDMD was greater (P < 0.05) for T85 than for Coastal pastures. Cows were milked in August 2004, and in June and August 2005, with variable milk yields on treatments, but increased milk protein (P < 0.05) for cows grazing T85 compared with Coastal pastures in August each year, contributing to increased calf gains on T85 pastures. These results complement previous research with T85 and indicate increased forage quality and performance of cattle grazing T85 pastures. Calf gains on T85 pastures and for calves on creep-grazed aeschynomene paddocks were high enough to influence the efficiency of cow-calf operations. 相似文献
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Waruiru RM Weda EH Otieno RO Ngotho JW 《The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research》2002,69(2):141-146
The type and level of infective strongylid nematode larvae on pasture were monitored fortnightly from July 1995 to June 1996 in the central highlands of Kenya. The number of larvae on pasture was moderate, reaching > 1,200 kg(-1) dry matter of grass during the period of, and soon after, the rains, and remained low in the dry seasons. The number of larvae on pasture was directly related to the rain-fall pattern which was found to be the most important factor for the development of eggs and free-living stages. Haemonchus was the predominant genus, followed in decreasing order by Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Oesophagostomum and Bunostomum. The mean total adult worm burdens of tracer calves released at monthly intervals were related to the levels of herbage larvae and there was a positive correlation between faecal worm egg counts and worm burdens (r = 0.58) during the study period. These results indicate that a reduction in the contamination of pasture with nematode eggs before the rains could result in pastures carrying fewer larvae and thus form the basis of effective worm control programmes for cattle. 相似文献
15.
Between 1999 and 2003 studies were done at Utrecht University on the population dynamics of gastrointestinal nematodes and the potential to use evasive grazing for the control of nematode infections in small ruminants. On most pastures grazed in May and June it took at least 3 weeks before high pasture infectivity levels for Haemonchus contortus developed while it took at least 2 weeks on pastures grazed in July, August and September. Occasionally, larvae emerged earlier on pasture when high temperatures coincided with rain. Pasture infectivity levels for H. contortus subsequently increased and the highest levels were found between 5 and 9 weeks on pastures grazed in May-June and between 3 and 9 weeks on pastures grazed in July, August and September. Pasture infectivity usually had decreased again to low levels after approximately 3 months. Larvae of the other trichostrongylids emerged later on pasture. However, patterns of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp. and Cooperia curticei were basically similar to H. contortus. Strongyloides papillosus larvae emerge within 2 weeks on pasture and survival is short. On the other hand Nematodirus larvae took a lot longer to emerge on pasture than the other trichostrongylids. The results imply that only on a small proportion of farms (mixed dairy cattle/sheep farms; some organic dairy goat farms) evasive grazing can be recommended as only control measure for parasitic gastroenteritis. However, the present data offer possibilities to combine evasive grazing with other methods in an integrated control scheme. 相似文献
16.
桑天牛卵啮小蜂Aprostocetus prolixus的寄生生物学研究 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
桑天牛卵啮小蜂 (Aprostocetusprolixus)是一个新种 ,对桑天牛有较高的寄生率。观察发现该寄生蜂 1年 2～ 3代 ,老熟幼虫以休眠状态越冬。 6月下旬越冬代的成虫开始羽化 ;第 1代成虫 7月下旬开始羽化 ,8月上中旬为盛期 ;第 2代幼虫一部分以老熟幼虫直接越冬 ;第 2代成虫 8月下旬至 9月中旬羽化 ,8月底与 9月初为盛期 ,所产小蜂幼虫从 9月中下旬开始陆续以老熟幼虫在寄主体内越冬。探明了该寄生蜂的羽化时间、交配、产卵、寄生等行为习性。 相似文献
17.
Watson RH McCann MA Parish JA Hoveland CS Thompson FN Bouton JH 《Journal of animal science》2004,82(11):3388-3393
The nonergot alkaloid-producing endo-phyte, AR542, has been shown to improve the persistence and yield of tall fescue pastures without causing the animal disorders commonly associated with tall fescue toxicosis. A 3-yr grazing study was conducted to compare effects of AR542-infected tall fescue pastures with wild type endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue pastures on cow-calf performance. Replicated 7.3-ha pastures of each treatment were grazed by cow-calf pairs (16 pairs per pasture replication) each year from March to weaning in September. The cows were exposed to breeding on their respective pasture treatments from April 1 through June 15. The treatment groups were compared for reproductive performance, ADG, BCS, calf growth rate, and weaning weight. Blood samples were also collected for serum prolactin (PRL) analysis. There were no significant differences in calving rate (P = 0.98) or calving interval (P = 0.62) between pasture treatments. Cows that grazed the AR542 pastures subsequently gave birth to calves that were heavier (P < 0.05) than calves from cows that had grazed the E+ pastures. Cows grazing the AR542 pastures had higher (P < 0.05) BCS at the end of the grazing period, and had higher ADG during the grazing period. Calves raised on the AR542 pasture had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and weaning weights than calves of the same sex raised on the E+ pastures. Serum PRL concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in both cows and calves on the E+ pastures compared with serum PRL concentrations in cows and calves grazing the AR542 pastures. The results indicate that grazing tall fescue pastures infected with the AR542 endophyte may give significant advantages in cow-calf growth rates and BCS over grazing E+ pastures. However, there did not seem to be any benefit in reproductive performance in this trial. There was a small, but significant increase in birth weight in cows grazing AR542 pasture. 相似文献
18.
An epidemiological study of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in beef cattle in mountainous areas of Spain was performed. The dynamics of contamination with gastrointestinal nematode larvae of Pyrenean pastures was studied over four years at five areas at different altitudes (900 m to 2100 m), grazed by animals according to traditional systems of beef cattle in mountainous areas. Grass samples were taken every two weeks and larval differentiation was performed. Worm egg counts of grazing animals were assessed in cows, heifers and calves. A consistent seasonal pattern of infective larvae on pasture through the study was observed. In hay meadows, located below 1000 m, infective larvae were found from the end of October until June of the following year. At higher altitudes (1200-2100 m), a bimodal pattern of pasture larvae contamination was observed with increases in late spring (March-June) and in late autumn (September-November). Ostertagia spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., and Nematodirus spp. were found, with Ostertagia spp. being the most frequently found, followed by Cooperia spp. The highest increase of larval contamination in autumn coincided with the grazing of animals in hay meadows. This elevated autumn larval population had a very important epidemiological role because these larvae remained as overwintered larvae until the following grazing season, starting the cycle of contamination of the animals. 相似文献
19.
This study was made to elucidate the transmission of nematode infections in outdoor pigs at different stocking rates during two consecutive seasons. Five pigs (Group 1A) inoculated with low doses of Oesophagostomum dentatum, Ascaris suum, and Trichuris suis and five helminth-na?ve pigs (Group 1B) were turned out together in June 1996 on each of four pastures at stocking rates of 100, 240 (two pastures) and 576m(2) per pig, respectively. The pigs were slaughtered in early October, and pasture infectivity was subsequently measured using helminth-na?ve tracer pigs (Tracer). In 1997, 10 helminth-na?ve pigs were turned out on each pasture in May (Group 2) and again in August (Group 3), and allowed to graze for 12 weeks. The percentage of grass cover was reduced considerably at the high stocking rate in comparison to the other stocking rates. Transmission of all three helminths was observed on all pastures. In 1996, the O. dentatum faecal egg counts and worm burdens were significantly higher in pigs at the high stocking rate compared to pigs at the other stocking rates. O. dentatum did not survive the winter and pigs of Group 2 were inoculated with 3000 larvae each to reintroduce this parasite. Ascaris suum ELISA values and worm counts were highest at the high stocking rate in 1997 (Group 3). Transmission of T. suis was not significantly influenced by stocking rate. The results indicate that transmission of O. dentatum, and to some extent A. suum is influenced by stocking rate. However, both A. suum and T. suis eggs are still expected to constitute a high risk of infection on intensively used pastures where eggs may accumulate for years. The relationship between host density and helminth transmission seems more complex for grazing/rooting pigs than for grazing ruminants. This may be due to the differences in behaviour of the animals and the resulting differences in microclimate of the developing eggs/larvae. 相似文献
20.
Residual ovine nematode pasture infections were assessed by grazing groups of ewes and their lambs on permanent sheep and cattle pastures and by the use of tracer lambs. Ostertagia spp., Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus spp., Chabertia ovina and Trichuris spp. eggs and/or larvae survived on pastures overwinter. Second generation Ostertagia larvae were present in greatest numbers on pasture during the latter part of August and early September. The failure of a significant build-up of Cooperia oncophora was attributed to negligible worm egg output of this species in sheep. A build-up of Nematodirus spp. on pasture was not detected in this study. 相似文献