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1.
The modulus of elasticity and the modulus of rupture during static bending in the radial direction, and the viscoelastic properties in the radial direction in the temperature range 20°–100°C of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) swollen in organic liquids with two or more functional groups in a molecule were compared with those of wood swollen by moisture. The wood swollen in organic liquids in or near the swelling equilibrium, but not that swollen in organic liquids distant from the swelling equilibrium, showed higher moduli of elasticity and rupture than the wood swollen to a similar degree by moisture. This suggests that wood exists in an unstable state as it approaches the swelling equilibrium, rendering it highly flexible and weak. During the first viscoelastic measurements for wood swollen in various organic liquids, thermal softening was observed in 40°–60°C range and above 80°C, though this softening disappeared during the second measurement. The softening observed in the 40°–60°C range and above 80°C was thought to have been caused by the redistribution of liquid toward the equilibrium state at a higher temperature and the swelling accompanying an elevated temperature, respectively.Part of this report was presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Tokyo, April 1999  相似文献   

2.
Mechanical property changes due to the moisture content (MC) and/or temperature changes were examined for 15 Indonesian wood species. A static bending test was carried out at 20°C, 65% relative humidity (air-dry), and water-saturated at 20°C (wet-20) and 80°C (wet-80). For individual test conditions, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) increased linearly with specific gravity regardless of wood species; however, maximum deflection did not correlate with specific gravity for any MC or temperature conditions. The relative values of MOE and MOR measured in wet-20 to air-dry conditions were variously affected from slightly to strongly depending on the wood species. However, the relative values always decreased markedly when saturated in water at 80°C, regardless of wood species. The relative MOE, MOR, and maximum deflection values due to the change in MC or MC and temperature combined were independent of specific gravity but may be dependent on wood type: softwood or hardwood.  相似文献   

3.
Summary The modulus of torsion and the mechanical damping has been investigated on test pieces of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.) with transverse fibre direction by means of a torsional pendulum. Both characteristics have been determined as a function of temperature (from 20 ... 100°C) and moisture content (from 5 percent to fibre saturation). At a frequency of about 1 cycle per second a transition region has been found characterized by a large decrease of the modulus of torsion and a distinct maximum of damping.The temperature-dependent processes of relaxation with well-defined activation energy lie at moisture contents of more than 12 percent. They have been interpreted by molecular motions which take place between the secondary valencies of the hydroxyl groups in the amorphous areas of the partial crystalline substance of the cell wall and which are favoured by the incorporation of water. The transition region is displaced to lower temperatures with increasing moisture content. In this respect the moisture content acts analogically to synthetic polymers as a plasticizer. The efficiency of plasticizers, which is the correlation between the concentration of the plasticizer and the temperature displacement of the maximum of damping respectively of the decrease of the modulus of torsion, is also used for a characterization of the influence of moisture content on the viscoelastic behaviour of the native high polymer wood.
Zusammenfassung An quer zur Faser orientierten Proben aus Buchenholz (Fagus sylvatica L.) wurden der Drillungsmodul und der mechanische Verlustfaktor mit einem Torsionspendel gemessen. In Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur (von 20 ... 100°C) und der Holzfeuchtigkeit (von 5% bis Fasersättigung) wurde bei Frequenzen im Bereich von 1 Hz ein Dispersionsgebiet mit starkem Modulabfall und ausgeprägtem Dämpfungsmaximum gefunden.Die temperaturabhängigen Relaxationsprozesse mit eindeutiger Aktivierungsenergie liegen bei Holzfeuchtigkeiten oberhalb 12%. Sie werden in der Weise gedeutet, daß in den amorphen Bereichen der partiell kristallinen Zellwandsubstanz Molekülbewegungen zwischen den Nebenvalenzen der Hydroxylgruppen entstehen, die durch die Einlagerung des Wassers begünstigt werden. Mit zunehmendem Holzfeuchtigkeitsgehalt wird das Dispersionsgebiet nach tieferen Temperaturen hin verschoben. Der Wassergehalt verhält sich hierbei, in Analogie zu den Kunststoffen, wie ein Weichmacher. Die für die,, Weichmacherwirksamkeit gebräuchliche Beziehung zwischen Weichmacherkonzentration und Temperatureverschiebung des Dämpfungsmaximums bzw. des Modulabfalls wird auch für das native Hochpolymer Holz übernommen, um den Einfluß des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes auf das visko-elastiche Verhalten des Holzes zu beschreiben.

Contributed from the Institute of Wood Physics and Mechanical Wood Technology of the Federal Research Organization for Forestry and Forest Products, Hamburg-Reinbek.

The authors wish to express their thanks to Mr. H. Funke for his valuable assistance in the performance and evaluation of the torsional experiments. Furthermore, we are thanking the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung and the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen for the funds backing this project.  相似文献   

4.
Summary The effect of temperature on the uptake of water by various pulps has been studied at temperatures from 20 to 95°C. In the case of lignin-containing pulps, i.e. pulps which have been chlorite-delignified to various degrees, the swelling increases rapidly above a temperature of 60 to 75°C. For a CTMP where the softening temperature of the lignin has been lowered, a maximum in swelling is obtained at 50 to 60°C. When no lignin is present, as in cotton linters and holocellulose, the temperature has no effect on the swelling but the level of swelling in the holocellulose pulp is very high. It is suggested that the increase in swelling above 60 to 75°C is due to the softening of the lignin, the flow of which makes swelling possible. Below its softening temperature, the stiff lignin restricts the swelling which is primarily promoted by water uptake in the hemicelluloses. Some implications for pulping processes are discussed.The authors thank Miss Madeleine Ansén for skilful experimental assistance and Dr. J. A. Bristow for the linguistic revision  相似文献   

5.
Changes in moisture content of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood during high-temperature saturated and superheated steam treatments were investigated. A system for in situ weighing of specimens was used, and the reduction of wood substance by heating was taken into consideration. At 160°C the loss of wood substance due to heating was significant and influenced the moisture content values, but it was almost negligible at 120°C. Treatment time and temperature affected the moisture content in saturated steam but not in superheated steam. Excess water in a saturated closed system appears to promote the decomposition of wood and condensation in or on specimens.Parts of this work was presented at the 49th, 50th, and 52nd Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society in Tokyo, April 1999; Kyoto, April 2000; and Gifu, April 2002  相似文献   

6.
The dynamic shear modulus and the loss modulus of Betula alba, Ulmus parvifolia, Quercus robur, Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, Fraxinus excelsior and Pinus sylvestris wood were measured using an inverted torsion pendulum within a wide temperature range. The glass transition temperature of the lignin–carbohydrate complex and the decomposition temperature of the wood cellulose were estimated. The temperature band from 170°C to 240°С shows the transition of the lignin–cellulose complex from the glassy to the rubbery state. Mechanical properties of different types of wood are affected by moisture and anatomical differences, but glass transition and decomposition temperatures are the same. More than 5% of moisture in the wood stored at normal conditions were found. After drying, the increase of dynamic shear modulus of wood over the entire region of the glassy state was observed. The intensity of maximum peak of dynamic loss modulus is also increased due to activation of the segmental motion of macromolecules of the ligno-carbon complex. The decomposition temperature of the cellulose crystallites was unchanged for specimens containing moisture and for dried specimens.  相似文献   

7.
In this study, to summarize the changes of thermal-softening behaviors of wood and acetylated wood due to differences in the kinds of swelling liquids, the following measurements were conducted. Untreated and acetylated wood samples were swollen by various liquids and the temperature dependences of the dynamic viscoelastic properties were measured after the heating and cooling histories were unified among the samples. The results obtained are as follows. Untreated samples swollen by high-polarity liquid had lower peak temperature of tanδ, however acetylated samples had higher peak temperature of tanδ than those of untreated wood. On the other hand, untreated wood samples swollen by low-polarity liquid had higher peak temperature of tanδ, however acetylated samples had lower peak temperature of tanδ than those of untreated wood. The amount of swelling is determined by interaction between wood and liquid due to proton-accepting power and molar volumes of liquid and so on, therefore the peak temperature of tanδ and degree of reduction in dynamic elastic modulus (E´) with increasing temperature were corresponded to the amount of swelling.  相似文献   

8.
Dimensional changes of acetylated wood were measured during wet–dry cycling and heating to clarify the reversible and irreversible effects of those after-treatments. During wet–dry cycling, the acetylated wood showed slight swelling in its completely dry condition, while its weight decreased slightly. Similar swelling was recognized when the acetylated wood was heated dry above 140°C. On the other hand, the anomalous effects of wet–dry cycling and heating disappeared after soaking in acetone. It was considered that the rearrangement of hydrophobic wood polymers during wet–dry cycling and heating induced the expansion of voids, whereas the wood polymers recovered their initial conformation after soaking in organic liquids. The wet volume of acetylated wood also exhibited reversible changes during wet–dry cycling. Just after the acetylation, the wood was highly swollen in acetic anhydride. The swollen volume of acetylated wood was reduced by leaching in water, and additional decrease in the wet volume resulted from the following drying or boiling. However, the reduced wet volume was recovered almost completely after acetone-soaking. These results suggested that the water molecules remaining in the hydrophobic region expanded the wet volume of acetylated wood, while such weakly bound water was easily removable by drying or boiling.  相似文献   

9.
Summary The immediate tensile strength parameters for spruce parallel to the grain and for hardboard have been determined at equilibrium conditions at temperatures up to 250°C. Below 100°C the moisture content has been varied between 0 and 30%. Above 100°C dry samples have been studied. An increase in moisture content up to about 12% leads to a slight increase in the tensile strength of spruce whereas the modulus of elasticity remains constant. With a further increase in moisture content, both properties decrease significantly. At any given moisture content, both properties decrease with increasing temperature. The corresponding strain at rupture is constant. An increase in temperature leads to a more or less linear decrease in the tensile strength and in the modulus of elasticity up to about 200°C. Above 200°C there is a more rapid decrease due to thermal softening. It is most relevant to consider the relative strength decrease since the absolute levels may be quite high due to the fact that wood samples without any irregularities were used. Such relative strength data are compared with the small amount of similar data found in the literature. The effects on the modulus of elasticity are discussed in terms of thermal softening and of water as a softener for the cellulose/hemicellulose polymers. The glass transition temperature is determined as a function of the moisture content.A special thank to Ms. K. Bojadzijev for skillful experimental assistance, to Prof. E. L. Back for stimulating discussions and to the fund for research in woodworking industries for financial support  相似文献   

10.
Summary The effect of various forms of treatment — chemical, thermal and pressure — on the tensile properties of wood was investigated. Spruce was impregnated in water, sodium sulfite and/or sodium bicarbonate, and heated at temperatures ranging from 20 to 190 °C. At the end of cooking (190 °C), decompression was applied both slowly and suddenly.A rise in temperature, an increase in heating time, from 4 to 10 min. at 190 °C, as well as fast pressure release influenced the tensile strength. The chemical treatment resulted in lignin sulfonation while carboxylation produced fiber swelling and, consequently, tensile strength decreased.The authors wish to thank the FCAR (Québec), NSERC (Canada) and Stake Tech. Co. for their financial support  相似文献   

11.
Transverse swelling and its anisotropy in hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) in several kinds of organic liquids and in water were investigated by means the replica method. There was more cross-sectional swelling of cell walls and cell wall thickness in earlywood than in latewood. Marked swelling toward cell lumens was observed in wood swollen in liquids that had higher swelling potentials than water. This suggests that the swelling of cell walls in these liquids is much greater than the external swelling. Feret's diameters of the cell lumens were reduced by swelling in all the observed cases except in the tangential direction of earlywood, suggesting that cell walls swell to a much less extent in width than in thickness. Deformation of cell shapes caused by the tensile force from the latewood were observed in the earlywood and in the transitional region from earlywood to latewood. When swollen in water, transverse swelling anisotropy caused only by the swelling in cell wall thickness were calculated to be 1.2 for the whole region over an annual ring and 1.4 for the earlywood. These values could not account for the external swelling anisotropy of 2.1. Considering obvious deformations of cell shapes in the earlywood and in the transitional region, we conclude that the interaction between earlywood and latewood is one of the prime factors contributing to the transverse swelling anisotropy of coniferous wood.Part of this report was presented at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Nagoya, April 1998  相似文献   

12.
Wood specimens were prepared in a swollen state using solvent exchange (PS) treatment. The swollen wood specimens were acetylated using acetic anhydride by heating at 80–120°C. At the beginning of heating, the weight percent gain (WPG) of PS-treated wood was greater than that of conventionally acetylated wood. This acceleration effect of the PS treatment was explained by the introduction of treating reagent into the wood polymers where the intermolecular hydrogen bonds were previously broken. On the other hand, the PS treatment had no influence on the final WPG and moisture sorption characteristics of acetylated wood. This indicated that the intrinsic reactivity of wood constituents was unaffected by the PS treatment. The acetylation of PS-treated wood produced greater bulking and slightly higher dimensional stability than that in the case of conventional acetylation at the same WPG. It was speculated that the expansion of cell lumina due to the PS treatment resulted in greater bulking on acetylation and lesser swelling of acetylated wood with moisture sorption.  相似文献   

13.
Outdoor performances of a polyurethane varnish and an alkyd-based synthetic varnish coated over chromium-copper-boron (CCB)-impregnated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) [10 (R) × 100 (T) × 150 (L) mm] were investigated. These varnishes were also applied to the wood surface as sole coatings or impregnated into wood as water-repellent (WR) solutions. Outdoor exposure was performed in the Black Sea region of northern Turkey (41°N, 39.43°E) where humid weather predominates throughout the year and accelerates decomposition of coated wood surfaces. The wood panels were exposed at 45° south on their tangential surfaces. After 9 months of exposure to summer, autumn, and the following winter season, the color and glossiness changes of the exposed surface, adhesion of the coating layer to the wood surface, water absorption through the coating layers, mass loss, and the hardness of the board surface were studied. CCB impregnation greatly stabilized the surface color of varnish-coated panels of both wood species. Gradual decreases of adhesion between varnished layers and preimpregnated surfaces were attributed to probable weakening of interactions at the interface of the treated wood and the film layer. A superficial cleaning process of treated wood is suggested to improve glossiness and adhesion. The coated wood surface became harder with time on outdoor exposure until a maximum hardness occurred followed by softening, whereas the uncoated surface softened steadily. Polyurethane varnish yielded a harder surface than synthetic varnish. Mass losses of wood panels after 9 months of exposure were negligible for all treatments compared with the untreated controls, which were totally discolored and eroded on the surface. It is concluded that long-term exterior wood protection has been achieved by a successful combination of an appropriate preservative treatment followed by a compatible surface-coating process.  相似文献   

14.
Swelling of wood   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Summary The rate and maximum swelling of several North American wood species in water have been obtained with a computer interfaced linear variable displacement transformer. Since wood swells extremely fast in water even at room temperature, this apparatus made it possible for the first time, to obtain accurate rate data on the swelling of wood in water. The strict linear dependence of swelling on the temperature suggests a chemical mechanism. The activation energies obtained from Arrhenius plots ranged from 32.2 KJ/mole for sitka spruce to 47.6 KJ/mole for sugar maple. Although the two hardwoods exhibited greater maximum tangential swelling compared with the two softwoods, the maximum swelling appears to be correlated with the wood density. Generally both the rate and maximum swelling of the woods were increased by removal of extractives and the activation energies were reduced.  相似文献   

15.
Miscanthus sinensis was pretreated and used to produce fiberboard with no synthetic binders. The lignocellulosic material was steam exploded with a thermomechanical aqueous vapor process in a batch reactor. The effect of the pretreatment and the pressing conditions on the physicomechanical responses of the fiberboard was evaluated and the conditions that maximize the responses were found. Response surface methodology with a central composite design was used. The variables studied and their respective variation ranges were: pretreatment temperature, 196–236°C; pretreatment time 1–6 min; pressing temperature, 130–230°C; pressing time, 1.6–18.4 min. The boards obtained were of very good quality (modulus of elasticity up to 6070 MPa, modulus of rupture up to 48 MPa, internal bond up to 2.9 MPa, thickness swelling up to 4% and water absorption up to 8%) and more than satisfy the requirements of the relevant standard specifications. The effect of the pretreatment influence on the lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses content was also determined by a fractionation of the previous experimental design. The decrease in hemicelluloses is clearly related to the increase in the dimensional stability of the boards.Abbreviations MOE Modulus of elasticity - MOR Modulus of rupture - IB Internal bond - TS Thickness swelling - WA Water absorption - Tr Pretreatment temperature - tr Pretreatment time - Tp Pressing temperature - tp Pressing time  相似文献   

16.
Summary The kinetics of the isothermal prehydrolysis of beechwood at 160°C and 170°C were investigated. It was shown that the hydrolysis of the hemicellulose portion was realised in two phases. The depth and rate of the first rapid prehydrolysis phase and the second slow phase depend on the temperature used. The lignin content in the prehydrolysed chips increased with the duration of the prehydrolysis due to the easily removable hemicellulose portion. The maximum amount of lignin extracted was gained after 45–60 minutes of isothermal prehydrolysis at 160°C with the yield decrease to 82–80 per cent and at 170°C with the yield decrease to 70–68 per cent. At the temperature of 160°C the amount of the lignin portion extracted was about 5 per cent and at 170°C at about 10 per cent of the whole lignin content in wood. The extraction of the whole hemicellulose portion present in wood was attained at 160°C after 5 hours prehydrolysis time, at 170°C after 80 minutes.By the prehydrolysis of hardwood to 30 per cent loss of the wood substance highly purified dissolving pulp was prepared by AQ catalysed sodium pulping. The pulp attained was characterised by a high alpha-cellulose content over 97 per cent and a low solubility in solutions of alkali. The sulphur-free delignification together with the low consumption of active chlorine (1.5–1.7 per cent) cause less environmental pollution.  相似文献   

17.
Formation of benzyl esters from acetic and formic acids during heat treatment of birch at 160–200°C has been studied by gas chromatography. High concentrations of formic and acetic acids formed by the wood itself during hydrothermal treatment were found. The concentrations of acids increased with both treatment time and temperature. The maximum formic- and acetic acid concentrations found at 180°C and after 4 h of treatment performed in this work were 1.1 and 7.2%, based on dry-weight wood, respectively. The treated wood material was characterised by mechanical testing [bending tests perpendicular to the grain, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, Brinell hardness, impact bending and colour measurements (CIE colour space)]. The experiments, where high concentration of acids was formed, showed severe losses in mass and mechanical strength. Indications of possible enhanced mechanical properties for the treated, compared with untreated birch wood were found around 180–200°C at short treatment times. This paper discusses possible degradation reactions coupled with the colour and mechanical properties in relation to acid formation, and suggestions for process optimisations.  相似文献   

18.
Low-density hybrid poplar wood (Populus deltoides?×?Populus trichocarpa) was densified by mechanical compression under saturated steam, superheated steam, and transient conditions at temperature levels of 150, 160, and 170°C. Furthermore, compression of wood under saturated steam conditions at 170°C, followed by post-heat-treatment at 200°C for 1, 2, and 3?min, was performed. To determine the influence of compression treatment on the set recovery, specimens were subjected to five cycles of water soaking and drying. Modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of specimens compressed under saturated steam conditions at 170°C and post-heat-treated at 200°C were determined in the dry condition and after five soak/dry cycles. Higher temperature of the compression treatment resulted in lower equilibrium moisture content, while the steam conditions during the treatment and the post-heat-treatment did not have significant effect. Furthermore, the highest degree of densification was obtained in specimens compressed under saturated steam conditions at 170°C and post-heat-treated at 200°C. The steam condition and temperature influenced the set recovery of compressive deformation. Reduced hygroscopicity does not necessarily imply reduced set recovery. The results established that considerable fixation of compressive deformation can be obtained by compressing the wood in a saturated steam environment and by post-heat-treatment at 200°C. The short heat-treatment had no influence on MOR or MOE, but soaking/drying treatments caused a decrease in the MOR and MOE.  相似文献   

19.
Vibrational properties of Sitka spruce heat-treated in nitrogen gas   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) wood was heated for 0.5–16.Oh at temperatures of 120°–200°C in nitrogen gas or air. The values for Young's modulus, shear modulus, and loss tangent were measured by free-free flexural vibration tests. X-ray diffractometry was carried out to estimate the crystallinity index and crystallite width. The results obtained are as follows: (1) Density decreased at higher temperatures and longer heating times. The specific Young's modulus, specific shear modulus, crystallinity index, and crystallite width increased during the initial stage and were constant after this stage at 120°C and 160°C, whereas they increased during the initial stage and decreased later when the temperature was high. Loss tangent in the longitudinal direction increased under all conditions, whereas that in the radial direction increased at 120°C and decreased at 160°C and 200°C. (2) From the relation between Young's modulus and moisture content, it can be safely said that Young's modulus is increased by the crystallization and the decrement in equilibrium moisture content, and that crystallization (rather than degradation) is predominant at the initial stage of the heat treatment, whereas the latter is predominant as the heating time increases. (3) It is implied that the specific Young's modulus, specific shear modulus, crystallinity index, and crystallite width decreased more in air than in nitrogen gas because of oxidation in air.This study was presented in part at the 43th Annual Meeting of Japan Wood Research Society at Morioka, August 1993, the 44th Annual Meeting of Japan Wood Research Society at Nara, April 1994, and the 45th Annual Meeting of Japan Wood Research Society at Tokyo, April 1995  相似文献   

20.
The tensile stress relaxation of Chinese fir wood treated with copper–ethanolamine (Cu–EA) was compared with that of untreated control to investigate the influence of Cu–EA treatment on the dimensional stability of wood in long-term application, and also for a better understanding of copper–wood–water interactions in copper containing water-borne preservative systems. The results showed that temperature and moisture conditions play important roles in the stress relaxation behavior of wood with or without Cu–EA treatment. At 25°C, Cu–EA treatment has little influence on stress relaxation; while at 35°C, Cu–EA treatment can significantly reduce the stress relaxation of wood, suggesting that Cu–EA treatment can increase dimensional stability of wood at high atmospheric temperature in long-term application. The complicated effect of copper retention on stress relaxation further confirms that copper competes for hydroxyl groups as adsorption sites with water molecules, as put forward in the previous report.  相似文献   

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