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1.
The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition. 相似文献
2.
Imines, synthesised by the reaction of sec-butylamine (SBA, 2-amino-butane) with pentan-2-one, heptan-2-one, octan-2-one, undecan-2-one, benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde, were evaluated as vapour-phase treatments to prevent the infection of oranges by Penicillium digitatum. All the imines provided decay control equivalent to SBA when they were introduced into the fruit container at a rate equivalent to 16.4 mg SBA litre?1 air volume. The carbonyl compound component of the imines, tested alone at a five-fold higher rate, did not reduce fruit decay. All the imines were stable in the gaseous state in dry air. The imines of pentan-2-one and undecan-2-one were hydrolysed rapidly in a humid environment, indicating that their action against P. digitatum was due to the release of SBA into the atmosphere around the fruit. The instability of the imines of the aliphatic ketones makes them unsuitable as generators of SBA in packages. The imines derived from benzaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde were stable in moist air, but were hydrolysed to a significant degree on moist filter paper, especially at pH < 7. These aromatic imines were absorbed from the atmosphere by the fruit and were hydrolysed rapidly in water, and in a buffer solution that represented the environment in fresh injuries on fruit. Apparently all the imines tested generated SBA in the fruit environment, and this SBA accumulated at potential infection sites, where it prevented the development of decay. 相似文献
3.
Masanori Hikawa 《Pest management science》1984,15(6):562-570
Chlomethoxyfen [5-(2, 4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitroanisole] has been widely used as a pre-emergence herbicide in rice in Japan, where it is known as chlomethoxynil. It is effective against many annual weeds and some perennials, including Eleocharis acicularis and Sagittaria pygmaea. The activity of chlomethoxyfen is only slightly affected by water movement because of its low water-solubility. It is more toxic to shoots than roots and is rapidly absorbed by roots, with limited translocation to upper parts of the plants. The demethylated derivative, which was presumed to be conjugated with plant materials, was identified as the major metabolite in plants. Several other metabolites were also detected in soils and animals. Chlomethoxyfen increases phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in plants under light conditions, resulting in the accumulation of the biphenyl-2-ol content. The biochemical basis of the light requirement of diphenyl ether herbicides is also discussed. 相似文献
4.
不同覆膜方式对陇东旱塬玉米田土壤温度的影响 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
在海拔1 700 m以下的陇东旱塬选择年降雨量和年平均积温相近的3个试验点,以玉米为栽培作物,进行秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺和不覆膜5种栽培模式试验,分别测定地表5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、20 cm的土层地温,以探索全膜双垄沟播栽培技术对土壤地温的影响。结果表明,在玉米生长的每一个生育期,不同的土壤深度的地温和有效积温均是A.秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培>B.春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培>C.播前全膜双垄沟播栽培>D.半膜平铺>E.不覆膜。并且在海拔1 700 m以下区域,秋季全膜双垄沟播栽培、春季顶凌全膜双垄沟播栽培、播前全膜双垄沟播栽培、半膜平铺的有效积温均能满足玉米正常生长所需的积温。不覆膜的有效积温不能满足玉米正常生长所需的积温。 相似文献
5.
以图们江干流区间为研究对象，应用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法分析干流区间4个水文站点径流年际与年内变化趋势。在此基础上，采用R/S分析方法分析年径流、季节径流和月径流变化趋势在未来的可持续性，利用Mann-Kendall突变检验方法分析各水文站点年径流、季节径流和月径流发生突变的年份。结果表明：图们江干流区间各水文站径流年际和年内变化趋势均与干流径流变化趋势一致，呈下降趋势，非汛期径流下降的贡献主要来自春季和冬季径流的下降；Hurst指数表明，上游径流变化趋势的持续性最强，下游的持续性相对较弱；1985年是图们江干流区间年径流发生突变的年份，且降水量也发生了变化，可以推测降水量可能是径流不断减少的重要因素。 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACT The ability of Thielaviopsis basicola to survive saprophytically in soil was investigated using root tissue from susceptible hosts as organic substrates. Inoculum densities were lower in soils amended with root tissue than in nonamended controls after 2 and 4 weeks of incubation. The greatest decrease occurred in soils containing the highest concentration of root tissue or in soils in which root tissue included the soluble components of the living root. Reproduction by T. basicola also was examined in axenic media containing either killed root pieces or various carbohydrates as the sole carbohydrate source. T. basicola utilized killed root tissue as a carbohydrate source in axenic media, particularly in cultures in which root tissue included the soluble components. Enzymatic activities of T. basicola, however, did not result in maceration of the root tissue. T. basicola utilized sucrose and cellobiose, but did not utilize structural carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectin. Based on the absence of significant saprophytic ability, T. basicola should be classified ecologically as an obligate parasite. 相似文献
7.
嘧啶胺类杀菌剂的作用机制 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本文介绍了几种嘧啶类杀菌新品种（ｐｙｒｉｍｎｅｔｈａｎｉｌ，嘧菌胺ｍｅｐａｎｉｐｙｒｉｍ，ｃｙｐｒｏｄｉｎｅｌ）的作用机制，该类药剂在离体条件下对病菌的抗菌性很弱，但用于寄主植物上却表现很好的防治效果，该类药剂能抑制病菌甲硫氨酸的生物合成和细胞壁降解酶的分泌，从而影响病菌侵入寄主植物。 相似文献
8.
Akifumi MIZUNO Shigeyoshi SATO Akira KAWAI Koushi NISHIYAMA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2000,66(1):48-58
Bacteriological properties and DNA-DNA homology values were compared among the pathogen causing bacterial shoot blight of
pear (BSBP) isolated in 1994–1996, Erwinia amylovora isolated outside of Japan, and other Amylovora group bacteria. Bacteriological properties of BSBP strains were identical
to those of E. amylovora in the majority of tests, but differed distinctively in several tests, including hydrolysis of esculin and acid production
from salicin, etc. BSBP strains differed from the others in the Amylovora group in many other tests. DNA homology among the strains of BSBP
ranged from 85 to 103% and from 83 to 110% among strains of E. amylovora. In contrast, the values between BSBP strains and E. amylovora strains were 55 to 81%, while those between BSBP strains and other Amylovora group strains were 42% or less. We consider,
therefore, that the BSBP pathogen may well be included in E. amylovora at the species level. E. amylovora, including BSBP strains, however, can be classified into four biovars based on differences in nine tests such as growth factor
requirements and crater formation on high sucrose medium. Namely, there are two biovars from Maloideae sources, one from Rubus idaeus, and one from the source of BSBP in Hokkaido. The presence of these biovars suggests a correlation with geographical, serological,
and pathogenic differentiations in the species of E. amylovora. The BSBP pathogen in Hokkaido was identified as E. amylovora bv. 4 which is distinct from E. amylovora bv. 1, 2 and 3 isolated in countries outside of Japan.
Received 29 July 1999/ Accepted in revised form 12 October 1999 相似文献
9.
以多菌灵为主的苯并咪唑类杀菌剂一直是小麦抽穗扬花期防控赤霉病的主要手段之一。本研究对2018年我国主要麦区采集的1 464株赤霉病菌菌株进行多菌灵抗性分子检测。共检测出多菌灵抗性菌株97株,抗性频率为6.63%,同时发现抗性菌株以F167Y突变频率最高,其次为E198Q和F200Y。通过比较不同省份间多菌灵抗性发生频率发现,长江中下游麦区赤霉病菌群体抗性频率明显高于黄淮麦区群体。本研究相比之前研究中的抗性频率大幅度上升,表明在多菌灵的选择压力下,多菌灵抗性种群发展迅速。为防止抗性群体的进一步发展,致使多菌灵防治赤霉病失效,应采用混配、复配药剂、不同作用机理的杀菌剂交替轮换使用来防治小麦赤霉病。 相似文献
10.
在宁夏灌区和旱区共计选定肥力水平不同的30块农田,分别采集了0~120 cm深土壤剖面样品和小麦植株样品,测定了土壤铵、硝态氮含量和小麦地上部含氮量,分析了土壤矿质氮的空间变异性及其与小麦吸氮量的关系。结果表明,在0~120 cm深土壤剖面中,NH4-N、NO3-N和矿质氮含量及其累积量,灌区土壤显著高于旱区土壤,测点之间存在极显著差异,变异系数相当高。但在土层间不论灌区还是旱区变化不明显,在剖面上下分布比较均匀。矿质氮含量在土层间存在着正相关。在0~120 cm深土壤剖面中,矿质氮累积量在灌淤土、黑垆土、黄绵土和灰钙土间差异较大,平均分别为370.0、155.1、117.5和61.0 kg/hm2。其累积量与小麦籽粒产量、生物学产量、地上部总吸氮量之间呈极显著正相关,表明土壤较深层次的矿质氮对作物吸氮量也具有重要贡献。 相似文献
11.
Ralph C. Kirkwood 《Pest management science》1983,14(4):453-460
Metabolism studies are necessary in the understanding of the mode of action of herbicides, their loss of activity and their selectivity. Molecular change of a herbicide may involve photochemical degradation, and non-enzymic or enzymic reactions that normally inactivate, but in some cases activate, a compound. Molecular change resulting in activation is discussed with regard to the (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-alkanoic acids, the pyridines paraquat and diquat, the anilides benzoylprop-ethyl and flamprop-methyl, and the thiocarbamates. Inactivation due to metabolism is reviewed with regard to herbicides applied to soil and foliage. Of the soil-applied herbicides, the 1,3,5-triazines and the nitrile dichlobenil are exemplified as cases in which selectivity may be due largely to interspecific differences in metabolism. Of the foliage-applied translocated compounds, the metabolism of the phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides has been extensively investigated and may involve conjugation, side-chain degradation or extension, ring hydroxylation and protein binding. The mode of action of glyphosate, asulam, dalapon and aminotriazole in perennial weeds is discussed with particular reference to their metabolism. 相似文献
12.
Yesenbekova Perizat Abdykairovna 《干旱区科学》2011,3(4):303-305
Heteroptera is an important group among the insect orders,not only for its number of species,but also for its distribution and food preference.A total of 405 species of Heteroptera were identified in the desert areas of Kazakhstan,in which 158 species are distributed in the sandy deserts,105 species in the Solonchak deserts,75 species in the clay deserts,and 67 species in the rocky-rubbly deserts. 相似文献
13.
ABSTRACT The role of antibiotics in biological control of soilborne pathogens, and more generally in microbial antagonism in natural disease-suppressive soils, often has been questioned because of the indirect nature of the supporting evidence. In this study, a protocol for high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is described that allowed specific identification and quantitation of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) produced by naturally occurring fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. on roots of wheat grown in a soil suppressive to take-all of wheat. These results provide, for the first time, biochemical support for the conclusion of previous work that Phl-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. are key components of the natural biological control that operates in take-all-suppressive soils in Washington State. This study also demonstrates that the total amount of Phl produced on roots of wheat by P. fluorescens strain Q2-87, at densities ranging from approximately 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/g of root, is proportional to its rhizosphere population density and that Phl production per population unit is a constant (0.62 ng/10(5) CFU). Thus, Phl production in the rhizosphere of wheat is strongly related to the ability of the introduced strain to colonize the roots. 相似文献
14.
Microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae are produced in large numbers on senescing parts of host plants and remain viable in the soil for many years. Changes in the population density, i.e. density of microsclerotia, in the soil were measured in micro-plots using two isolates of V. dahtiae , specific to either field bean or potato, several crop sequences comprising potato, field beans and barley, and either the removal of aerial debris of the crops or incorporation into soil.
Potato was more susceptible to the potato isolate and field bean more susceptible to the field bean isolate. Removal of debris of potato and field bean reduced numbers of microsclerotia in the soil in the subsequent years, but removal of barley straw had no effect. Initially non-infested control micro-plots became infested, probably by the growth of potato roots into the naturally infested subsoil. The rate of increase of the microsclerotial population in the non-infested control micro-plots was larger than in the initially infested treatments, because more colonized debris was produced. It is concluded that removal of aerial debris of host crops is important to reduce the soil population of V. dahtiae. 相似文献
Potato was more susceptible to the potato isolate and field bean more susceptible to the field bean isolate. Removal of debris of potato and field bean reduced numbers of microsclerotia in the soil in the subsequent years, but removal of barley straw had no effect. Initially non-infested control micro-plots became infested, probably by the growth of potato roots into the naturally infested subsoil. The rate of increase of the microsclerotial population in the non-infested control micro-plots was larger than in the initially infested treatments, because more colonized debris was produced. It is concluded that removal of aerial debris of host crops is important to reduce the soil population of V. dahtiae. 相似文献
15.
为实现水稻生产减施除草剂的目标,将化感材料与农艺措施相结合取得对稻田杂草有效控制的效果,田间采用再裂区试验法研究了化感稻3号和N两优201两个水稻化感材料和非化感材料五山丝苗在不同水分管理、移栽密度和除草剂不同用量下,对水稻产量和田间杂草生物量的影响。结果表明:无论早季稻田还是晚季稻田,施用常规除草剂量的小区杂草生物量均为0,施用常规剂量50%除草剂且仅在孕穗期晒田的小区和常规密度小区有少量杂草发生。不施除草剂的水稻材料小区杂草生物量依次为化感稻3号N两优201五山丝苗。移栽后75 d,不施除草剂的小区相同水稻材料孕穗期不晒田比晒田处理、高密度比常规密度处理的杂草生物量小。早季稻田不晒田和高密度提高了水稻的产量,晚季稻田则相反。化感材料化感稻3号和N两优201在田间的抑草效果较五山丝苗要好。在水稻生产中,水稻化感材料结合农艺措施,可以实现水稻不减产,田间杂草得到有效控制,除草剂量减50%的目标。 相似文献
16.
17.
中国七省(自治区)马铃薯黄萎病病情及优势病原菌致病力分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2013-2016年,对我国内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西、宁夏和云南7省(自治区)53县市245块马铃薯种植田黄萎病的发生、病样采集和病原分离开展了研究工作,通过分子生物学方法鉴定了病原菌分类地位,并通过温室试验研究了主要病原菌大丽轮枝菌的致病力分化情况。结果表明:(1)我国北方6省(自治区)内蒙古、河北、甘肃、黑龙江、山西和宁夏属于马铃薯黄萎病病区,云南省属于无病区;(2)引起我国马铃薯黄萎病的病原菌为大丽轮枝菌和黑白轮枝菌两种,占比分别为75.5%和24.5%,大丽轮枝菌为相对优势病原菌种类;(3)根据病原菌种类可将我国北方6省(自治区)病田划分为大丽轮枝菌病田、黑白轮枝菌病田及两菌混生病田。其中甘肃为大丽轮枝菌病田,宁夏为混生病田,山西为大丽轮枝菌病田和混生病田,内蒙古、河北和黑龙江3种病田均存在。两菌混生病田中各类病原菌属于单独侵染致病。(4)聚类分析表明来自甘肃、河北和内蒙古3省(自治区)马铃薯的82个大丽轮枝菌菌株在马铃薯上的致病力至少可以分为3个聚类组,相应菌株的病害发展曲线下面积(AUDPC)均值聚类组间存在显著差异,相应可分为强、中、弱3个致病力类型,并确定了相应95%置信区间,其中强致病力菌株在3省(自治区)供试病原菌中所占比例分别为3.33%、21.74%和10.34%。 相似文献
18.
陕西省泥炭油页岩草炭三种有机矿藏资源基本性状及农业利用的可行性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
对陕西蕴藏的泥炭、油页岩和草炭3种主要有机矿藏所含的有机物质、矿质养分、水溶性盐分含量和重金属组成进行了系统测定分析,结果表明：在农业应用中,3种有机矿藏资源的最大优势是有机质含量高;限制性因素是沥青含量高、水溶性盐分含量高（尤其是硫酸盐含量高）、重金属砷含量高。在农业利用中可以作为混合基质的配料使用,不宜直接作为栽培基质。 相似文献
19.
干旱胁迫对苗期木薯内源激素含量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以SC124、KU50、C4和SC8四个木薯品种为试验材料,运用酶联免疫吸附测定法,研究了盆栽条件下干旱胁迫对苗期木薯根系与叶片中内源激素脱落酸（ABA）、吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素（GA）和玉米素核苷（ZR）的含量以及四种激素间平衡关系的影响。结果表明：随着干旱程度的加强,四种激素的含量在不同木薯品种内呈现不同的变化趋势。干旱至第10天时,ABA含量在苗期木薯叶片内增加,在根系内含量也增加（KU50除外）;IAA在叶片中含量下降,根系内含量因品种不同,变化趋势相差明显,其中SC124和KU50中IAA含量显著下降,而在SC8和C4中含量上升;GA含量在四种品种的根系中均下降,叶片GA含量在C4和KU50中略有下降而在SC124和SC8中上升;ZR含量在四种品种的根系中均下降,叶片中ZR含量在C4中上升,SC8中下降,而在KU50和SC124中无明显变化。IAA/ABA ,ZR/ABA在根系中比值下降,SC124降幅最大,SC8降幅最小,KU50、C4降幅居中,说明IAA/ABA ,ZR/ABA与木薯的抗旱能力具有一定相关性。该研究结果解释了苗期木薯根系和叶片内源激素对干旱胁迫的适应性反应,为筛选不同木薯抗旱品种提供了理论依据。 相似文献
20.
ABSTRACT Two field experiments were conducted to study the effect of overhead sprinkling irrigation on oospore formation by the late blight fungus Phytophthora infestans in potato. Total rain (natural + sprinkling) accumulated in treatments of experiment 1 (winter 1997 to 1998) were 765, 287, and 219 mm and treatments of experiment 2 (winter 1999 to 2000) were 641, 193, and 129 mm. Sporangia from 11 isolates of P. infestans were combined in eight pairs, seven of A1 and A2 and one of A2 and A2 mating type, and were sprayed on field-grown potato crops (42 plants per plot at 7 m(2) each) and examined for their ability to form oospores in the host tissues. In experiment 1, oospores were recorded in a total of 132 of 1,680 leaflets (7.9%), 24 of 105 stems, and 2 of 90 tubers. In experiment 2, oospores were recorded in 40 of 519 leaflets (7.7%), but not in any of the 90 stems or the 45 tubers examined. Both the proportion of leaflets containing oospores and the number of oospores per leaflet increased with time after inoculation and were dependent on the rain regime, the position of leaves on the plant, and the isolate pair combination. In both field trials, increasing the rainfall significantly enhanced oospore production in leaves. Leaf samples collected from the soil surface had significantly more oospores than those collected from the midcanopy. Two pairs in experiment 1 were more fertile than the others, whereas the pair used in experiment 2 was the least fertile. The total number of oospores per leaflet usually ranged from 10 to 100 in experiment 1, but only from 2 to 10 in experiment 2. Maximal oospore counts in the field were 200 and 50 in experiments 1 and 2, respectively, but ranged from approximately 2,000 to 12,000 oospores per leaflet in detached leaves in the laboratory. We concluded that P. infestans can produce oospores in the foliage of field-grown potato crops, especially when kept wet by regular overhead sprinkling irrigation, but production was far below that in the laboratory. 相似文献