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1.
Essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) possesses good olfactory properties and is suitable for use in perfumes, soaps, and fragrances. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2003?2005) in an area experiencing a semi-arid tropical climate to study the influence of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on growth, herb, oil yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility, and oil quality of rosemary. Results from the experiment revealed that among the seven treatments, the application of vermicompost (8 t ha?1) + fertilizer nitrogen (N)?phosphorus (P)??potassium (K) (150:25:25 kg ha?1) produced optimum herbage and oil yield of rosemary compared with control (no fertilizer) and was found to be on par with application of fertilizer NPK 300:50:50 kg ha?1. Content and quality of oil were not influenced by vermicompost and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, it was noticed that available N and P were greater in postharvest soils that received vermicompost alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers than control (no fertilizer) and inorganic fertilizer?treated soil. This study indicates that combined application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer helps to increase crop productivity and sustain the soil fertility.  相似文献   

2.
Field experiments were conducted at the fields of Crop Research and Seed Multiplication Farm of Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal, India during the winter seasons of 2005–2006, 2006–2007, and 2007–2008 in old alluvial soil (pH-6-7) to evaluate the influence of integrated nutrient management on soil physicochemical and biological properties under mustard (Brassica campestris cv. ‘B9’) cropping system. In the first year (2005–2006), seven varieties of mustard were cultivated under recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (100:50:50). In the second year of the experiment (2006–2007), six different doses of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer were applied. In the third year (2007–2008), six different level of compost along with a combined dose of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer (T3-3/4 Chemical fertilizer: 1/4 biofertilizer) were applied. The results indicated significant improvement in the soil quality by increasing soil porosity and water holding capacity significantly, as well as gradual build-up of soil macronutrient status after harvesting of the crop. Applications of biofertilizers have contributed significantly toward higher soil organic matter, nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The use of biofertilizers and compost have mediated higher availability of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and boron (B) in soil. The use of biofertilizers and compost significantly improved soil bacterial and fungal population count in the soil, thereby increasing the soil health.  相似文献   

3.
Field experiments were conducted at the Crop Research and Seed Multiplication Farm of Burdwan University, Burdwan, West Bengal, India, to evaluate the influence of integrated nutrient management on soil physicochemical properties in a mustard (Brassica campestris cv. ‘B9’) cropping system. The experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 2011–2012 and 2012–2013 in old alluvial soil (pH 6–7). Seven different doses of biofertilizers (Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)), vermicomposts, organic (cow dung), and chemical fertilizers were applied on mustard in both the experimental seasons. The results indicated an improvement in soil quality by increasing soil porosity and water holding capacity significantly, as well as gradual build-up of the soil micronutrient status after harvesting of the crop. Dual applications of biofertilizers and vermicomposts have contributed significantly to higher soil organic matter, available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents as well as micronutrient availability of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) and subsequently increased the soil health.  相似文献   

4.
Drought stress is an important factor limiting the yield potential of peanut. In order to determine the effect of different irrigation scenarios on peanut production, field experiments were conducted in 2011 and 2012 growing seasons using factorial design with three replicates. On the other hand, the crop simulation models can be useful to predict crop yields and to investigate the impact of drought stress on plant growth and development. In this study, the Cropping System Model–Crop Growth (CSM-CROPGRO)-Peanut model was employed for the simulation of seed yield, pod yield, biomass, soil water balance components and water productivity for peanut in Astaneh-Ashrafiyeh, Iran. Results showed that the model was able to reasonably simulate seed yield, pod yield and final biomass for different irrigation scenarios (RMSEn < 20%, R2 > 0.8 and d > 0.8). According to the results, irrigation depth and interval were important factors affecting yield and biomass. In general, model error increased as the amount of water applied decreased. The least amount of water applied (40 mm) resulted in yield reductions by 76%, 70% and 67% of the greatest amount of water applied (480 mm) for seed yield, pod yield and final biomass, respectively. For each irrigation interval, larger irrigation depth led to lower water productivity (WP) of irrigation (WPI), but higher WP based on evapotranspiration (WPET) and transpiration (WPT).The average amounts of WPI, WPET, WPT based on seed yield were 1.2, 0.63 and 1.01 kg m?3, respectively.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

In order to evaluate the effect of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers on the traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum) plant, a field experiment of a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 3 replications was conducted. The treatments consisted of control without fertilizer, vermicompost at 5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare, vermiwash spraying with 3,000, 6,000, and 12,000 ppm, and a combined application of 10 tons of vermicompost with 6,000 ppm vermiwash. In this research, traits of crop growth rate (CGR), pod length, pod width, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield were evaluated. The results revealed that the use of vermicompost biofertilizer increased the measured quantitative traits more than that of the vermiwash. The most and the least effects on all traits, except for the length of the pod, were 15 and 5 tons vermicompost per hectare, respectively. The treatment of 10 tons of vermicompost with 6,000 ppm vermiwash did not show significant differences in 10 and 15 tons vermicompost per hectare in most traits. It was observed that the application of vermicompost fertilizer leads to weaker results than the vermiwash fertilizer. With the increase of vermiwash concentration, the effect of this fertilizer on the measured traits reduced; however, in most traits, the results of the application of 3,000 and 6,000 ppm vermiwash had a statistically significant effect on the treatment with 5 tons of vermicompost per hectare. Overall, this experiment showed that all the evaluated traits in this study have a positive reaction to the application of vermicompost and vermiwash biofertilizers. Also, the response of the fenugreek plant to the vermicompost is much greater than the vermiwash fertilizer.  相似文献   

6.
Application of organic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture systems improves yield sustainability of field crop production. The current research has been formed to investigate the effects of various levels of vermicompost (zero, 3, 6 and 9 t ha?1) in combination with foliar spraying of potassium humate (0, 1, 2 and 3 mL L?1) on spring safflower, in Iran during 2012–2013. In addition, inorganic fertilization has been considered as conventional agriculture (CA). In the current experiment, growth indices, seed yield, yield components and flower yield were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum leaf area index, total dry weight and crop growth rate have been determined at 9 t ha?1 vermicompost and 3 mL L?1 K-humate while the maximum netto assimilation rate has existed in CA at the emergence of flower buds. Likewise, the results indicated that vermicompost leads to a significant increase in seed yield, flower yield and yield components except 1000 seed weight. Flower yield, head number per plant and seed number per head were affected by K-humate concentrations and increased significantly from 1 to 3 mL L?1. It should be mentioned that 9 t ha?1 vermicompost and 3 mL L?1 K-humate produced the highest seed and flower yield.  相似文献   

7.
The effect of cattle manure and sulfur fertilizer on seed yield and oil composition of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. Styriaca) under inoculated with Thiobacillus thiooxidans was investigated in a factorial study based on a randomized complete block design. Experimental factors consisted of cattle manure (M) (M0: 0, M1: 10; and M2: 20 t ha?1), sulfur (S) (S0: 0, S1: 250; and S2: 500 kg ha?1) and T. thiooxidans (B): inoculated (B1) and non-inoculated (B0). Results demonstrated that the application of T. thiooxidans, cattle manure, and S fertilizer decreased the soil pH. The largest number of seed per fruit (367), highest fruit yield (70.57 t ha?1), seed iron (Fe) content (16.26 mg 100 g?1), and seed yield (111 kg ha?1) was obtained when 20 t ha?1 manure was applied in combination with 500 kg ha?1 S inoculated with T. thiooxidans. In this condition, the content of S, Fe, phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) in plant shoots was increased by 44.8%, 22.58%, 33.89%, and 10.38%, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, the highest content of seed protein was observed in 10 t ha?1 manure and 500 kg ha?1 S fertilizer inoculated with T. thiooxidans. When 250 kg ha?1 S fertilizer was applied, 20 t ha?1 manure decreased seed P content sharply. At the rate of 500 kg ha?1 S fertilizer, the highest content of seed P was obtained from 20 t ha?1 manure. Totally, 20 t ha?1 cattle manure, along with 500 kg ha?1 S fertilizer as well as T. thiooxidans inoculation, improved oil and seed yield of medicinal pumpkin.  相似文献   

8.
The short-term economic benefit has in recent years prompted farmers to grow oilseed rape (OSR) (Brassica napus L.) and thus the frequency of this crop increased in German crop rotations. Here, we investigate the impact of high-intensity OSR crop rotations on yield, yield formation, and blackleg disease (Leptosphaeria maculans) in a rotation experiment in the Hercynian dry region of Central Germany over two seasons (2014/2015?–?2015/2016). The preceding crop combinations compared were winter wheat (WW) (Triticum aestivum L.)-WW, WW-OSR, OSR-OSR, and an OSR monoculture. Furthermore, the fertilizer treatments 120 kg N ha?1 and 180 kg N ha?1 were analyzed.

Higher OSR cropping intensity decreased seed yields, however, with a variation among years and oil yield was highest when OSR was following WW-WW over both years. Minor differences were observed among the yield components, but significantly less pods per m2 were developed in a long-term OSR monoculture. The disease assessment clearly showed an increased blackleg incidence and severity when OSR was grown successively.

Results of our study emphasize that high-intensity OSR production will very likely be unsustainable over the long term associated with yield losses and increased infestation levels of blackleg disease.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

A 6-year field experiment was conducted at Maharashtra, India, from 2011 to 2017 on a silty clay soil, to study the impact of organic manure prepared from common weed Trianthema portulacastrurm Linn. on soybean-fodder maize crop system and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Organic manures were prepared from Trianthema as compost, vermicompost, dry leaf powder and were compared with application of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK), and control. All treatments were repeated to same earlier treated plots every year for subsequent 6 years. Soil samples were analyzed before experiment and after harvesting of crops at the end of 6 years. All organic manures prepared from Trianthema and FYM increased SOC, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in the soil as compared to chemical fertilizer treatment and control. The overall increase in SOC content in the 0–60-cm soil depth in vermicompost treatment was 3.51 Mg C ha?1 as compared to control at the end of this 6 years experiment at the carbon sequestration rate of 585 kg ha?1 year?1. Preparation and use of different manures from Trianthema will increase the carbon sequestration in soil, a measure to mitigate global warming.  相似文献   

10.
Soybean (Glycine max L.), being a leguminous oilseed crop, requires relatively higher amount of sulfur (S) and boron (B) for optimum yield and quality. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of S and B application on growth, yield, and quality of soybean, and to find out their optimum doses for the best crop performance in acidic soils of northeast India. The treatments comprised four levels of S (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg/ha) and four levels of B (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg/ha) in factorial combination. In general, application of S and B, either alone or in combination, significantly increased the growth, yield, and quality of soybean. When applied alone, S resulted in best yield (1767 kg/ha) at S40, which was 21.2% higher than the yield at control (1458 kg/ha), while B produced maximum yield (1578 kg/ha) at B1.5 (8.23% higher than control). Interestingly, 57.4% yield improvement over control was recorded with combined application of S40 and B1.5, which shows their synergistic effect on crop performance. Similarly, with concurrent application of S40 and B1.5, a 28% increase in protein and 33% increase in oil content of soybean were recorded relative to control. In general, S40 + B1.5 also resulted in the highest nutrient nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium sulfur, and boron (NPKSB) uptake by soybean. Based on these results, we recommend the conjunctive use of 40 kg S and 1.5 kg B/ha for the best yield and quality of soybean on acidic soils of northeast India and other regions with similar soils.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years in sandy loam soil, to study the direct effect of organic manures i.e. sewage sludge (SS), vermicompost (VC) and sesbania (SB) and chemical fertilizers on rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in sequence in winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) season during 2015–2016 to 2016–2017 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Residual effect of organic sources of nutrients as SS, VC and SB were monitored up to fourth crop (II wheat) in sequence applied in conjunction with 75% recommended dose of fertilize (RDF). Among the nutrient sources, the maximum grain yield in I rice (4.89 t ha?1), II rice (4.95 t ha?1), was recorded in treatment T3 (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) whereas in I wheat (4.68 t ha?1) and II wheat (4.59 t ha?1), it was recorded in T4 (customized fertilizer). The maximum straw yield during all four crops was recorded in T3 (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) in rice and T4 (customized fertilizer) in wheat crop, which showed 25, 32, 23 and 28% increase over 100% RDF (T2). Application of 100% RDF along with S, Zn, B and customized fertilizer increased the total uptake of N, P, K, S and B and also in net returns and B:C ratio followed by organic treatments.  相似文献   

12.
Nutrient management plays an important role in yield and quality of tomatoes. A field experiment was conducted during the years 2008–09 and 2009–10 to analyze the effect of organic and conventional sources of fertilizer on yield and quality of tomatoes in an acid lateritic soil of India. The organic sources of fertilizer were vermicompost (VC), crop residue (CR), vermiwash (VW) and biofertilizer (BF). The conventional input was chemical fertilizer (CF) applied at recommended dose of 100:80:60 kg ha?1 of N:P2O5:K2O for the tomato. The organic source VC was used to supply 100% N recommendation as single source or 50% N recommendation when combined with CF or organic sources. Maximum fruit yield was recorded when CF was applied at full dose, which was on a par with VC at full recommendation. A higher percentage of large-size fruits (>7 cm) was obtained in VC-based treatments compared with CF treatment. Vermicompost at full dose increased ascorbic acid, beta carotene, total soluble solids and color value compared with its half dose along with other organic sources (CR, BF). The potential exists to improve tomato fruit quality through a better nutrient management, whether it be conventional, organic or a combination of both.  相似文献   

13.
A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive years of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 to study the effect of biofertilizers in conjunction with organic and inorganic sources of nutrient management on productivity, quality and soil health on field pea at ICAR RC for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre Jharnapani, Nagaland, India. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with five nutrient sources in main plots and four treatment of biofertilizers with zinc in sub plots. Results indicated that the application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) through inorganic + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost significantly improved root nitrogen (N) content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) of roots, NA activates, seed yield (1153 and 1262 kg ha?1), straw yield (2182 and 2332 kg ha?1) in the year of 2010–2011 and 2011–2012, respectively. Nutrients (N, P, K, S and Zn) uptake by seed and straw, protein content, protein harvest, soil organic carbon (SOC), available N, P, K, S, Zn and economics significantly higher with 100% RDF through inorganic + 50% RDN through vermicompost during both the years. Seed inoculation with biofertilizers along with 5 kg Zn ha?1 markedly enhanced the root N content, CEC of roots, nitrogenase activities (NA), seed yield (1080 and 1193 kg ha?1), straw yield (1978 and 2128 kg ha?1), nutrients [N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and zinc (Zn)] uptake, soil organic carbon (SOC) (%), and available N, P, K, S, and Zn of pea in both the years, respectively. These sources also give more income and benefit cost ratio per rupees invested.  相似文献   

14.
The use of vermicompost as a soil amendment is suggested as a method to reduce nitrogen (N) losses in crop production; however, it is unclear whether and how vermicompost can affect water quality after a significant irrigation or rainfall event. Bare-root strawberry plugs were grown in 1-gallon plastic pots. The treatments consisted of two media: (1) a peat:perlite soil-less mix and (2) a fine sand soil. Each media was amended with three levels of dairy manure vermicompost: 0, 10, and 25% by weight, and a biweekly synthetic fertilizer treatment of 150 mg N-P-K L?1 evaluated in a full factorial randomized block design. Drainage water from each plant was collected each week for 18 weeks and analyzed for NO3? concentration. In the first 2 weeks, high (1000–5000 mg L?1) amounts of NO3? leaching occurred in all vermicompost-amended media relative to non vermicompost-amended media, but this leaching significantly (p < 0.01) decreased over time across all vermicompost treatments. Strawberry growth response to 10% vermicompost was similar to synthetic fertilizer only treatments. Plants grown with vermicompost at 25% with synthetic fertilizer had the highest above-ground vegetative biomass (15.3 g) relative to plants with synthetic fertilizer only (5.3 g). These data suggest vermicompost addition rates of 10 and 25% by weight promote high vegetative biomass in greenhouse strawberry but may facilitate high initial nitrate leaching, which can negatively affect water quality and environmental health.  相似文献   

15.
The form of sulfur fertilizer can influence its behavior and crop response. A growth chamber study was conducted to evaluate five sulfur fertilizer forms (ammonium sulfate, ammonium thiosulfate, gypsum, potassium sulfate, and elemental sulfur) applied in seed row at 20 kg S ha?1 alone, and in combination with 20 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) ha?1, to three contrasting Saskatchewan soils. Wheat, canola, and pea were grown in each soil for 8 weeks and aboveground biomass yields determined. The fate of fertilizer was evaluated by measuring crop sulfur and phosphorus concentration and uptake, and supply rates and concentrations of available sulfate and phosphate in the seed row. Canola was most responsive in biomass yield to the sulfur fertilizers. Sulfate and thiosulfate forms were effective in enhancing soil-available sulfate supplies in the seed row, crop sulfur uptake, and yield compared to the elemental sulfur fertilizer. Combination of sulfur fertilizer with monoammonium phosphate may provide some enhancement of phosphate availability, but effects were often minor.  相似文献   

16.
Boron (B) deficiency frequently occurs on soils that are low in organic carbon (C) (<1.0% organic C), pH (soil pHCa <5.0), and clay content (<5% clay). Acid sands with these soil properties are common in south-western Australia (SWA). Moreover, hot calcium chloride (CaCl2) extractable B levels are commonly marginal in the acid sands of SWA. This study examined the effects of soluble and slow release soil-applied B fertilizer and foliar B sprays on crops most likely to respond to B fertilizer on these soils, canola (oil-seed rape, Brassica napus L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.).

At 25 sites over three years, canola was grown with (0.34 kg ha-1) or without B applied as borax [sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7·10H2O) 11% B], and this was followed by nine experiments with B rates [0, 0.55, 1.1 kg ha?1, applied as borax or calcium borate (ulexite, NaCaB5O6(OH)6·5(H2O), 13% B] and foliar sprays (0.1% solution of solubor, 23% B) in 2000–2001. A further five sites of B rates and sources experiments were carried out with lupin in 2000–2001. Finally, foliar B sprays (5% B w/v as a phenolic complex) at flowering were tested on seven sites in farmers’ canola crops for seed yield increases. No seed yield increases to soil-applied B were found while foliar B application at flowering increased canola seed yield in only one season across seven locations. By contrast, borax fertilizer drilled with the seed at sowing decreased canola seed yield in nine of 34-farm sites, and decreased lupin yield in two of five trials. Toxicity from drilled boron fertilizer decreased yield could be explained by decreases in plant density (by 22–40%) to values lower than required for optimum seed yield. Seedling emergence was decreased by borax applied at sowing but less so by calcium borate. Foliar B spray application never reduced seed yield due to toxicity effects.

Boron fertilizer drilled with the seed increased the B concentration in plant dry matter at early to mid-flowering. Boron application decreased the oil concentration of grain of canola at four sites. The oil yield of canola was significantly decreased at seven sites.

Notwithstanding the marginal B levels on acid sands of the SWA region, care needs to be taken on use of borax fertilizer as toxicity was induced in canola and lupin; with 0.34 to 1 kg B ha?1(3-10 kg borax ha?1) at sowing depressing seed yield, mostly by decreasing plant density. Rather than making general recommendation for B fertilizer application based on 0.01M CaCl2 soil extractable B, soil and plant analysis should be used to diagnose B deficiency and B fertilizer use limited to calcium borate or foliar borax rather than soil-applied borax on low B sands.  相似文献   

17.
Optimum quantity of fertilizers and irrigation water to minimize the cost and increase the production is need of the day. Consequently, an experiment was conducted at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during the winter season of 2014–15 and 2015–16 to study the effect of irrigation schedules and fertilizer levels on coriander. Irrigation at 25, 50, 75, and 100 days after sowing (DAS) gave higher growth and yield attributing characters, seed yield (16.48 q/ha), biological yield (50.79 q/ha), net return (Rs. 138,950.6), and benefit to cost ratio (2.36), which resulted in 40.9% and 15.3% increase in seed and biological yield over two irrigations, respectively. The application of fertilizers, i.e., N60 and P50 kg/ha, registered higher growth, seed yield attributes, consumptive use of water, whereas, net return and benefit to cost ratio was recorded maximum under fertilizers, i.e., N75 and P62.5 kg/ha. The interaction effect of irrigation and fertilizer on seeds per umbellet and seed yield was also found to be significantly positive. Hence, in Northern Plains of India four irrigations at 25, 50, 75, and 100 DAS in association with nitrogen 75 kg/ha and phosphorus 62.5 kg/ha is more profitable in coriander crop.  相似文献   

18.
蚯蚓粪肥在农业生产中的应用效果及研究进展   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
蚯蚓粪肥是将经蚯蚓消化有机废物产生的排泄物进行堆肥而制成的有机肥料,故含有丰富的营养物质和有益微生物.近年来,作物生产的应用效果表明,蚯蚓粪肥能改善土壤结构和微生物种群,促进作物生长、提高作物产量和农产品品质,还能增强植物抵抗病虫害能力,降低土壤中有毒重金属对植物危害.本文对蚯蚓粪肥的作用及相关研究进展进行综述,得出了...  相似文献   

19.
Experiments were conducted in 2009–2010 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Yazd, Iran, to study the effect of nitrogen levels and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp. on seed yield, its components and quality traits of sesame cultivars. Treatments were arranged in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with nitrogen rates (0 (control), 25 and 50 kg N ha?1), cultivars (Darab-14, GL-13 and local) and N-fixing bacteria levels (non-inoculation and inoculation) were applied with three replications. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased yield and yield components, but reduced oil content in 2010. Inoculating seeds with PGPR increased yield and yield components of sesame cultivars compared to the control treatment. Seed yield in PGPR inoculation with half a rate of N fertilizer treatment was more than seed yield in the full rate of N fertilizer without a PGPR inoculation treatment. N fertilizer and PGPR application significantly decreased saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acid) while it significantly increased unsaturated fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid). Oleic acid had a significant negative correlation with linoleic acid (r = ?0.79). The result showed that an application of PGPR could be usefully applied to reduce use of chemical fertilizer.  相似文献   

20.
Given that the optimal sowing rate and inter-row spacing of Italian ryegrass raised for seed have not been determined, the objective of this research was to assess the effect of crop density on biomass and seed yields under different climate conditions, applying the AquaCrop model. The data came from experiments conducted under moderate continental climate conditions at Stitar (Serbia) and Mediterranean climate conditions at Cukurova (Turkey). At Stitar, there were three different inter-row spacings (high (Sd), medium (Sm) and low (Sw) crop densities), while at Cukurova there was only high crop density (Sn). In the calibration process, the initial canopy cover, canopy expansion and maximal canopy cover were adapted to each crop density, while the other conservative parameters were adjusted to correspond to all climate conditions. Calibration results showed a very good match between measured and simulated seed yields; the values of the coefficient of determination (0.922). The biomass simulation was very good for Cukurova (R2 = 0.97), but somewhat poorer for Stitar (R2 = 0.72). Other statistical indicators were high such as Willmott index of agreement of both the calibrated and validated data sets, for both study areas >0.916 and normalized root mean square error in the range from 9–18%. The AquaCrop model was found to be more reliable for Italian ryegrass biomass and seed yield predictions under mild winter climate conditions, with adequate water supply, compared with moderate climate and water shortage conditions.  相似文献   

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