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1.
Parameters for evaluating both the soil organic matter quantity (total organic C [TOC]) and quality (hot water extractable C [HWC], hydrophobic and hydrophilic components, soil hydrophobicity) were determined in soil samples taken from selected plots of 13 field experiments under different soil and climatic conditions in the period 2004–2008. Four variants were selected in each experiment: non-fertilized control (Nil), mineral fertilized variant (NPK), farmyard manured variants (FYM) and organic and mineral fertilized variants (FYM + NPK). The TOC and HWC content of topsoil differed mainly as a result of the site conditions. Both organic and mineral fertilization increased the TOC content of soil; the percentage increase in the HWC content was greater than that for the TOC content. Mineral and organic fertilization increased the hydrophobic organic component content but not the hydrophilic organic component content. A significant positive correlation was found between hydrophobic organic components and HWC content (R = 0.746, P < 0.01). Hydrophilic organic component content was highly significantly correlated with the TOC content (R = 0.728, P < 0.01). Soil hydrophobicity was affected by soil texture and clay content, and a positive effect of long-term organic fertilization on soil hydrophobicity, and thereby soil stability, was determined. 相似文献
2.
Data from a 49-year-long organic–mineral fertilization field experiment with a potato–maize–maize–wheat–wheat crop rotation were used to analyse the impact of different fertilizer variations on yield ability, soil organic carbon content (SOC), N and C balances, as well as on some characteristic energy balance parameters. Among the treatments, the fertilization variant with 87 kg ha?1 year?1 N proved to be economically optimal (94% of the maximum). Approximately 40 years after initiation of the experiment, supposed steady-state SOC content has been reached, with a value of 0.81% in the upper soil layer of the unfertilized control plot. Farmyard manure (FYM) treatments resulted in 10% higher SOC content compared with equivalent NPK fertilizer doses. The best C balances were obtained with exclusive mineral fertilization variants (?3.8 and ?3.7 t ha?1 year?1, respectively). N uptake in the unfertilized control plot suggested an airborne N input of 48 kg ha?1 year?1. The optimum fertilizer variant (70 t ha?1 FYM-equivalent NPK) proved favourable with a view to energy. The energy gain by exclusive FYM treatments was lower than with sole NPK fertilization. Best energy intensity values were obtained with lower mineral fertilization and FYM variants. The order of energy conversion according to the different crops was maize, wheat and potato. 相似文献
3.
The effect of cereal straw with added mineral N fertilization on crop yields, N uptake, total organic C content and hot water soluble C content in topsoil and on the relationships between organic C content in topsoil and organic matter balance was evaluated in a long-term field experiment established in 1966. The effect of straw plus mineral N fertilization was similar to the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) in the dry matter yields and also in the N uptake by plants. The effect of straw and mineral N fertilization on the organic C accumulation in soil was inferior to the effect of farmyard manure. Relationships between organic matter balance and total organic C content in the topsoil was positive and statistically significant. A favourable effect of mineral NPK fertilization on the C sequestration to soil was related to the effect of FYM fertilization. 相似文献
4.
Tomáš Šimon Olga Mikanová Dana Cerhanová 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(9):1193-1205
The effect of long-term (45 years) mineral and organic fertilization on soil organic matter (SOM) quantity (organic C and N content) and quality (hot-water-soluble C content, microbial biomass C content, hydrophobic organic components of SOM, soil enzyme activities) was determined in a field experiment established in Trutnov (North Bohemia, sandy loam, Eutric Cambisol). Six treatments were chosen for investigation: unfertilized control, mineral fertilization (NPK), straw N, farmyard manure (FYM) and straw and FYM completed with mineral NPK. Soil samples were taken from the arable layer (0–20 cm) in spring over the period of 2004–2010. The positive effect of FYM on the total organic C and N content, hot-water-soluble C content and hydrophobic organic components of SOM was more than 50% higher than that of straw and mineral N fertilization. Application of straw N increased microbial biomass C content in soil and generated invertase activity above the level of FYM. Hot-water-soluble C content, hydrophobic organic components of SOM and urease activity were positively correlated with total organic C and N content (R = 0.58–0.98; p < 0.05). Addition of mineral NPK to both the straw and FYM emphasized the effect of organic fertilization in most of monitored characteristics. 相似文献
5.
Martin Körschens Erhard Albert Martin Armbruster Dietmar Barkusky Michael Baumecker Lothar Behle-Schalk 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):1017-1040
Assembled results from 20 European long-term experiments (LTE), mainly from the first decade of the twenty-first century, are presented. The included LTEs from 17 sites are the responsibility of institutional members of the International Working Group of Long-term Experiments in the IUSS. Between the sites, average annual temperatures differ between 8.1 and 15.3°C, annual precipitation between 450 and 1400 mm, and soil clay contents between 3 and 31%. On average of 350 yield comparisons, combined mineral and organic fertilization resulted in a 6% yield benefit compared with mineral fertilization alone; in the case of winter wheat, the smallest effect was 3%, the largest effect, seen with potatoes, was 9%. All unfertilized treatments are depleted in soil organic carbon (SOC), varying between 0.36 and 2.06% SOC. The differences in SOC in unfertilized plots compared with the respective plots with combined mineral (NPK) and organic (10 t ha?1 farmyard manure) fertilization range between 0.11 and 0.72%, with an average of 0.3% (corresponding to ～15 t ha?1). Consequently, the use of arable soils for carbon sequestration is limited and of low relevance and merely depleted soils can temporarily accumulate carbon up to their optimum C content. 相似文献
6.
Sándor Hoffmann Elke Schulz Gábor Csitári László Bankó 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(6):627-635
Abstract The influence of farmyard manure (FYM) and equivalent mineral NPK application on organic matter content, hot water extractable carbon (HWC), microbial biomass C (Cmic), and grain yields in a long-term field experiment was assessed after 40 years in Hungary. The unfertilized plot, FYM fertilized plots and plots fertilized with equivalent NPK fertilizer contained 0.99%, 1.13% and 1.05% total organic carbon (TOC) respectively. Compared to the unfertilized plot, FYM application resulted in 8.2% higher TOC than equivalent NPK fertilization. The highest TOC was only 1.21%, much lower than expected for a soil containing 21.3% of clay. The quantity of HWC varied depending on the type of fertilization: Compared to control, FYM treatments lead to 29% more HWC than mineral fertilization (FYM: 328 mg kg?1; NPK: 264 mg kg?1). The impact of FYM and equivalent NPK fertilizer on Cmic was contrary. FYM and NPK resulted in 304 and 423 mg kg?1 Cmic, respectively. The difference was 119 mg kg?1; 42% as compared to the unfertilized plot. Despite the higher HWC content, FYM treatments lead to significantly less (35%) grain yields than equivalent NPK doses; Cmic content showed closer correlation to grain yields. 相似文献
7.
The combination of organic carbon(OC) and reactive minerals is a crucial mechanism of soil carbon(C) storage, which is regulated by the formation of organo-mineral complexes on the surface of soil colloids. The effect of organic fertilizer on the storage mechanism of OC in soil colloids was studied through an 8-year field experiment, which included four treatments: i) no fertilization(control, CK), ii) only mineral N, P, and K fertilization(NPK), iii) NPK plus a low level(450 kg C ha-1 相似文献
8.
长期施肥红壤性稻田和旱地土壤有机碳积累差异 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
9.
J.-M. Séquaris H. Philipp H.-D. Narres & H. Vereecken 《European Journal of Soil Science》2008,59(3):592-599
The decrease of NMR visibility of the C signal in soil samples due to the association between organic carbon (OC) and the topsoil mineral surface was investigated. CPMAS 13C‐NMR spectra were obtained for soil particle‐size fractions (< 2 μm, 2–20 μm, > 20 μm) and bulk soils from an agricultural topsoil (Chernozem) that had received three different amendments (no fertilization, mineral fertilization (NPK), mineral (NPK) and organic (cattle manure) fertilizations) at Bad Lauchstädt, Germany. The soil organic carbon content of the three soils depended on the degree of soil fertilization. There was no constant relationship between the total NMR signal intensity and the total amount of organic carbon (TOC) for all size fractions. Indeed, a key role played in the C signal intensity by the paramagnetic ferric ion from the clay content in soil fractions and bulk soils was confirmed. Thus, we describe the variations of C signal intensity by taking into account the distribution of clay‐associated OC and non‐associated OC pools. Depending on the amendment, the C signal visibility was weakened by a factor of 2–4 for the clay‐associated OC. This estimation was rendered possible by combining mineral specific surface area (SSA) measurements with the N2 gas adsorption method (BET method) and determination of TOC and iron concentrations. This approach contributes to the quantitative evaluation of the CPMAS 13C‐NMR detection. 相似文献
10.
Mohamed Bassouny 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2016,62(6):819-828
To explore the effects of long-term organic and mineral fertilization practices on the physical properties in Ultisol of south China, a study was conducted since 1998 to investigate the effects of a control (CK), application of chemical fertilizers (NPK), application of organic manure (OM), and NPK fertilizer plus straw returning (NPK + straw). Results showed that OM significantly increased soil water retention capacity at all tensions but with larger increment in low tension at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm (p < 0.05) when compared with the CK. On the contrary, NPK and NPK + straw led to a decrease in soil water retention capacity under chemical treatments. In the field both in wet and dry periods, soil water content was significantly higher in OM than in NPK + straw and NPK (p < 0.05) since soil hydraulic conductivity (saturated and unsaturated) are lower in OM than in other treatments (p < 0.05). OM was also found to have the lowest soil bulk density and penetration resistance of the four treatments. A high negative correlation was observed between the soil organic carbon and the bulk density and the penetration resistance (p < 0.01). In this way, the application of OM improved the clayey soil physical properties. 相似文献
11.
Vladimír Šimanský 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(9):1207-1214
In a productive vineyard, the influence of different soil management practices on carbon sequestration and its dynamic in water-stable aggregates of Rendzin Leptosol was studied. In 2006, an experiment of different management practices in a productive vineyard was established in the locality of Nitra-Dra?ovce, in the Nitra winegrowing area of Slovakia. The following treatments were established: (1) control (grass without fertilization); (2) T (tillage); (3) T + FM (tillage + farmyard manure); (4) G + NPK3 (grass + NPK 120–55–195 kg ha?1); and (5) G + NPK1 (grass + NPK 80–35–135 kg ha?1). The results showed that the lowest soil organic matter content (9.70 g kg?1) in water-stable microaggregates was determined in G + NPK3, as well as in T. However, the highest soil organic matter content in the highest size fractions of water-stable macroaggregates (>5 mm) was observed in T + FM (19.7 g kg?1). The highest value for carbon sequestration capacity in water-stable microaggregates was observed in the ploughed farmyard manure treatment. However, the control treatment showed the highest values for carbon sequestration capacity in water-stable macroaggregates, including agronomically favourable size fractions (0.5–3 mm). In all soil management practices under a productive vineyard the most intensive changes in the soil organic matter content were observed in the highest size fractions (>3 mm) of water-stable macroaggregates. 相似文献
12.
长期施肥下红壤有机碳及其颗粒组分对不同施肥模式的响应 总被引：15，自引：3，他引：12
采集不同施肥24年的红壤,采用物理分组的方法,观测了长期不同施肥下红壤有机碳及其组分变化,并结合历史资料分析了不同施肥模式对红壤有机碳及其颗粒组分的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理下红壤总有机碳含量（10.33 g/kg）,砂粒（2000～53 m）、细粉粒（5～2 m）和粘粒（2 m）组分中的有机碳含量显著高于其他处理。与不施肥（CK）相比,施用化肥（NPK、2NPK）和有机肥（NPKM、M）显著地提高了红壤有机碳在砂粒和粘粒中的分配比例,而降低了其在粗粉粒和细粉粒的分配比例。施化肥（NPK、2NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,土壤有机碳的平均固定速率分别为0.05 t/(hm2?a)、0.18 t/(hm2?a)、0.26 t/(hm2?a)。相关分析表明,不同施肥模式下红壤有机碳的固定量与碳投入量之间存在着极显著的线性相关关系（R2=0.909, P0.01）,土壤的固碳效率为8.1%;随着碳投入的增加,粗粉粒和细粉粒有机碳储量逐渐下降,而砂粒和粘粒中碳储量逐渐增加,并且粘粒增加速率要远远高于砂粒。以上结果说明,红壤中有机碳还没有达到饱和,还具有一定的固碳潜力,增加的有机碳主要固持在粘粒中,粘粒是红壤有机碳的主要固持组分。 相似文献
13.
生物炭及秸秆长期施用对紫色土坡耕地土壤团聚体有机碳的影响 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
依托紫色土坡耕地长期施肥试验观测平台,研究生物炭、秸秆对紫色土坡耕地团聚体有机碳分布的影响。长期施肥试验处理包括不施肥(CK)、无机氮磷钾肥(NPK)、秸秆还田(RSD)、生物炭与无机氮磷钾配施(BCNPK)、秸秆与无机氮磷钾配施(RSDNPK)。利用湿筛法,进行土壤团聚体粒径分组,随后测定各粒径团聚体含量及其有机碳含量,并计算团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)。结果表明,RSD、RSDNPK和BCNPK处理的表层SOC含量比CK处理增加43.1%～90.5%,SOC储量提高65.1%～74.3%,其中RSDNPK处理、BCNPK处理较NPK处理SOC显著增加25.2%～33.1%(P0.05), SOC储量显著提高23.2%～30.0%(P0.05)。团聚体MWD和GMD均为RSD处理RSDNPK处理BCNPK处理NPK处理CK处理; RSD处理0.25～2 mm的团聚体含量高达45.5%,较CK处理提高57.7%;秸秆和生物炭配施处理(RSDNPK处理和BCNPK处理)0.25～2mm的团聚体含量为41.3%～45.7%,而0.053mm粒径团聚体含量却降低54.1%～55.4%。NPK处理、RSD处理与CK处理的增长趋势相似,呈随团聚体粒径减小,团聚体有机碳含量先增大后减小,继而再增大的趋势;而RSDNPK、BCNPK处理则呈随粒径减小团聚体有机碳含量增加的趋势。生物炭和秸秆的施用能显著提升土壤有机碳含量,增强土壤结构稳定性,但生物碳的施用对提升土壤有机碳含量效果优于秸秆的施用,秸秆的施用对稳定土壤结构效果更优,因此生物炭和秸秆的施用可作为紫色土耕地土壤肥力维持和提升的有效管理措施。 相似文献
14.
Vladimír Šimanský 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(1):37-42
The influence of differing soil management practices on changes seen in soil organic carbon (SOC) content of loamy Haplic Luvisol was evaluated. The field experiment included two types of soil tillage: 1. conventional tillage (CT) and 2. reduced tillage (RT) and two treatments of fertilization: 1. crop residues with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers (PR+NPK) and 2. NPK fertilizers (NPK). The results of SOC fluctuated from 9.8 to 14.5 g kg?1 and the tillage systems employed and fertilization status did not have a statistically significant influence on SOC. The SOC content was higher in RT (12.4 ± 0.86 g kg?1) than in CT (12.2 ± 0.90 g kg?1). On average, there was a smaller higher value of SOC in PR+NPK (12.4 ± 1.02 g kg?1) than in NPK (12.3 ± 0.88 g kg?1). During a period of 18 years, reduced tillage and application of NPK fertilizers together with crop residues build up a SOC at an average speed of 7 and 16 mg kg?1 year?1, respectively, however conventional tillage and NPK fertilizer applications caused a SOC decline at an average speed of 104 and 40 mg kg?1 year?1, respectively. 相似文献
15.
Yueyu Sui Xiaobing Liu Xingyi Zhang Yansheng Li Keqin Zhou 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(11):1510-1522
Organic manure application is a feasible approach to alleviate the deterioration of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC). However, to what extent manure application can restore carbon contents in SOC fractions in the eroded Phaeozems remains unknown. A 5-year field experiment was conducted in an artificially eroded Phaeozem with up to 30 cm of topsoil being removed. Chemical fertiliser, or chemical fertiliser plus cattle manure was applied. The contents of SOC were 23.6, 21.6 and 15.1 g C kg?1 soil for non-soil removal control, 10 and 30 cm of topsoil removal, respectively. Compared with the chemical fertiliser-only treatment, the chemical fertiliser plus manure application markedly increased SOC contents by 30–45% and C sequestration rates by 7.1–9.0-fold, especially in the fraction of 53–250 μm particulate organic carbon. However, with manure applied, SOC content in the fraction of mineral associated organic carbon in the 30 cm topsoil-removed soil was 2.9 g kg?1, 14.7% less than control (3.4 g kg?1). The combination of chemical fertliser and manure application effectively restored SOC in the eroded Phaeozems mainly through increasing the size of 53–250 μm particulate organic C fraction, but did not improve the SOC stability in severely eroded Phaeozems. 相似文献
16.
Influence from a 85-year differentiated organic manuring and mineral fertilization on soil fertility in the static experiment at Bad Lauchstädt The results of the static experiment started on chernozem from loess at Bad Lauchstädt in 1902 are used to demonstrate the influence of differentiated organic manuring (no manuring, 20 t and 30 t ha?1 of farmyard manure) and mineral fertilization (NPK, NP, NK, N, PK, no fertilization) on the organic matter and nutrient contents in soil. After 85 years the content of organic C (C) in the topsoil was higher by 0, 5% after organic and mineral fertilization than after mineral fertilization. Exclusive mineral fertilization (NPK) increased the C-contents in soil by 0, 2% than without fertilization. Farmyard manure considerably reduced nutrient deficiency, which is due to plots without mineral fertilization. This holds especially true for potassium and phosphorus deficiencies. With rising pH value the Mn content in the soil diminished. 相似文献
17.
施肥对红壤性水稻土颗粒有机物形成及团聚体稳定性的影响 总被引：28，自引：4，他引：28
土壤颗粒有机物 (POM)是土壤有机碳库中活动性较大的碳库。POM的形成对提高土壤碳库和缓解大气CO2 的升高具有重要意义。POM的形成与土壤团聚体的形成和性质密切相关 ,且深受土地利用和土壤管理的影响。实验土壤采自江西省红壤研究所无机肥长期定位试验地 ,各施肥处理为 :CK(不施肥 )、NPK(施氮磷钾肥 )、NPK(=) (施双倍氮磷钾肥 )和NPK OM(施氮磷钾肥和猪粪处理 )。研究发现 :施肥显著地增加了水稻土POM的含量 ;随着化肥施肥量和有机肥的增加 ,POM含量增加 ,NPK、NPK(=)和NPK OM处理的POM含量比CK分别增加了 1 1～ 1 3倍、1 2～ 1 4倍和 1 5～ 1 9倍 ;施肥也提高了土壤团聚体稳定性 ,表现为NPK OM >NPK(=) >NPK >CK ;各处理POM含量随土壤团聚体粒级的减小而增加 ,其C/N比为降低趋势 ;团聚体稳定性与POM含量呈极显著关系 (r=0 98,p <0 0 1)。研究结果说明施肥导致POM碳库的增加是因为有机物投入的增加以及水稻土大团聚体的形成 相似文献
18.
Arctic permafrost soils contain large stocks of organic carbon (OC). Extensive cryogenic processes in these soils cause subduction of a significant part of OC-rich topsoil down into mineral soil through the process of cryoturbation. Currently, one-fourth of total permafrost OC is stored in subducted organic horizons. Predicted climate change is believed to reduce the amount of OC in permafrost soils as rising temperatures will increase decomposition of OC by soil microorganisms. To estimate the sensitivity of OC decomposition to soil temperature and oxygen levels we performed a 4-month incubation experiment in which we manipulated temperature (4–20 °C) and oxygen level of topsoil organic, subducted organic and mineral soil horizons. Carbon loss (CLOSS) was monitored and its potential biotic and abiotic drivers, including concentrations of available nutrients, microbial activity, biomass and stoichiometry, and extracellular oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme pools, were measured. We found that independently of the incubation temperature, CLOSS from subducted organic and mineral soil horizons was one to two orders of magnitude lower than in the organic topsoil horizon, both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This corresponds to the microbial biomass being lower by one to two orders of magnitude. We argue that enzymatic degradation of autochthonous subducted OC does not provide sufficient amounts of carbon and nutrients to sustain greater microbial biomass. The resident microbial biomass relies on allochthonous fluxes of nutrients, enzymes and carbon from the OC-rich topsoil. This results in a “negative priming effect”, which protects autochthonous subducted OC from decomposition at present. The vulnerability of subducted organic carbon in cryoturbated arctic soils under future climate conditions will largely depend on the amount of allochthonous carbon and nutrient fluxes from the topsoil. 相似文献
19.
长期不同施肥对太湖地区黄泥土总有机碳及颗粒态有机碳含量及深度分布的影响 总被引：29，自引：0，他引：29
研究了长期不同施肥处理(化肥与秸秆配施、化肥与猪粪配施、单施化肥和不施肥)下,水稻土总有机碳和颗粒态有机碳的深度变化。结果表明,总有机碳(TOC)和颗粒态有机碳(POC)的深度分布都符合幂函数方程(Y=aX-b);不同的施肥处理主要影响耕层土壤的TOC和POC含量,POC分配比例在土壤深度上也有差异。其中,化肥与猪粪配施处理,由于有机物质的输入其TOC和POC含量显著高于其它3种处理;不施肥处理的POC含量显著高于单施化肥和秸秆配施化肥。并且,没有观察到耕层POC含量与不同小区的作物平均产量间的显著线性关系,这意味着土壤POC仅从含量来说,与作物生物量的输入并没有直接关系。而可能与施肥中的直接输入有较大关系。同时,POC含量与大团聚体颗粒组含量间的相关性不显著,说明不同施肥处理下POC的结构和性质可能发生了变异,导致其对大团聚体颗粒组形成及其稳定性的作用存在差异。可见,不同的施肥处理并没有改变TOC和POC的深度分布格局,只是改变了它们在耕层土壤的含量以及POC的分配比例。不同施肥处理下POC的结构性质及其稳定性的变化还有待于进一步的研究。 相似文献
20.
不同施肥处理红壤生物活性有机碳变化及与有机碳组分的关系 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：13
采用物理分组方法对长期不同施肥处理的旱地红壤有机碳组分进行了区分,布置室内培育试验观测了培养过程中土壤有机碳的矿化动态,通过拟合一级动力学方程计算土壤生物活性有机碳库量.研究结果表明,不同施肥处理的土壤中,轻组有机碳(LF-C)、团聚体包裹的粗颗粒有机碳(iPOMc-C)及细颗粒有机碳(iPOMf-C)、矿物结合态有机碳(mSOC)分别占总有机碳的7%～10%、0.5%～1.5%、4%～7%、76%～85%,并与总有机碳(TOC)含量显著相关;厩肥处理显著增加了各组分含量,其作用优于绿肥处理和单施无机肥处理(CK);培养过程中土壤有机碳矿化动态符合一级反应动力学方程;有机无机肥配施处理的土壤生物活性有机碳库(C0)显著提高;和绿肥相比,厩肥处理中生物活性有效碳库(C0)增加幅度更大,但其周转速率常数k更小;各组分有机碳含量与C0含量均达到极显著(p＜0.01)相关,但除LF-C外其余有机碳组分占TOC的百分率均与C0达到极显著水平. 相似文献