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1.
The aim of this paper was to study the land use index (equipped area for irrigation per cultivated area, AI) and irrigation management in Asia and Oceania during past decades. For this purpose, all necessary information was collected from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Among all presented data in the FAO database, 10 indices were selected. These indices were analysed for all 64 countries in Asia and Oceania, and the extent of AI was estimated by two different methods and other 9 indices. The results show that using all the 9 indices, the value of relative error will be less than 20%. Prioritization of the indices has shown that national rainfall index (NRI) and the difference between NRI and irrigation water requirement had a highlighted effect on the estimation of AI.  相似文献   

2.
雄安新区上游农业种植结构及需水时空演变   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
本文利用作物模型模拟小麦、玉米灌溉需水量,结合蒸发皿法估算蔬菜、果树等其他作物需水量,回溯雄安新区上游1986-2015年农业种植结构及农业需水的时空演变趋势,摸清不同作物的需水量比例及时间变化,并推算了消除降水年际波动的1970-2015年农作物灌溉需水量,探讨单纯人类活动下的农业需水量变化趋势。结果表明,1986-2015年,研究区作物播种总面积总体呈上升趋势,耕地面积多年平均84.9万hm2,有效灌溉面积平均71.3万hm2,占总耕地面积的84%。其中小麦播种面积稍有下降,玉米、蔬菜播种面积显著增加,果树种植比例在山区增加、平原区减少。研究区多年平均灌溉需水量22.52×108 m3,小麦、玉米、蔬菜、果树和其他作物分别占灌溉需水总量的58.6%、12.6%、5.8%、16.3%和6.7%,受播种面积增加影响,1970-2015年,蔬菜和果树需水显著上升。从空间上来看,灌溉需水总量在上游山区上升显著,而在平原区表现为下降;排除降水的年际波动后,研究区作物需水自1970年以来一直呈上升趋势,进入20世纪80年代中期,虽然整体上升减缓,但随农业播种总面积增加和蔬菜、水果需水增加影响,需水量整体呈缓慢上升趋势。因此,控制上游农业用水,种植低耗水作物、减少耗水作物的种植面积,是恢复雄安新区清水产流的关键。  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Leaching of nutrients was studied at a tile drain outlet and in two pairs of groundwater pipes in an arable field in central Sweden in order to identify trends and impacts of the climate. In the study period (1973–2005), crop production was dominated by spring barley, winter wheat, rape and, in later years, potatoes. Winter crops were cultivated 60% of the time. Leaching of total nitrogen (TotN) and total phosphorus (TotP) to drain water was low, on average 10 kg ha?1 year?1 for TotN and 0.07 kg ha?1 year?1 for TotP based on measurements. Nitrogen fertilisation increased slightly from 121 to 142 kg ha?1 year?1 during the period in a balanced way in line with increasing crop yields of cereals, from 5.8 to 6.6 tonnes year?1. For the entire study period, the temperature was estimated to increase significantly by a total of +2 °C for the growing season (April–September). Precipitation (+16 mm) and humidity (+11%) were also estimated to have increased significantly, mainly in June. Simulations with a deterministic and coupled N-leaching database model (SOILN-DB) indicated an increased rate of mineralisation (+2 kg ha?1 year?1) and increased N leaching to the drain pipes (+0.06 kg ha year?1) as a result of climate changes. In this simulation spring tillage instead of autumn tillage was estimated to reduce N leaching by 10%. Mineral P fertilisers were applied to winter crops in autumn until 1999, but thereafter all mineral P fertilisers were applied in spring by drilling in bands. A weak trend for decreasing concentration of dissolved reactive phosphorus was indicated based on the measurements in the tile drain outlet.  相似文献   

4.
The present paper aims to estimate the areas equipped for irrigation and desirability of agricultural water management in the world. For this purpose, all necessary information was gathered from Food and Agriculture Organization and checked using World Bank Group. The selected 18 indices were analysed for all 26 regions in the area studied, and the extent of area equipped for irrigation to cultivated area was estimated by 2 different formulas and other 9 indices. In addition, an average index was calculated using various methods to assess region conditions for agricultural water management. The results show that Central Asia is the best region for agricultural water management and the value of relative error is less than 20%. The capability of irrigation and drainage systems was studied using other eight indices with more limited information. The results indicated that trial-and-error policies should be avoided and expert comments be applied to irrigation systems for any crop.  相似文献   

5.
陕西黄土台塬区土地系统变化特征分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
基于GIS和RS支持,采用土地利用变化系列指标对陕西黄土台塬区1985-2010年土地利用变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,2010年黄土台塬区耕地984337.30 hm2,草地143030.47 hm2,建设用地105871.35 hm2,分别占总面积77.89%,11.32%和8.38%;研究时段内耕地、草地、林地、水域依次减少20866.61,11065.22,1186.44和748.96 hm2,分别比1985年减少了2.08%,7.18%,4.60%和11.64%;建设用地增加33902.8 hm2,为1985年的47.11%;建设占用耕地26668.8 hm2,占建设用地转入流的96.26%;草地转耕地18923.9 hm2,占草地转出流的93.24%;1985-1990年土地系统较为稳定,综合动态度为0.52;1990-1995土地利用变化活跃,综合动态度达到3.60,其后逐渐降低,到2005-2010降低为1.16,土地系统趋于稳定。空间上,耕地转建设用地在城镇周边幅度较大,草地和耕地互转主要在渭南台塬东部、咸阳塬北部以及宝鸡台塬区。  相似文献   

6.
Arsenic (As) poisoning of groundwater in Bangladesh has become a major environmental and health issue. The extensive use of groundwater in irrigation of rice has resulted in elevated As in soils and crops. A study was undertaken to determine As concentrations in groundwater, soils, and crops in 16 districts of southwestern Bangladesh. Groundwater samples were collected from shallow-tube and hand-tube wells (STW and HTW) used for irrigation and drinking water. Soil and rice plants were sampled from the command area of the tube wells. Arsenic concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer equipped with flow injection hydride generator. Groundwater samples contained <10 to 552 μg As L?1. Arsenic concentrations in 59% of STW samples exceeded 50 μg As L?1, the national standard for As in drinking water. Unlike groundwater, most of the surface water samples contained <10 μg As L?1. Concentrations of As in the soils from the command area of the tube wells ranged from 4.5 to 68 mg kg?1. More than 85% of the soils contained <20 mg As kg?1. The mean As concentration in the rice grain samples was 0.23 mg kg?1, which is much less than the maximum food hygiene standard. A positive relationship was observed between groundwater and soil As, implying that soil As level increases as a result of irrigation with contaminated water. However, irrigation water As did not show any relation with rice grain As. The findings suggest that surface water bodies are a safe source of irrigation water in the As-contaminated areas.  相似文献   

7.
This work was performed in the Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, with the objective to evaluate the nutritional status of yellow passion fruit plants along different phenological stages, using the DRIS method. Fifty-four passion fruit cultivated areas with an annual yield productivity ranging from 6.95 to 33.8 t ha?1 year?1 and average productivity of 16.9 t ha?1 year?1 were selected in the region. The contents of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) were evaluated. The reference standards were established (mean and variation coefficient) for the values of the nutrient concentration ratios, two by two, on samples from high yield productivity plantations and analyzed by the DRIS index of nutrients for the medium and low yield productivity areas. The established standards differed according with the phenological stage of the culture. In a general way, the mean content of the evaluated nutrients did not differed between the two productivity levels into each phonological stage. There was a difference for the Nutritional Limitation Order between different phenological stages of yellow passion fruit plants. The most negative DRIS indexes and the highest absolute values for the Average Nutritional Balance on yellow passion fruit plants in the region, were found for potassium in May, phosphorus in October and iron in January.  相似文献   

8.
Cadmium (Cd), a naturally occurring element, is a potentially biotoxic metal in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Whether it is biotoxic or not will depend upon the concentration in the soil, its bioavailability and its potential transfer through the ecosystem. However, little data are available for losses to waterways, especially via surface runoff. A study was conducted on two long-term trials under pasture to determine how the concentration of Cd in the soil was affected by different irrigation and fertiliser regimes and in turn how this affected the potential for transfer in surface runoff and outwash of flood irrigation. Concentrations of total Cd in the soil varied from 0.06 to 0.58 mg kg?1 and reflected different rates of P fertiliser applied (from 0 to 376 kg superphosphate ha?1?year?1), but was also less (20–25% compared to dryland) in treatments receiving more frequent irrigation when the same rate of P was applied. This indicated that there was potential for transfer. An experiment using simulated rainfall to generate surface runoff indicated that the major form of Cd lost was dissolved (on average 65% <0.45 μm) and could be predicted by water extraction of the soil. Loads of Cd in outwash were significant (0.17 to 0.92 g ha?1?year?1) and at least as great as the measured leaching losses in other studies. Loads confirmed the loss of Cd from each trial was largely dissolved, and related to soil water-extractable Cd and the frequency of irrigation. While Cd concentrations in sediment from ditches receiving outwash were enriched, indicating potential transfer to waterways, the effect will likely be small due to dilution and sorption by sediment and thereby localised to areas closer to the farm. However, to minimise any potential impact, management should be directed to minimising the occurrence of outwash (e.g. by better irrigation timing) or Cd transfer by using less Cd-rich P fertiliser or minimising P fertiliser use in areas susceptible to surface runoff.  相似文献   

9.
内蒙古河套灌区有效灌溉及盐碱控制的战略思考   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：8  
位于中国干旱地区的河套平原,有着得天独厚的自然条件,在我国农业生产上占有重要的地位。但是这里没有灌溉就没有农业。长期过量灌溉引起了该地区土地的盐碱化。水资源短缺问题受到越来越广泛的关注,该地区引黄河水量将进一步削减,但另一方面随着社会和经济的发展,耕地面积将进一步扩大;农业节水和传统的用水洗盐方式是一对需要解决的矛盾。现代灌溉技术如喷灌、滴灌、微灌等无论是在技术上还是在经济上都很难在这里得到应用,地面灌溉方式在近期内仍将是主要的灌溉方式。合理的灌溉方式和地下水位的有效控制将是解决问题的  相似文献   

10.
Irrigation of grazed pasture significantly increases plant and animal production, which may in turn increase soil organic carbon (SOC), depending on the balance between primary production and below‐ground allocation of C on the one hand, and the decomposition and export of C from the soil on the other. To evaluate the effect of irrigation on SOC we sampled a grazed pasture field experiment maintained under different irrigation treatments for 62 years. The dry‐land treatment in this experiment only received rainfall at an average of 740 mm year?1. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments involved application of 100 mm of irrigation when the soil reached 10 and 20% gravimetric moisture content, respectively. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments received average total annual irrigation inputs of 260 and 770 mm year?1, respectively. The 10 and 20% irrigation treatments increased pasture production by 44 and 74%, respectively, compared with that from the dry‐land. Analysis of soils taken to 1‐m depth revealed that amounts of SOC were not significantly different between the dry‐land (125.5 Mg ha?1) and 10% irrigation (117.8 Mg ha?1) treatments, but these were significantly greater than the 20% irrigation treatment (93.0 Mg ha?1). At 50–100 cm, SOC was also less (34%) for the 20% irrigation treatment than for the 10% irrigation treatment. The relative quantities of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in the light fraction (LF) at all soil depths decreased successively from dry‐land to the 20% irrigation treatment, suggesting that wetter soil conditions accelerated decomposition of the LF fraction, a comparatively labile SOC fraction. The C‐to‐N ratio of the bulk soil was also less for the 20% irrigation treatment, indicating more decomposed SOM in the irrigated than in the dry‐land treatment. There were no significant differences in the microbial biomass between the three different irrigation treatments, but the respiration rate (CO2 production) of soil organisms in the 20% irrigation treatment was consistently greater than in the other two treatments. It was concluded that large increases in plant productivity as a result of irrigation had either no effect or significantly reduced SOC stocks under grazed pasture. The reduced SOC content observed in the 20% irrigation treatment was attributed to a combination of increased C losses in animal products and drainage associated with greater stocking, together with accelerated decomposition of organic C resulting from elevated soil moisture maintained throughout the growing season.  相似文献   

11.
基于水足迹的中国农业用水效果评价   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  
为兼顾灌溉用水效率和总量控制评估区域农业用水效率,结合水足迹与灌溉发展状况构建了农业用水效果评价指标(agricultural water use effect,AWE),AWE越小农业用水效果越好。在核算2000—2014年间31个省区农作物水足迹的基础上,分析了中国AWE的时空格局及其与灌溉用水效率指标之间的关系。结果显示:中国年均农作物水足迹为1.097 2×10~(12) m~3,蓝水、绿水足迹分别占13.1%和86.7%,且均随时间增加;单位耕地面积农作物水足迹及绿水比例均呈现由东南向西北递减,研究时段内灌溉效率稳步提升,而由于灌溉用水规模的扩大和蓝水足迹比例的增长,AWE由2003年的0.113增长到2014年的0.137,中国农业用水效果呈恶化趋势;AWE空间差异大,且在不同年份均表现为黄淮海平原和西部省区较大而东南沿海较小;经济发达地区农业用水效果有明显改善趋势,而粮食增产任务加大的黑龙江省AWE的增速最大;AWE与传统灌溉用水效率评价指标无空间一致性,灌溉效率和水分生产率高的北方农业主产区应注重农业生产用水效果的评估与提升。农业用水效果评价可为区域灌溉用水效率提升与总量控制的科学研究与决策实践依据。  相似文献   

12.
耕地整治是保护耕地的重要举措,耕地整治适宜性评价则是开展耕地整治的重要前提和基础。本研究以生态位理论为基础,以吉林省公主岭市为例,从自然条件、基础设施条件、生态可持续性和空间稳定性4个维度选取14个指标,采用Delphi与AHP相结合的方法确定指标权重,在评判影响耕地整治的各项指标实际值(现实生态位)与耕地整治在理想条件下各项指标能够达到的最佳状态(最适生态位)的贴近程度的基础上,确定了3种类型指标的评价模型,并通过加权求和模型计算各评价单元耕地整治生态位适宜度,最终通过Ward聚类法将公主岭市耕地整治适宜性划分为4个等级,同时引入障碍性因素模型,定量确定不同等级区域耕地整治的障碍性因素,并提出整治的方向和对策。研究结果表明,研究区可分为4个整治区,Ⅰ级高度适宜区生态位适宜度大于0.75,耕地面积13 799.89 hm2,占总耕地面积的4.16%,主要障碍性因素为农田防护林覆盖率、道路通达度和田块规整度;Ⅱ级中度适宜区生态位适宜度在0.70到0.75之间,耕地面积77 754.36 hm2,占总耕地面积的23.41%,主要障碍性因素为灌溉条件、道路通达度和农田防护林覆盖率;Ⅲ级轻度适宜区生态位适宜度在0.61到0.70之间,耕地面积177 192.38 hm2,占总耕地面积的53.36%,主要障碍性因素为土壤有机质含量、距主交通干线距离和土壤pH;Ⅳ级不适宜区生态位适宜度小于0.61,耕地面积63 325.61 hm2,占总耕地面积的19.07%,主要障碍性因素为土壤质地、灌溉条件和耕层厚度。研究基于生态位适宜度模型对耕地整治适宜性进行评价,丰富了耕地整治适宜性评价方法,同时评价结果为耕地整治分区建设以及整治方向提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

13.
灌溉保证能力是耕地质量的重要方面,为了提高区域耕地质量监测信息的获取效率,该文构建了一种基于遥感蒸散发的耕地灌溉保证能力评价方法。以MODIS蒸散发产品(MOD16)为数据基础,在水量平衡原理的基础上,利用降雨量、MOD16A2产品中的实际蒸散发参量,计算年度有效灌溉量;利用地面气象站点计算的参考作物需水量和MOD16A2月合成产品中潜在蒸散发参量,建立回归方程,得到空间连续的参考作物需水量;采用作物系数法结合区域作物类型分布图计算年度作物需水量,并在此基础进一步计算年度灌溉需水量;将有效灌溉量与灌溉需水量之间的比值作为灌溉保证能力评价的基础,利用多年的灌溉保证能力评价指标,监测和评价耕地灌溉保证能力。以河北省衡水市为研究区,开展了试验验证,结果表明,耕地灌溉保证能力综合评价结果与2012年补充完善后农用地分等成果中灌溉保证率的分级结果相比,除了在空间整体分布上具有较好的一致性外,级差小于1级的栅格单元达到75%以上。该文构建的灌溉保证能力评价指标物理意义明确、可获取性强,评价方法能够满足区域耕地质量监测与评价的应用需求。  相似文献   

14.
种植行距与灌水量对西北日光温室番茄生育和产量的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
研究膜下滴灌番茄不同种植行距与灌水量对番茄生育及产量的影响,试验在大小行沟垄种植形式的基础上设置3种种植行距分别为L1(60cm)、L2(45cm)和L3(30cm);以蒸发皿累积蒸发量E为标准设置0.6E、0.8E、1.0E、1.2E共4个灌水水平,共12个处理。研究了不同种植行距与灌水量对番茄不同生育期生长生理指标及产量的影响,探讨了不同生长生理指标与产量间的关系。结果表明:低种植行距处理(L3),会造成植株徒长及过高的叶面积指数,抑制作物群体的光合生理活动,导致较低的产量和灌溉水利用效率。过低的灌水量(0.6E)会抑制番茄植株的光合生理活动,且随生育期的进行表现出明显的水分胁迫的累积作用。叶面积指数和净光合速率对产量的影响最为直接,提高作物的净光合速率是实现作物增产的重要途径;株高茎粗与叶面积指数间具有良好的回归关系(P=0.004 6),高茎粗低株高植株具有较为适宜的叶面积指数,有利于产量的形成。相较于产量最高的种植行距与灌水量组合L1-1.2E处理,L1-0.8E和L2-0.8E处理可在产量仅降低4.28%和9.00%的情况下提高灌溉水利用效率36.00%和29.29%。该结果为西北地区日光温室番茄科学种植与灌水提供依据。  相似文献   

15.
作为都市农业灌溉用水,城市雨水对农产品食品安全和营养品质的影响深受关注。论文收集自然雨水(T1)、屋顶雨水(T2)和路面雨水(T3),静置沉淀后配置营养液进行水培生菜种植,测量生物产量、生理指标(叶绿素含量、净光合速率、根系活力)、营养指标(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、硝酸盐)和元素含量(Ca、Fe、Mg、Zn、As、Cd、Pb),结果表明:城市雨水重金属含量低于国家标准,可以作为农业灌溉用水;雨水栽培生菜比自来水栽培生菜长势弱、产量低,路面雨水栽培生菜产量最低,单株干质量仅为3.57 g;雨水降低了生菜叶绿素含量和净光合速率,提高了生菜根系活力,屋顶雨水生菜和路面雨水生菜根系活力分别为3.17和4.08 mg/(g·h),雨水栽培生菜的根冠比大于自来水生菜;雨水栽培生菜蛋白质、糖类和Vc含量不比自来水栽培生菜低,自然雨水生菜蛋白质质量分数4.97 mg/g,路面雨水生菜可溶性糖含量1.00%,路面雨水生菜Vc含量1.52 mg/g,分别为各项指标的最高值;供试生菜硝酸盐含量分别为5.62、5.48、6.04和7.04 mg/g,都超过了国家标准3.00 mg/g,这与试验采用1倍剂量营养液和采用硝酸调节p H值有关;雨水生菜有益元素Ca、Mg含量高于自来水生菜,Fe含量低于自来水生菜,雨水生菜总体品质略好于自来水生菜;自来水、自然雨水、屋顶雨水和路面雨水栽培生菜含As量分别为5.83、4.10、4.53和4.60μg/kg,含Cd量分别为0.76、0.78、2.59和1.37μg/kg,含Pb量分别为102.37、118.63、151.53和123.37μg/kg,远小于国家限量值,满足食品安全要求。总之,利用城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水,作物长势弱,产量低,但营养品质略好,食品安全,将城市雨水作为都市农业灌溉用水是可行的。  相似文献   

16.
[目的]对农业需水量进行了情景预测,旨在为河北省张家口市崇礼区冬奥会(2022年举办)以及未来水资源合理利用以及可持续发展提供基础。[方法]基于水资源供需关系分析了2005—2016年水资源承载力并预测了不同规划年(2022年、2035年)水资源承载力。[结果] 2005—2016年水资源平衡指数(IWSD)从0.54下降至0.06,2016年水资源承载能力已趋于临界状态;当保证率P=25%时,2022,2035年IWSD分别为0.27,0.25,水资源承载盈余,当P=50%,75%,水资源承载力均超载,尤其当P=75%时,IWSD分别为-0.77,-0.81,水资源严重超载;通过调整灌溉面积以及需水定额,P=25%,50%时,IWSD0,P=75%时不同规划年缺水量减少了22.68%,36.31%。[结论]未来崇礼区可通过调整灌溉面积、灌溉需水定额,减少地下水开采量,提高地表水利用率来提高水资源承载力。  相似文献   

17.
藏粮于地视角下西北地区耕地适宜性及开发潜力评价   总被引：2，自引：5，他引：2  
中国耕地资源匮乏,人均耕地不足世界平均水平的40%。西北"水三线"地区是中国耕地后备资源的关键区域,识别潜在耕地资源中适宜开发的土地数量及空间分布,对确保极端情况下国家耕地红线和粮食安全、推动西部大开发进入新格局具有重大现实意义。基于多源栅格数据,采用综合指数法与极限条件法评价潜在耕地资源的自然适宜性潜力;同时考虑土地利用结构风险、土壤侵蚀风险、土地荒漠化风险限制,构建潜在耕地开发的生态风险模型;将自然适宜性潜力和生态风险评价结果进行叠置分级,评估潜在耕地资源的综合开发潜力。结果表明:旱地农业情景下,西北"水三线"地区具备耕地开发潜力的土地面积约0.2万km~2,主要分布在内蒙古半干旱草原区;灌溉农业情景下,西北"水三线"地区具备耕地开发潜力的土地面积约9.5×10~4 km~2,这些土地需要通过引水灌溉和土壤改良等措施才能实现粮食生产,主要集中在天山北麓、塔里木河流域、疏勒河流域和内蒙古东部等内陆干旱区,未来如果具备灌溉水源条件,实施适宜的土壤改良措施,有较大可开发潜力。  相似文献   

18.
Modification of plant population density and irrigation regime may impact seed cotton and lint yield, fiber quality, photosynthesis, and nitrogen uptake, especially in areas with severe water shortages and limited water resources. Furthermore, it reduces seeds and other agricultural practices costs without sacrificing yield. Field experiments examining the impact of plant population and irrigation regime on cotton growth, cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, leaf area, and chlorophyll content of cotton leaves were conducted in the city of Aleppo, northern Syria, in 2004 and 2005. Plant populations of 74,000, 57,000, 48,000, 41,000, and 33,500 plants ha?1 and two drip irrigation regimes [one planting row/one irrigation line (one/one) and two planting rows/one irrigation line (two/one)] were tested. Cotton was planted in April 2004 and 2005 at the Agricultural Research Center in northern Syria on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf soil. Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe. Before all plots were hand-picked each year, a 20-lint sample was collected per plot and sent to the Cotton Research Administration Laboratory for fiber quality analysis. Seed cotton yields were lowest with populations of 33,500 plants ha?1 compared to the other tested population densities. However, the other plant densities did not much influence seed cotton yield, fiber quality, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll content. Water savings for different plant densities grown under the one/one irrigation regime ranged between 11.2 and 38.3% of irrigation water relative to two/one irrigation regime. Reducing population densities up to 41,000 plants ha?1 and adapting a one/one irrigation regime appear to be viable cost-saving options.  相似文献   

19.
In six small catchments located at the Cordillera de la Costa in southern Chile (40° S), concentrations and fluxes of NO3-N, NH4-N, organic-N, total-N and total-P in bulk precipitation and runoff water were measured. The main objective of this study was to compare nitrogen and phosphorus retention of catchments with varying land cover of native forest and exotic plantations, in order to evaluate possible effects of land use change. Nitrate-N was the dominant fraction (>50%) of nitrogen loss, especially in the catchments dominated by exotic plantations. In the catchment with native forests, NO3 ? only contributed with 34% of the nitrogen loss and DON was the main output with 55%. Annual NO3 ? export was lower in the catchment with native forest compared to the catchments with exotic plantations where the streamflow output exceed the precipitation input. Average inputs of total-N were 2.6 kg ha?1 year?1 (DIN?=?1.4 kg ha?1 year?1, DON?=?1.2 kg ha?1 year?1) and outputs were 1.7 kg ha?1 year?1 (DIN?=?1.2 kg ha?1 year?1, DON?=?0.5 kg ha?1 year?1). Annual retention of total nitrogen fluctuated between 61% in a catchment dominated by native forests to 15% in catchments dominated by exotic plantations of Eucalyptus sp. Nitrogen retention was positively related with native forest coverage. The N retention capacity of the catchments could be both attributed to consequences of clear cutting practices and differences in vegetation cover.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

In Tigray, Ethiopia, land degradation is a dominant environmental problem and hence the regional government has undertaken restoration measures on degraded soils since 1991. The present study was aimed to assess the impact of land uses and soil management practices on soil properties, and consequently on soil quality of degraded soils. The catchments selected were Maileba and Gum Selassa, and land uses included cultivated (CL), grazing (GL), plantation (PA) and area exclosure (AE). Replicated soil samples were collected from topsoil and profiles of four land-use types in both catchments. Soils in area exclosure showed higher soil organic carbon (SOC), total N and extractable K than grazing land, cultivated land and plantation area mainly at 0–40 cm soil depth. Estimated soil organic carbon stock at Maileba in 0–40 cm depth varied between 54 to 74 Mg C ha?1, being lowest in cultivated land and highest in area exclosure, and the soil organic carbon stock in area exclosure represents 63% of total carbon stock stored in the profile. Soil organic carbon stock (0–40 cm) at Gum Selassa ranged between 33 to 38 Mg C ha?1, being higher in cultivated land and lower in plantation area. Soil quality index (SQI) of area exclosure (0.794) at Maileba and cultivated land (0.721) at Gum Selassa scored highest among all land uses, and the order was area exclosure>grazing land>plantation area>cultivated land at Maileba and cultivated land>grazing land>plantation area at Gum Selassa, highlighting the effectiveness of area exclosure in restoring soil quality of degraded soils.  相似文献   

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