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1.
[目的]分析广西壮族自治区木论自然保护区单性木兰成片分布区群落的凋落物和土壤水文效应,为更好地评价单性木兰生存群落的水文生态效应提供依据。[方法]在单性木兰成片分布区内,采用样方法,对单性木兰生存群落林下凋落物层和土壤层水文生态做定量研究。[结果]林分凋落物现存量为11.68t/hm2,最大持水总量为19.46t/hm2,有效拦蓄能力为13.87t/hm2;半分解层凋落物现存量远大于未分解层,占整个蓄积量的77.06%,其有效拦蓄量也占整个拦蓄量的75.56%。林分土壤容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度分别为1.14~1.26g/cm3,51.36%~68.68%,41.58%~45.73%,8.80%~27.10%,土壤最大持水量和有效持水量分别为868.75~941.04,64.00~133.73t/hm2。林地总蓄水量变化范围79.75~148.74t/hm2。[结论]单性木兰成片分布区林地蓄水功能主要集中在土壤层中,林分密度对土壤容重和土壤有效持水量有显著影响。 相似文献
2.
工程堆积体上不同植被类型枯落物和土壤水文效应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为探讨工程堆积体不同植被类型的枯落物特征、枯落物持水及拦蓄能力、土壤物理性状和土壤涵水性能,采用室内浸水法和环刀法分别对工程堆积体植被与原生植被的枯落物及0—20 cm土层的持水能力进行研究。结果表明:(1)不同植被类型枯落物厚度及蓄积量均存在显著差异(P0.05),原生乔木林、乔木林、灌木林、草地枯落物厚度依次为3.76,2.89,2.67,1.23 cm,蓄积量分别为5.95,3.86,3.19,0.65 t/hm~2。枯落物未分解层厚度、蓄积量均大于半分解层。(2)各植被类型土壤容重与毛管孔隙度范围分别在1.19～1.25 g/cm~3和41.58%～46.13%,原生乔木林土壤容重小于乔木林,而土壤毛管孔隙度大于乔木林。堆积体各植被类型土壤毛管孔隙度大小依次为草地灌木林乔木林。(3)各植被类型土壤最大持水量及毛管持水量均存在显著差异(P0.05),土壤最大持水量与毛管持水量范围分别为44.31～46.23,34.07～37.98 g/cm~3,均呈现原生乔木林最高,乔木林最低。(4)枯落物持水量随时间呈对数关系,吸水速率随时间呈幂函数关系,其吸水速率在0.5 h最高,在4.0 h下降,12 h最大持水量达饱和,吸水速率接近于0。(5)原生乔木林枯落物最大持水率、有效拦蓄率均大于乔木林,工程堆积体各植被类型最大持水率及有效拦蓄率表现为草地灌木林乔木林。从堆积体枯落物和土壤持水能力角度来看,草灌混交这一搭配模式可以作为工程堆积体的先锋植被,用于在堆积体初期构建稳定群落生态结构。研究结果可为工程堆积体开展水土保持治理措施和植被恢复提供理论依据。 相似文献
3.
不同经营年限山核桃林地枯落物和土壤的水文效应 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2
为探讨山核桃(Carya cathayensis Sarg.)—常绿阔叶混交林转变为山核桃纯林过程中林地枯落物和土壤水文效应的变化,利用相邻样地比较采样法,研究了山核桃—阔叶混交林0,5,10,20a山核桃纯林的水源涵养能力差异。结果表明,林地枯落物层持水量、吸水速率与浸水时间的关系分别符合对数函数和指数函数;0a林地的枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和有效拦蓄量显著高于5,10,20a的山核桃林地;随着经营年限的延长,林地枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和有效拦蓄量呈下降的趋势,与0a相比,分别下降了38.2%~54.6%,58.1%~69.7%,21.0%~33.2%;土壤容重、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和总毛管孔隙度及持水力等指标在不同经营年限山核桃林地之间的差异并不显著,与0a土壤的持水力(21 450.0t/hm2)相比,经过不同年限的经营,持水力分别下降了10.6%~20.4%。总体上,山核桃—常绿阔叶混交林转变为山核桃纯林后,降低了林地枯落物和土壤的水文效应。 相似文献
4.
[目的] 探索不同旅游干扰强度对景区枯落物及土壤蓄水能力的影响,为景区管理措施制定和生态环境改善提供一定的参考。[方法] 以重庆市黄水国家森林公园为研究对象,分析非干扰、轻度干扰、中度干扰和重度干扰4个处理条件下景区枯落物及土壤蓄水能力的变化。[结果] 随着旅游干扰强度的增强,景区枯落物及土壤蓄水能力均显著降低,而土壤容重则显著提升（p<0.05）。与未干扰相比,重度干扰下景区枯落物总蓄积量、未分解层和半分解层蓄积量分别显著降低55.30%,57.47%和49.19%（p<0.05）;未分解层枯落物最大持水率、最大拦蓄率、有效拦蓄率、最大持水量、最大拦蓄量及有效拦蓄量分别降低19.83%,24.83%,20.22%及57.89%,56.67%%和62.35%,而半分解层则分别降低30.01%,33.21%,37.48%及69.90%,70.94%,72.77%;土壤容重提升97.33%（p<0.05）,总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、最大持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管持水量、初渗率、稳渗率、平均渗透率和渗透总量分别提升26.57%,8.83%,17.74%,38.64%,42.98%,32.13%,67.01%,65.23%,64.22%和44.01%（p<0.05）。[结论] 旅游干扰通过降低景区枯落物尤其是半分解层枯落物和土壤蓄水能力而影响景区生态系统水文调节功能。 相似文献
5.
黄土区退耕草地凋落物-土壤界面水分过程特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为研究不同退耕年限草地下垫面层凋落物对土壤蒸发过程和表层土壤保水特征的影响,通过室内模拟试验,以黄土高原地区不同退耕年限草地凋落物质量为因子,依据野外退耕还草5a,15a,30a的草地凋落物覆盖特征,设3个凋落物处理水平,以裸地为对照,比较分析了不同草地枯落物特征对地表土壤界面的水分过程影响效应。研究结果表明:具有凋落物处理能够有效地延缓径流的产生,并能显著增加表层土壤持水量;凋落物持水量与凋落物质量呈显著线性正相关;在降雨后24h内,凋落物层抑制土壤蒸发作用比较明显;随着凋落物含量的增加,72h后表层土壤含水量显著提高。在黄土高原干旱半干旱地区,耕地退耕后凋落物的增加显著改善了地表土壤的持水能力,提高了表层土壤水分含量。 相似文献
6.
祁连山不同林地类型土壤特性及其水源涵养功能 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
对甘肃祁连山4种不同林地类型的土壤特性、凋落物持水量、林地土壤蓄水性能、土壤渗透性能等进行了研究.结果表明,林地内土壤容重和孔隙度(0-60 cm)差异较大,容重大小依次为:牧坡草地＞祁连圆柏林＞高山灌丛林＞青海云杉林;总孔隙度大小依次为:青海云杉林＞高山灌丛林＞祁连圆柏林＞牧坡草地.林地间凋落物的最大持水量和最大持水率表现一致,趋势表现为:高山灌丛林＞青海云杉林＞祁连圆柏林＞牧坡草地.不同林地间土壤非毛管孔隙持水量差别较大,4种林地的土壤非毛管孔隙持水量由大到小依次为:青海云杉林＞高山灌丛林＞祁连圆柏林＞牧坡草地.有效涵蓄量大小与土壤涵蓄降水量一致,4种林地变化范围为184.98～222.27 mm,大小顺序依次为:青海云杉林＞牧坡草地＞高山灌丛林＞祁连圆柏林. 相似文献
7.
砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及土壤物理性质 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
为揭示砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物持水性能及林下土壤物理性质变化特征,以位于黄土高原北部准格尔旗砒砂岩区6种林分类型为研究对象,运用浸泡法和烘干法,对林下枯落物、土壤(0—50 cm)的持水性能及物理性质进行研究。结果表明:(1)砒砂岩区6种林分类型林下枯落物厚度范围为0.73～2.77 cm,总蓄积量范围为1.47～7.93 t/hm~2。枯落物层厚度、总蓄积量大小依次为油松、侧柏、沙棘、柠条锦鸡儿、山杏和撂荒地。枯落物未分解层厚度及其蓄积量均明显大于半分解层。(2)林下枯落物最大持水率范围为149.48%～267.32%,枯落物最大持水率与有效拦蓄量大小顺序一致,为撂荒地柠条锦鸡儿沙棘山杏侧柏油松;枯落物最大持水量和有效拦蓄量均呈现出未分解层高于半分解层。(3)林下枯落物层在浸泡0.5 h吸水速率最快,浸泡1 h持水量增加迅速,浸泡8 h吸水速率和持水量增量趋近于0。(4)林下土壤容重低于撂荒地;总孔隙度范围为44.36%～32.57%,最大持水量范围为8.89～17.43 mm,均呈现油松林下最大,山杏林下最小。(5)林下枯落物蓄积量与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与土壤孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度分别呈正相关关系。油松林、侧柏林地具有显著的保持水土能力。研究成果为开展砒砂岩区水土流失综合整治和生态修复提供了参考依据。 相似文献
8.
以小兴安岭地区4个林龄的白桦次生林为研究对象,对其土壤特性、土壤贮水性能、凋落物持水量进行研究。结果表明：白桦次生林凋落物的蓄积量、最大持水量均以38 a为最大,70 a相对较低,凋落物蓄积量与最大持水量有显著正相关关系;土壤非毛管孔隙度随林龄变化呈波动性变化,38 a白桦次生林0-30 cm土层非毛管孔隙最大,有利于降水的下渗,而25 a白桦次生林0-30 cm土层非毛管孔隙最小,不利于水分下渗。土壤水源涵养功能大小排序为70 a（3 628.445 t/hm^2）〉56 a（3 524.015 t/hm^2）〉25 a（3 433.626 t/hm^2）〉38 a（3 275.820 t/hm^2）。 相似文献
9.
砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物及林下土壤持水特性 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：11
为了探究砒砂岩区不同造林树种水文特征,以该地区油松、侧柏、青杨、山杏、沙棘、柠条为研究对象,通过浸泡法和环刀法,对比分析了不同树种枯落物层和土壤层的持水特性。结果表明:砒砂岩区主要造林树种枯落物蓄积量变动范围为1.55~7.89t/hm~2,青杨林下枯落物最大持水率最高为281.26%,其他树种枯落物最大持水率依次为油松(217.14%)、侧柏(201.05%)、山杏(202.79%)、沙棘(170.96%)、柠条(158.08%)撂荒地(143.88%)。油松林下土壤层容重最小为1.46g/cm3,总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度最大分别为43.55%和36.99%,毛管持水量最大为14.50mm;山杏林下土壤非毛管孔隙度最大为13.12%,非毛管持水量最大为6.86mm。油松枯落物及其林下土壤层持水能力良好,更适宜作为砒砂岩地区植被建设树种。 相似文献
10.
沿坝地区3种典型林分类型枯落物层与土壤层水源涵养能力综合评价 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了研究沿坝地区3种典型林分的枯落物层与土壤层的水源涵养能力,利用熵权法对林分的枯落物层和土壤层的相关因子进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)枯落物层最大持水量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林;有效拦蓄量:针阔混交林油松林落叶松纯林。(2)持水量与浸水时间的回归方程为Q=alnt+b(R~20.97),持水速率与浸水时间的回归方程为V=Kt~n(R~20.94)。(3)3种林分类型土壤总孔隙度的排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林;土壤持水能力大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;3种林分土壤层的初渗速率差距比较大,大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;林分的稳渗速率大小排序为:针阔混交林落叶松纯林油松纯林;入渗速率与入渗时间回归方程为:f=at~(-b)(R0.96)。(4)利用熵权法计算得出的权重大小排序为:枯落物最大持水量枯落物有效拦蓄量=土壤持水力初渗速率土壤毛管孔隙度土壤容重枯落物蓄积量=土壤非毛管孔隙度,3种林分类型综合评分排序为:针阔混交林油松纯林落叶松纯林。针阔混交林为最优的水源涵养林,其在保持水土、涵养水源方面功能最强。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
18.
Dhritiman Ghosh Velusamy Srinivasan Olli H. Tuovinen Aaron Peacock Mark Radosevich 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2009,41(6):1331-1334
We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg−1 buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg−1 in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation. 相似文献
19.
Pilar García Juan-Vicente Monte Carlos Casanova Consuelo Soler 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(1):103-109
Arbitrary oligonucleotides were used as primers to amplifygenomic DNA of 48 wild Spanish populations of Agropyroncristatum, Elymus hispanicus,E. caninus,E. repens,Thinopyrum curvifolium, Th.junceum and Th.intermedium. Genetic diversity was analysedusing nineteen primers. The number of amplified products ranged from8 to 18 per primer and a total of 240 markers were scored. Differentlevels of intraspecific genetic diversity were found, the allogamousspecies E. repens andTh. intermedium being themost variable. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for internalmeasure within and between populations were used to produce a clusterdiagram. The results demonstrate differences in the degree ofsimilarity between taxonomic units. Interpopulational variability andinterspecific genomic relationships of these species arediscussed. 相似文献
20.
The effects of three commonly used fungicides on the colonization and sporulation by a mixture of three arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi consisting of Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.), Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and Gigaspora rosea (Nicol. & Schenck) in symbiosis with pea plants and the resulting response of the host-plant were examined. Benomyl, PCNB, and captan were applied as soil drenches at a rate of 20 mg active ingredient kg-1 soil 2 weeks after transplanting pea seedlings in a silty clay-loam soil containing the mixed inocula of AM fungi (AM plants). Effects of fungicides were compared to untreated plants that were inoculated with fungi (AM control). The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant growth was also examined by including nonmycorrhizal, non-fungicide-treated plants (non-AM control). Fungicides or inoculation with AM fungi had only a small effect on the final shoot weights of pea plants, but had greater effects on root length and seed yield. AM control plants had higher seed yields and lower root lengths than the corresponding non-AM plants, and the fungicide-treated AM plants had intermediate yields and root lengths. Seed N and P contents were likewise highest in AM control plants, lowest in non-AM plants, and intermediate in fungicide-treated AM plants. All three fungicides depressed the proportion (%) of root length colonized by AM fungi, but these differences did not translate to reductions in the total root length that was colonized, since roots were longer in the fungicide-treated AM plants. Pea plants apparently compensated for the reduction in AM-fungal metabolism due to fungicides by increasing root growth. Fungicides affected the population of the three fungi as determined by sporulation at the final harvest. Captan significantly reduced the number, relative abundance, and relative volume of G. rosea spores in the final population relative to the controls. The relative volume of G. etunicatum spores was greater in all the fungicide-treated soils, while G. mosseae relative volumes were only greater in the captan-treated soil. These findings show that fungicides can alter the species composition of an AM-fungal community. The results also show that AM fungi can increase seed yield without enhancing the vegetative shoot growth of host plants. 相似文献