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1.
Thanankorn Jaiphong Jun Tominaga Kenta Watanabe Mai Nakabaru Hiroo Takaragawa Ryuichi Suwa 《Plant Production Science》2016,19(3):427-437
Global climate change will result in extreme environments, such as droughts and floods. We investigated the individual and combined effects of droughts and floods of varying duration on sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) growth using a pot experiment under glasshouse conditions with the following six treatments: drought for 15 d, prolonged drought for 30 d, flood for 15 d, prolonged flood for 30 d, short flood followed by prolonged drought, and prolonged flood followed by prolonged drought. Plants that were subjected to drought conditions, including drought after a flood, had reduced CO2 assimilation (through stomatal closure) and leaf areas, whereas flood conditions showed no effect. During flooding, some roots died, and adventitious roots with well-developed aerenchyma appeared from the submerged nodes. At the time of harvest, there were no significant differences in stem fresh weight, sucrose content, or sugar yield between the treatments. However, ion content analysis revealed that flood conditions caused an accumulation of sodium in the bottom of stems and adventitious roots. Therefore, under flood conditions, plants may develop adventitious roots, which may offset the negative effects of root death, helping them to maintain their growth and yield. 相似文献
2.
Photosynthetic activity in C4 sugarcane has been suggested to be regulated by the demand for photoassimilate from sink tissues, including culm storage of sucrose and other components of the plant (e.g. roots and shoot primordia). This study examined the extent to which sink-demand influences leaf photosynthetic activity and controls leaf turnover in field-grown sugarcane. To increase sink-demand on selected leaves, plants were defoliated apart from the immature leaf before the first fully expanded leaf (2nd leaf) and the mature 8th leaf. Changes in leaf gas exchange and fluorescence characteristics were recorded for both leaves over a 28 d period. Variations in leaf and culm sucrose and hexose concentrations and allocation of 14C-labelled photosynthate were also measured. A decrease in culm internodal sucrose concentrations in partially defoliated plants was associated with significant increases in assimilation (A) and electron transport rates (ETR) for both leaves 2 and 8. Conversely, accumulation of sucrose in the culms of control plants was related to a decline in photosynthetic rates in leaf 8 during the treatment period. Leaves 2 and 8 of defoliated plants (27 d) were characterised by an increase in partitioning of 14C to mature and immature internodes, respectively, compared to control plants. In addition, hexose levels in leaves of defoliated plants decreased significantly (36% and 48% decrease in leaves 2 and 8, respectively) compared to corresponding leaves of untreated controls over the duration of the experiment, indicating that the signaling mechanisms regulating the decline in leaf photosynthetic activity are likely hexose-mediated. It was concluded that leaf physiological ageing in sugarcane was promoted by sucrose accumulation during culm maturation as a consequence of decreased sink-demand for photosynthate. 相似文献
3.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):420-427
AbstractSugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is a major crop grown for sucrose production. In Japan, its sucrose concentration is highest in winter. We examined the effects of the temperature lowered in the daytime and night-time (LDT and LNT, respectively) on sugar assimilation. Since photosynthetic and respiration rates change with temperature, we assumed that plants under LNT (LNT plants) would have low respiration rates and thus high sugar yields, whereas those under LDT (LDT plants) would have low rates of photosynthesis and thus low sugar yields. However, because of their acclimatisation to the reduced temperatures, LNT and LDT plants had sugar yields that were similar, or superior, to those of control plants. Sugar yield depends on biomass and sugar concentration; the stems of LNT and LDT plants did not grow as tall as those of the controls, but the sucrose concentrations in their stems were higher than in the controls. 13C analysis revealed no difference in the partitioning of photosynthates to the soluble sugar fraction between control plants and those treated with low temperature. Control plants had higher glucose concentrations in the stem than treated plants, in which new photosynthates appeared to be partitioned preferentially into sucrose. Low temperature enhanced the sucrose concentration in the sugarcane stem not by improving the carbon budget, but by promoting the partitioning of carbon to stored sucrose. 相似文献
4.
甘蔗光合自养生根技术是一种新型的试管苗生根方法,比传统的培养基异养生根法有显著优势。为了揭示甘蔗生根的生理生化机理,为完善其生根技术提供理论依据。本研究以甘蔗栽培品种桂糖44号无根试管苗为材料,喷施ABT2号生根粉溶液后移栽于沙土混合基质中,在普通日光温室进行自养生根。在生根过程中连续采样调查试管苗生根率和生长状态,检测叶片中总叶绿素、碳水化合物(蔗糖、可溶性糖)、三大内源激素(IAA、ABA、CTK)含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性。结果表明,由于环境改变,试管苗受到环境胁迫,致使叶片先微黄后转绿,7 d后老叶变黄衰老,新叶开始长出,并与日俱增;第一批不定根在处理后第5天突破表皮,至第9天100%的试管苗完成不定根的再生。叶绿素含量先减少后增加而后下降,9 d后跳跃上升;蔗糖、可溶性糖含量先是呈波动上升后急剧下降再跳跃上升;ABA含量和POD活性先上升后下降;IAA和CTK含量则相反,先下降后上升。从试管苗生长状态和生理生化指标变化规律分析,本研究发现甘蔗试管苗光合自养生根过程分为3个阶段,第一阶段在0~7 d,为试管苗适应期;第二阶段在7~9 d,为试管苗异养自养切换期;第三阶段在9~15 d,为试管苗自养能力恢复期,试管苗成功过渡到自养阶段是试管苗获得高存活率的必要条件。 相似文献
5.
Fumitaka Shiotsu Mitsuru Gau Naohiro Uwatoko Shigenori Morita 《Plant Production Science》2016,19(1):161-164
The production of cellulosic bioethanol from non-edible plants is a potential countermeasure against global warming. Erianthus species provide cellulosic raw material for bioethanol because they have high biomass productivity and high tolerance to environmental stress, associated with their large, deep root systems. However, it is difficult to select Erianthus species for breeding by direct observation of their root systems because the roots are widely dispersed in the soil. Instead, we examined shoot morphological traits that could be closely related to root morphology to find effective reference indices for selection. The potential to evaluate root structure and function in Erianthus according to bleeding rate was also examined. An analysis of root–shoot relationships in seedlings indicated that root number and mean length were closely related to stem number and diameter, respectively. These results suggest that root–shoot relationships may provide useful criteria for selective breeding of root systems in Erianthus. 相似文献
6.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):207-210
AbstractThis paper describes the effects of auxin added to the culture medium on main and branch root formation of banana (Musa spp.) shoots and growth characters of the plantlet rooted on the medium with and without auxin. Banana shoots cultured in vitro on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 μM 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA), rooted earlier and also had more adventitious roots than those cultured on the medium without NAA. However, the adventitious roots formed on the medium without NAA showed more lateral branching. Plant height and number of leaves per plantlet in in vitro culture were not influenced by the addition of NAA but under nursery conditions, plantlets rooted without NAA showed better growth in terms of days to the appearance of new leaf, plant height and number of leaves per plant. This might be due to the presence of abundant lateral roots. Even though auxins are generally known to promote rooting, NAA inhibited the formation of lateral roots in Banana plants. 相似文献
7.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(5):525-532
AbstractCommon buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench cv. Shinano No.1) and Tartary buckwheat (F. tataricum (L.) Gaertn. cv. Nepal) were grown in pots to examine their responses to soil flooding. Flooding treatment was carried out during the early growth stage by completely submerging the pots in a nutrient solution from 12 to 36 days after sowing. The plant growth rate, relative growth rate and mean leaf area under the flooding treatment were reduced to 72, 90 and 83% of the control, respectively, in Shinano No.1, and to 29, 71 and 45% of the control, respectively, in Nepal. The excess moisture stress had no effect on the net assimilation rate (NAR) in Shinano No.1, but lowered the NAR to 68% of that in the control in Nepal. Excess moisture stress decreased the total leaf area to 76 and 34% of the control in Shinano No.1 and Nepal, respectively. Leaf growth rate, number of leaves and leaf area per leaf, which influenced the total leaf area, were reduced by the excess soil moisture. The relative water content of leaves was unchanged in Shinano No.1, but was decreased in Nepal. Reduction in bleeding from the cut end of stem due to flooding was greater in Nepal than in Shinano No.1. Excess moisture stress reduced the K+ concentration of the stem and increased the Na+ concentration of leaves, stem and roots more strongly in Nepal than in Shinano No.1. Development of adventitious roots in the surface layer of the nutrient solution was better in Shinano No.1 than in Nepal. In conclusion, Shinano No.1 (common buckwheat) had a stronger tolerance to excess soil moisture than Nepal (Tartary buckwheat). In Shinano No. 1, leaf growth and photosynthetic rate were not markedly affected and the capacity of absorbing water and nutrients was retained by developing adventitious roots in the solution above the surface of the soil keeping proper physiological activity under excess moisture conditions. 相似文献
8.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):345-350
AbstractThe activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is a major limitation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in C3 plants. In order to find useful Rubisco for improvement of photosynthesis in rice under elevated CO2, we analyzed the catalytic turnover rate (kcat) of Rubisco in Poaceae including C3 alpine plants, C3 cold-resistant plants and C4 plants. Rubisco in these plants showed 1.1- to 2.8-fold higher kcat than that in rice. However, the most of high kcat Rubisco also showed a higher km for CO2 (Kc) than that of rice, indicating that increase in kcat led to decrease in the affinity for CO2. Rubisco in Festuca ovina, Phleum pratense and Sorghum bicolor showed relatively high kcat to Kc. Although the kcat of Rubisco in F. ovina and P. pratense was not so high (1.5-1.6 fold relative to rice), the Kc was comparable to that in rice and the amino acid sequence of RbcL shared higher identity to that in rice than that in S. bicolor. By contrast, Rubisco of S. bicolor showed considerably high kcat (2.5-fold relative to rice), which is considered to be the most important factor for improvement of photosynthesis. In our estimation, the expression of high kcat Rubisco of F. ovina and S. bicolor in rice could significantly enhance CO2 assimilation at Ci of 50 Pa, the level assumed to be reached by the middle of this century. 相似文献
9.
过湿条件下大豆不定根的发生及其生理作用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大豆是实行水旱轮作的重要作物之一,在缺乏良好排水条件的水田中实行水旱轮作时,长期涝渍所致的伤害成为大豆生长不良及产量低的重要原因.通过盆栽和大田试验在大豆生育初期进行过湿处理,调查培土或无培土条件下不定根的发生情况,揭示不定根对伤流速度,氮素的吸收运转等的影响,讨论了不定根与大豆耐湿性的关系.淹水条件下培土对不定根及根瘤的发生产生较大的影响,淹水条件下发生的不定根的量占总根重的43.1%,这些不定根提供了81.4%的伤流速度.不定根的呼吸速度为2.61 mg CO2g-1h-1,是初生根的近3倍.淹水导致全叶位叶片的叶色变淡,不定根的发生改变了伤流液中不同形态氮素的组成和全氮含量,可使下位叶的叶色维持较高水平.淹水条件下大豆的冠根比比对照小.不定根取代了受涝渍伤害而失去功能的初生根的作用,积极地进行养分和水的吸收,确保了涝渍逆境下物质生产的顺利进行. 相似文献
10.
Growth and secondary metabolites responses to light environment can be useful measurements to determine favourable habitat conditions for the cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants. We analyzed the growth, photosynthesis and root reserpine concentrations in seedlings of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel and Rauvolfia verticillatae (Lour.) Baill, two important medicinal plants yielding anti-hypertension alkaloids, at four different light levels (20%, 52%, 75% and 100% of full sunlight) in a shade house. Across all light intensities, seedlings of R. vomitoria grew faster with higher relative growth rate (RGR) than R. verticillatae, attributed to its higher photosynthetic capacities (light-saturated photosynthetic rate, Amax) and leaf area ratio (LAR). Typical shade-sun morphological responses to increasing light levels included decreased specific leaf area and LAR, whereas RGR and Amax was highest at median light levels for both species. R. vomitoria allocated higher leaf mass fraction and fine-root mass fraction, similar coarse root mass fraction, but lower stem biomass fraction than R. verticillatae. For fine roots, R. vomitoria had greater specific root length and small diameter than R. verticillatae, indicating its higher resource (water and nutrition) capture abilities. Both species had higher nitrogen concentration and lower reserpine concentration in fine roots than those of coarse roots. Neither reserpine concentration nor nitrogen was affected by light intensities. The reserpine concentration in coarse roots of R. vomitoria increased, whereas that of R. verticillatae decreased with increasing irradiance. Although not significantly, reserpine concentrations in coarse roots were positively correlated with Amax and RGR for both species across all light intensities. Shade or photosynthesis inhibition apparently did not increase alkaloid synthesis, which contrasted with the carbon/nutrient balance theory of plant defense. These results suggested that R. vomitoria and R. verticillatae could attain high biomass and yield of reserpine in high-light habitats (with max. in 75% sunlight), and intermediate-light habitats (with max. in 25–52% sunlight), respectively. 相似文献
11.
The oviposition preference of Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) to Erianthus arundinaceus (Retz.) Jeswiet (Poaceae) was tested against sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) to assess whether effective control of the pest can be achieved in the field by using perimeter trap cropping with this plant species. Results from large cage and greenhouse experiments showed that E. arundinaceus clone 28NG7 acted as a dead-end trap plant, attracting oviposition by C. sacchariphagus females and hosting young larvae in terminal green leaves, but reducing by 4.8- to 7.5-fold the survival rate of larvae in stalk. Two field trials demonstrated the efficiency of trap cropping with E. arundinaceus, with a 2 to 9-fold reduction in number of bored internodes per stalk and a 22% mean increase in cane yield. In a third field trial, reduction of injury was observed up to 40 m from the E. arundinaceus border. We conclude that trap cropping with E. arundinaceus may reduce C. sacchariphagus damage in sugarcane crop. Further trials are needed to confirm these results in commercial fields. 相似文献
12.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):165-173
AbstractEleocharis retroflexa (Poir.) Urban ssp. chaetaria (Roem. & Schult.) T. Koyama, an amphibious leafless sedge, grows not only under terrestrial conditions but also under completely submerged aquatic conditions. We investigated the photosynthetic traits and structural features of the culms, which are the photosynthetic organs, in the terrestrial and submerged forms of this species and compared them with those of other amphibious species of Eleocharis which are known to change the photosynthetic modes. The culms of the terrestrial form had Kranz anatomy with well-developed Kranz (bundle sheath) cells and high levels of C4 enzyme activity typical of the NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) subtype of C4 metabolism. They also had a δ 13C value typical of C4 plants, indicating that the terrestrial form fixes carbon through the C4 pathway. The culms of the submerged form had not only a Kranz-like anatomy but also revealed anatomical traits typical of leaves of submerged aquatic plants. The activities of the C4 enzymes in the submerged form were lower than those in the terrestrial form, but were still in the range typical of G4 plants, 14C pulse-12C chase experiments with the submerged form indicated that almost all of the fixed 14C was incorporated into G4 compounds, and subsequently the raioactivity was transferred into C3 compounds and sucrose. The submerged form showed no diurnal fluctuation in malate level. These data demonstrate that a C4 metabolism is operative even in the submerged form. This unique amphibious C4 plant provides an intriguing example of the physiological and ecological adaptability of C4plants. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):73-89
SUMMARY Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations [CO2] have the potential to enhance growth and yield of agricultural plants. Con-comitantly plants grown under high [CO2] show significant changes of the chemical composition of their foliage and of other plant parts. Particularly, high [CO2] result in a decrease of plant nitrogen (N) concentration, which may have serious consequences for crop quality. This presentation summarizes the results of a variety of CO2 enrichment studies with pasture plants (Lolium spp., Trifolium repens) and cereal species (Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare) which were conducted at our laboratory under different growth and CO2 exposure conditions ranging from controlled environment studies to investigations under free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE). With the exception of clover in all experiments a CO2-induced decline of forage and grain N concentration was observed. The magnitude of this reduction differed between species, cultivars, management conditions (N fertilization) and CO2 exposure conditions. No unambiguous evidence was obtained whether N fertilization can contribute to meet the quality requirements for cereals and grass monocultures with respect to tissue N concentrations in a future high-CO2 world. As shown in the FACE experiments current application rates of N fertilizers are inadequate to achieve quality standards. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(1-2):333-344
SUMMARY Production, dry matter (including reproductive) allocation, photosynthesis, transpiration, water use efficiency and carbon and nitrogen responses of a Hungarian sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) under continuous elevated CO2 concentrations are reported. Plants were grown in open top chambers under a temperate-continental climate in Hungary from plantation at ambient (350 μmol mol?1) and elevated (700 μmol mol?1) CO2 concentrations. The CO2 assimilation responses of the green pepper plants grown in high CO2 from plantation until final harvest reflected down-regulation of their photosynthesis. The integrated and combined effect of the increased net CO2 assimilation rate and the unchanged rate of transpiration resulted in higher WUE at elevated CO2 concentrations in the high CO2 plants than in the control ones grown at ambientCO2. However, the improved water use efficiency in the high CO2 plants was not followed by an acclimation in C-trans-location and C-allocation to the reproductive organs in the required degree. This was reflected in a slightly increased overall plant production and higher reproductive allocation, but was not accompanied by an increased fresh or dry berry mass production. The acclimation discussed may be of advantage for plant growth in a high CO2 environment with restricted water availability. We did not find worthy statistical difference between the yield mass of the control and elevated CO2, although the dry matter production parameters of the high CO2 plants had statistically not significantly higher values. 相似文献
15.
Russet Burbank potato plants grown in the greenhouse were given14C as14CO2 and as uniformly labelled sucrose. Labelled sucrose was applied; (1) by injection into the main stem, (2) injection with a hypodermic needle into the debladed petiole and (3) uptake of labelled sucrose kept in a vial fastened to the main stem using thread as a wick. Plants harvested 6 hours later were analyzed for radioactivity in the foliage, roots, and tubers. The greatest proportion of radioactivity was found in the foliage. Tubers were analyzed for radioactivity in the basic (amino acids), acidic (organic acids and sugar phosphates), neutral (sugars) and alcohol insoluble solid (starch) fractions. Most of the radioactivity was found in the sugar component of the chemical fraction. Plants treated with147CO2 had a higher percentage of radioactivity in the acidic and starch fractions than plants treated with sucrose. Sucrose applied by petiole injection not only showed higher total incorporation but also exhibited more translocation of labelled material into the tubers than the other methods. 相似文献
16.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):386-396
AbstractThe effects of elevated CO2 (approximate doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration) on the rate of photosynthesis estimated from continuous monitoring of CO2 exchange in whole plants were investigated in radish cv. Kosena accompanied with simultaneous analysis of growth for 6 days from 15 to 21 days after planting (DAP). The elevated CO2 increased the dry weights of hydroponically grown radish plants by 59% at 21 DAP.The increase in dry weight was due to a combined effect of increased leaf area and increased photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. Leaf area and the photosynthetic rate were increased by elevated CO2 by 18-43% and 9-20%, respectively, during 15 to 21 DAP. Namely, an increase in the rate of photosynthesis is accompanied by an increase in leaf area, both having a significant effect on biomass production. 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency and drought tolerant ability of the five different sugarcane varieties (including NiF3, Ni9, Ni17, Ni21 and Ni22) under early growth stage from 60 to 120 days after transplanting. The results showed drought stress reduced the photosynthetic rate, growth parameters including plant height, leaf area; partial and total dry weights; and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) traits including photosynthetic NUE, nitrogen utilization efficiency and biomass NUE of measured sugarcane varieties. The significant differences were found among varieties in growth parameters, dry weights, NUE traits and drought tolerant index (DTI). The significant positive correlations among NUE traits and DTI suggested higher NUEs could support better a tolerant ability to drought stress at the early growth stage. Because of larger contributions, DTIs for aboveground and stalk dry weight could be used as the important DTIs to evaluate drought tolerant ability in sugarcane varieties. 相似文献
18.
Water stress affects the rate of water uptake, biomass accumulation and structural growth of sugarcane differently and, consequently, alters the partitioning of assimilate to sucrose storage. The CANEGRO sugarcane model is unable to accurately simulate the subtle rate changes in the source and sink processes during the progression of water stress during dry spells, with subsequent poor prediction of sucrose yields. The aim of this study was to test eight different water balance models by comparing simulated and experimentally determined rates of water uptake (WU), carbon assimilation (CAR), plant extension (PER) and sucrose accumulation (SA). 相似文献
19.
淹水对大豆生长的影响 总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12
研究了两种不同的淹水方式－苗全被淹没（全淹）和基部淹没（半淹）对大豆苗生长的影响,在全淹下,苗完全停止生长,直至死亡。但是,只要露出顶芽在空气中,苗就不被淹死。大豆苗的耐涝性随苗龄增大而提高。半淹处理明显抑制苗根的生长和降低苗的根冠比,却大大刺不定根的生长。试验结果还显示,大豆能在长时期半淹条件下生长发育,但其营养器官和结实器官的发育无显著差于对照。淹水对根瘤的生长有抑制作用。 相似文献
20.
The importance of water-soluble carbohydrate reserves on regrowth and root growth of Lolium perenne (L.) 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
This glasshouse study aimed to determine the relative importance of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and current photosynthate on root and top regrowth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Individual plants were arranged in one of two miniswards (Experiments 1 and 2) and underwent varying defoliation frequencies designed to obtain a gradient of WSC content at the final harvest of each treatment (H1), when all treatments were defoliated. In Experiment 1, the plants were defoliated either three times at the one new leaf per tiller stage of regrowth (treatment 3 × 1), once at the two-leaf and again at the one-leaf stage (treatment 2, 1), once at the one-leaf and again at the two-leaf stage (treatment 1, 2) or once only at the three-leaf stage (treatment 1 × 3), up to H1. Leaf and root growth and other parameters were assessed over 6 d after H1 in sunlight, and over a 4-week period in darkness, and related to initial plant WSC content. In Experiment 2, plant defoliation treatments were: 3 × 1, 1, 2 or 1 × 3. Leaf regrowth was assessed for 36 d until the plants had three fully expanded new leaves per tiller. Leaf regrowth in both experiments was significantly related to stubble WSC (below 50 mm height). In Experiment 1, plants were almost fully reliant upon plant reserves for the first 3 d of regrowth, with reliance decreasing up to 6 d. When regrowth of plants was compared after 1 week in light or in darkness, it was estimated that one-third of leaf regrowth was due to plant WSC reserves and the remainder due to photosynthesis. However, the capacity to photosynthesize and to grow roots after H1 was also significantly related to stubble WSC content. In Experiment 2, there was a significant difference (P<0·01) between defoliation treatments on leaf dry matter (DM) yield at 12 d (×1 leaf tiller?1) of regrowth, and this was, as in Experiment 1, significantly positively related to WSC content in the stubble. However, after 36 d of regrowth, DM yield of plants defoliated at 2 or 3 leaves tiller?1 up to H1 were similar, and both were significantly higher (P<0·01) than regrowth of plants defoliated at the one-leaf stage. After defoliation, the period of reliance on WSC reserves may be substantially increased in situations of shading (canopy competition or cloud cover) or if the new regrowth shoot is removed by regrazing. 相似文献