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1.
ABSTRACT

Finding effective non-fumigant solutions to soil disinfestation is an international priority for sustainable strawberry production. In these studies at Ventura, California, combinations of steam, solarization, and mustard meal were evaluated to manage troublesome soil-borne pathogens: Macrophomia phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum. Treatments containing steam and solarization reduced levels of these pathogens in soil 70–96% compared to untreated soil and had lower rates of late season pathogen-related plant mortality. All treatments improved plant canopy growth and fruit production of ‘San Andreas’ strawberry 58% to 83% compared to untreated control. Even though these treatments did not eradicate pathogen spores and sclerotia in soil, they enhanced early and whole season fruit production and when feasible can be applied in non-fumigated and organic strawberry fields to help sustain production.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and mustard seed meal (MSM) appear to be promising non-fumigant alternatives for soilborne pathogens control. However, studies of their effect on charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in California strawberry are limited. A demonstration field trial with ASD with rice bran 20 t ha–1 (ASD-RB), MSM 4.5 t ha–1 (MSM), and ASD with rice bran 6.7 t ha–1 + MSM 4.5 t ha–1 (ASD-RB+MSM) treatments was conducted in a M. phaseolina-infested organic field in Oxnard, CA. A doubling of fruit yields relative to the grower standard, and a reduction in plant mortality by M. phaseolina, was achieved by ASD-RB. MSM failed to control M. phaseolina and resulted in fruit yields that were more than 20% below the ASD-RB yield. Fruit yield in the ASD-RB+MSM plot was intermediate between ASD-RB and MSM. Treatment effects on soil pH, EC, inorganic N dynamics, and soil microbial communities were also examined.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

Brassica seed meal amendments and anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) control a spectrum of soil-borne plant pathogens via a diversity of mechanisms. Transformations in microbial community structure and function in certain instances were determinants of disease control and enhanced plant performance. For instance, in strawberry field soils, increased strawberry yields in response to ASD were attained in a carbon-source input-dependent manner. ASD conducted with rice bran as the carbon input, but not molasses, resulted in significantly greater yields. Effective ASD treatments, but not ineffective treatments, resulted in increased abundance of bacteria in phylum Bacteroidetes in treated soils, specific genera of which are known to provide biological disease control. Brassica seed meal amendment resulted in development of a soil system suppressive towards disease incited by the root pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina. Brassica seed meal treated orchard soil systems exhibit resistance to re-infestation by soil-borne pathogens, including the plant parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. System resistance is associated with significant and prolonged changes in rhizosphere microbiology and specifically amplification of specific organisms with potential to parasitize P. penetrans.  相似文献   

4.
ABSTRACT

Since 1997, our IFAPA working group has developed a series of projects to evaluate new chemical and non-chemical soil disinfestation practices. During 2013–14 non-chemical (biological) alternatives have been tested with the objective of improving the biosolarization techniques, using different carbon sources and doses of organic biofumigant products under different types of plastic tarp. Throughout the growing season, the greatest production for cv. Florida Fortuna (52,672 kg/ha, by the end of May) was obtained with biosolarization using dried olive pomace (12,500 kg/ha) and virtually impermeable film; whereas biosolarization with chicken manure at 25,000 kg/ha had the lowest fruit production (42,517 kg/ha) among biosolarization treatments. Biosolarization treatments significantly reduced soil populations of M. phaseolina and Fusarium spp., and effectively suppressed nematode infestation.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

In the mild winter regions strawberries are the most important crop of the small fruits. Strawberry production systems rely on the ‘winter’ planting system developed in California for early production and predominantly on California cultivars with plants set at high densities. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of strawberry growth and development in the mild winter regions based on a review of the literature and on research studies carried out in southwestern Portugal.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT

Composts can have beneficial effects on strawberry production and these benefits can be dependent on the type of compost used. Four commercial composts were evaluated: cow manure, spent mushroom, yard trimmings, and vermicompost. The nutrient composition, abundance of fungi and bacteria, and microbial activity were determined. Five field trials assessed effects on plant growth, root development, soil microbial activity, nutrient availability, and yield during one growing season. Manure and mushroom compost significantly increased soil electrical conductivity levels to 9.9 ± 1.7 dS/m and 7.3 ± 0.8 dS/m, respectively. Manure, yard trimmings, and mushroom composts shifted soil pH toward optimal levels for up to 7 months. Mushroom compost had the greatest effect on soil nitrate, which was up to 32 mg/kg of soil higher than non-amended soil. Significant effects on yield were more likely to occur where environmental conditions and management practices were less than optimal or compost was not routinely added. Several factors important to plant production were significantly affected by compost: soil salinity, plant establishment, soil nitrate, production curves, soil microbial activity, and soil pH.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

Strawberry production in Belgium has evolved from being a June-harvested crop grown in soil to a year-round crop grown in multiple production systems, as a result of the development of new cultivars and production techniques. Strawberry cultivation used to be one aspect of diverse family enterprises, but now strawberry farms are specialized. In the beginning, strawberries were only harvested in June. Covering the crop with plastic tunnels allowed the harvest to advance to May. Subsequently, an important innovation was the use of cold-stored plants in year-round plantings, which also allowed later production. This evolution in combination with the development of various cultivation systems using peat substrates (including table-tops, plastic greenhouses, and glasshouses) resulted in a strawberry production period from March until December–January. Recently, interest in assimilation lighting in glasshouses has increased. At first, this allowed advanced production in February, but now even winter production is possible, resulting in fresh Belgian strawberries 365 days a year.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Cold storage has not only been a good method to overwinter strawberry plants safely and to compensate for the lack of natural chilling. Initially cold stored plants were used for early spring cropping only. Meanwhile this technique has become a normal commercial practice among growers in central Europe and has given them the opportunity to extend the strawberry production season from July until January. Cold stored waiting bed plants have been used since the early seventies in The Netherlands and Belgium and currently represent an important part of strawberry production. These sixty-day-plants are planted mainly outdoors in the soil for a production from July until September. More recently waiting bed plants have gained popularity in the UK, Germany and northern Italy to extend the season. Alternatively in France and Germany cold stored runner (A+) plants are traditionally being used for a summer production outdoors followed by a spring crop. During the last decade module or tray plants have gained popularity for autumn cropping on substrate culture in plastic tunnels and greenhouses. During the most recent years the programmed “out of season” production of strawberries has become more important in several European countries. Intensive research has been going on concerning the improvement of the growing techniques and quality of plant material and cold Storage conditions.  相似文献   

9.
针对草莓连作土壤灭菌后与正茬相比草莓植株根系生长受到抑制,研究了连作土壤灭菌与施用不同种类肥料对草莓幼苗（移栽60 d后）根系分泌酚酸及土壤相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：连作土壤灭菌与施用有机肥料处理显著提高了草莓植株根际土壤中酚酸的含量,其中施用蚯蚓粪（经蚯蚓食用处理的牛粪）的增幅显著低于施用牛粪。土壤灭菌处理后施加不同肥料,土壤多酚氧化酶活性均能较快恢复;有机肥较无机肥能显著促进过氧化氢酶活性的恢复;蚯蚓粪较牛粪和无机肥能显著促进土壤脲酶活性的提高;土壤蔗糖酶受土壤灭菌影响显著降低且施加不同肥料对其没有显著地影响。综上所述,对于草莓连作土壤,无论灭菌与否,施用蚯蚓粪较牛粪能减轻连作障碍中的酚酸化感效应,促进脲酶等土壤相关酶活性提高,是缓解连作障碍及连作土壤灭菌对草莓植株生长发育影响的有效措施。  相似文献   

10.
金晓艳  郑险峰  张明科 《蔬菜》2020,(10):27-33
为实现无公害蔬菜生产和蔬菜种植业的可持续发展,总结了我国蔬菜农田的农药、农膜、化肥等有机物污染情况,介绍了土壤物理修复技术(热脱附技术和土壤蒸汽浸提技术)、土壤化学修复技术(土壤淋洗技术、氧化-还原技术、光催化降解技术)、土壤生物修复技术(植物、动物和微生物修复技术)及土壤联合修复技术;其中,物理修复技术见效快且处理效果较好,但其成本高昂,不适合用于修复大面积污染的土地;化学修复技术操作较为简单且可以处理更深层的土壤,但化学修复只适于修复小面积土壤且容易破坏土壤;而生物修复具有成本低、绿色无污染等优势,但需解决耗时长、修复效率低等问题;因此,增加有机污染物生物有效性、提高修复效率、缩短修复周期成为土壤修复的研究热点。未来,要研究出多种土壤修复技术,并开发适用范围广且经济高效的配套栽培技术,而生物炭作为土壤改良剂,可改善土壤环境、修复污染土壤,将成为农业和环境保护领域的研究热点之一。  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

The emergence of Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, as a problem for strawberry production in California has been associated with delivery of fumigants to beds through drip-lines rather than flat-fumigation of an entire field. Our research shows that bed fumigation fails to eliminate propagules of the Fusarium wilt pathogen, which remain particularly abundant in bed shoulders at a depth of 30 cm. Controlled environment studies confirmed that inoculum at this depth could cause disease. Screening of currently grown strawberry cultivars documented a wide range of susceptibilities to Fusarium wilt, with some being highly resistant.  相似文献   

12.
太阳能土壤消毒在草莓保护地栽培中的应用效果   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
采用小区间比试验法,进行了太阳能土壤消毒在草莓保护地栽培生产中的应用效果研究。结果表明:太阳能土壤消毒技术可有效防治草莓土传病害以及虫草危害,提高草莓生产的质量和产量,增产达30%左右,该方法适宜在草莓保护地栽培生产中应用推广。  相似文献   

13.
日光温室草莓基质栽培与有土栽培比较试验   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
对日光温室草莓基质栽培追施有机固态肥、液态肥的栽培效果进行研究,调查了该栽培方式下'甜查理'草莓的营养生长情况和果实品质,并与采用相同施肥措施的有土栽培植株进行了比较.结果表明:基质栽培草莓的植株生长势与有土栽培的基本一致,果实可溶性固形物、钙、铁含量及糖酸比有所提高,而果实平均单果重、果实还原糖、总酸、蛋白质、Vc、钾的含量略有下降,但与有土栽培的果实差异不大.该基质栽培方式管理简便,效果较好,可以作为防治草莓重茬的有效措施进行进一步的研究利用.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

The impact of methyl bromide (MB) phase-out on important fruit and nursery industries in the EU (2005/2008) has been significant. Under EU Regulation 1107/2009, MB fumigant alternatives 1,3-dichloropropene and chloropicrin were also phased out (in 2010 and 2013, respectively) while dazomet, metam sodium, and potassium were re-approved with crucial restrictions of rates and years of application. However, currently an EU Member State may authorize use of these phased-out fumigants for 120 days/year. This exemption has been used for strawberry (fruit and nursery production) and other crops in Spain, Italy, Belgium, France, UK, Cyprus, Malta, and Greece in recent years. To provide an update of the current situation, a comprehensive survey of 41 European and other industries has been completed. Most of them use crop rotation as the main pest management solution. Non-chemical solutions, in particular soilless cultivation, are important in the UK, Ireland, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium. Chemical fumigation is still important in Spain, Italy, Morocco, Turkey, France, and Belgium.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

This paper focuses on the cropping systems in northern European countries such as Norway and Finland. Winter injury commonly occurs in strawberry fields in northern climates and inadequate snow cover further aggravates the problem. During the last decade there has been an increase in programmed “out-of-season” strawberry production. Greenhouse producers aim for year-round production, whereas those using polyethylene tunnels extend the main production season to include May/June and September/October. The dominant strawberry cultivars in Nordic countries are ‘Senga Sengana’ for the processing industry and the Dutch cultivar ‘Korona’ is preferred for direct fresh market consumption due to its good flavor and high yields. Recently, ‘Honeoye’ has gained considerable interest among Danish and Swedish growers due to its high productivity and its relatively low susceptibility to grey mold. In Finland, the Norwegian cultivar ‘Jonsok’ is one of the most popular cultivars due to its high tolerance to winter injury and grey mold.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

Macrophomina crown and root rot has become a significant soil-borne disease issue in California. For many locations in the state, the disease is associated with fields that are no longer pre-plant, flat field fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin. Inoculation experiments indicated that some differences in strawberry cultivar susceptibility to Macrophomina phaseolina were seen a short time after the inoculation, but as disease progressed such differences did not persist. Preliminary characterization studies of Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from strawberry indicated that such isolates may have a host preference for strawberry. Macrophomina phaseolina isolates from watermelon, thyme, and apple failed to cause disease in strawberry. Five cover crop species, which can be rotated with strawberry, did not develop disease when inoculated with strawberry isolates. In preliminary analysis using simple sequence repeat markers, isolates obtained from strawberry formed a separate group compared to isolates recovered from other known Macrophomina phaseolina hosts.  相似文献   

17.
Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal strawberry plants, var. Cambridge Favourite, were grown in a soil low in available phosphorus as well as in the same soil dressed with KH2PO4. The soil was autoclaved and mycorrhizal plants were produced by inoculating young runner plants with sporo- carps of an Endogone sp. capable of producing vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in strawberry. Leachings of sporocarps were also added to the non-inoculated plants.

In the P-deficient soil, the mycorrhizal plants absorbed significantly more P and gave significantly higher dry matter production than the nonmycorrhizal plants. The latter showed acute phosphorus deficiency symptoms. There were no differences in the P uptake and the growth of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants in the phosphate-enriched soil.  相似文献   

18.
本着“生态优先，绿色发展”的发展战略，以改善土壤环境、缓解设施土壤连作障碍发生为目的，集成了增施有机肥、土壤熏蒸消毒、补充有益微生物菌肥、绿色防控等关键技术，并在呼和浩特市新城区、赛罕区、玉泉区3个草莓生产区进行成果转化，建立10个核心示范区，核心示范7.3 hm2，辐射333.3 hm2，实现667 m2增产10%～18%，增收6 000～10 500元，缓解了草莓常年连作引起的土壤环境恶化、病虫害加重、产量下降、品质下降等问题，促进了草莓产业健康、绿色、高品质发展和设施土壤的可持续利用。  相似文献   

19.
盆栽条件下,对添加杂草后土壤指标和草莓植株相关指标进行研究.结果表明：随着杂草施入量的增加,改善了土壤理化性质,增加了土壤养分含量,进而促进了草莓植株的生长发育,提高了草莓叶片光合速率和根系活力,逐渐增加了植株的干物质含量.添加4%比例（重量比）的杂草后草莓植株的各项指标均最佳,在草莓生产中值得参考.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Strawberry transplants in California are planted through narrow holes in raised beds covered with polyethylene mulch. They are irrigated with overhead sprinklers for the first five weeks to leach salts and maintain plant turgidity; most of this sprinkler-applied water runs off the plastic without reaching the plants. At three coastal locations, we compared grower controlled drip irrigation with doubled number of tapes to sprinkler irrigation immediately after planting. Root zone EC and moisture levels were similar in both irrigation systems. Depending on the location, water use was reduced 24 to 78% in drip-only plots compared to sprinkler and runoff was nearly eliminated. Plants in drip-only plots were similar in size and root biomass to those established with sprinkler irrigation. Early yields were similar in the two irrigation systems. Thus, use of the increased number of drip tapes conserves water during strawberry establishment without negative effects on plant performance.  相似文献   

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