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1.
Pollution is a subject of worldwide concern and discussion and various areas of science are seeking to integrate their knowledge in an attempt to improve understanding of the harmful effects of modern human activities. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess the potential for using the horse as a bio-indicator of environmental pollution. Blood and serum samples from 120 horses from locations with different degrees of urbanization and industrialization and the feeds used for these animals were analyzed to determine their heavy metal (Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn) content. The data obtained were compared. The results did not show increases in heavy metal concentration in the blood and serum of the horses with the intensification of urbanization and industrialization around the farms. Only Cd, as determined in the blood of the animals, showed a certain potential for using horses as bio-indicators of environmental pollution. The data for sex, age, and chemical composition of the foodstuffs supplied to the animals were not determinants in explaining the variation in the concentrations of heavy metals observed.  相似文献   

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A 19-month-old Standardbred colt was donated to the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine with a suspicion of intersexuality. The anal−genital distance and penis were normal, and there was no evidence of intersexuality, but the colt was bilaterally cryptorchid. Several aspects of the colt's behavior appeared unusual, including general temperament and behavior described as sympathetically dull and affable. With herd mates, the colt appeared slow to perceive or to learn the usual intraspecies social cues. An atypical gait characterized by intermittent unnatural shuffle of the hind limbs, sliding them along in short rhythmic strides for 3 to 10 seconds at a time was noted at times when a horse might normally transition from a slow walk to a fast walk or a slow trot. Occasionally the colt exhibited slight protrusion of the tongue through the teeth and lips with jaw movements and smacking of the tongue against the teeth as if struggling to retract the tongue to the normal position. Evaluation of the karyotype combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed an abnormal male karyotype showing trisomy of chromosome 27 (65, XY + 27). The colt was euthanized at 24 months of age, and a necropsy revealed no significant abnormalities. This case of trisomy was not associated with developmental abnormalities described in other rare reports of trisomy in horses; however, some features were strikingly similar to that of humans with trisomy 21. FISH was demonstrated to be an excellent method for correct identification of equine chromosomes.  相似文献   

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Changes in appetite, body mass (BM), body condition score (BCS), direct (ultrasonographic) and indirect (deuterium oxide dilution technique) measures of body fat were monitored in Welsh Mountain pony mares (n = 11, 5–19 years of age) offered ad libitum access to a complete diet (gross energy 16.9 ± 0.07 MJ/kg dry matter) for 12 weeks during summer (n = 6; 246 ± 20 kg) and winter (n = 5; 219 ± 21 kg). At the outset, each group comprised two thin (BCS 1–3/9), moderate (BCS 4–6/9) and obese (BCS 7–9/9) animals.For ponies that were non-obese at the outset, BM was gained more rapidly (P = 0.001) in summer (0.8 ± 0.1 kg/day) than winter (0.6 ± 0.0 kg/day). This was associated with a seasonal increase in dry matter intake (DMI) which became maximal (summer, 4.6 ± 0.3% BM as DMI/day; winter, 3.5 ± 0.1% BM as DMI/day) during the second month. The appetite of the obese ponies was half that reported for non-obese animals in the summer and BM remained constant irrespective of season.Body ‘fatness’ increased progressively for non-obese but not obese ponies. Body fat content was exponentially associated with increasing BCS but BCSs >6 were not useful indicators of actual body fat. Endogenous circannual mechanisms to suppress winter weight gain were insufficient to prevent the development of obesity in ad libitum fed ponies.  相似文献   

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BACKGROUND: Sepsis is an important cause for neonatal foal mortality. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) responses to sepsis are well documented in critically ill humans, but limited data exist in foals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the HPAA response to sepsis in foals, and to associate these endocrine changes with survival. HYPOTHESIS: Blood concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), and cortisol will be higher in septic foals as compared with sick nonseptic and healthy foals. The magnitude of increase in hormone concentration will be negatively associated with survival. ANIMALS: Fifty-one septic, 29 sick nonseptic, and 31 healthy foals of < or =7 days of age were included. METHODS: Blood was collected at admission for analysis. Foals with positive blood culture or sepsis score > or =14 were considered septic. Foals admitted with disease other than sepsis and healthy foals were used as controls. AVP, ACTH, and cortisol concentrations were measured using validated immunoassays. RESULTS: AVP, ACTH, and cortisol concentrations were increased in septic foals. Septic nonsurvivor foals (n = 26/51) had higher plasma ACTH and AVP concentrations than did survivors (n = 25/51). Some septic foals had normal or low cortisol concentrations despite increased ACTH, suggesting relative adrenal insufficiency. AVP, ACTH, and cortisol concentrations were higher in sick nonseptic foals compared with healthy foals. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Increased plasma AVP and ACTH concentrations in septic foals were associated with mortality. Several septic foals had increased AVP : ACTH and ACTH : cortisol ratios, which indicates relative adenohypophyseal and adrenal insufficiency.  相似文献   

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A nine-year-old gelding quarter horse, whose discipline is barrel racing, was experiencing difficulty performing tight turns around the barrels for 8 months prior to treatment. He demonstrated tail swishing as if aggravated when under the saddle, which would escalate to bucking for 3 weeks prior to treatment. This gelding had no previous history of bucking under the saddle. Static and motion palpation findings indicated multiple segmental joint fixations located throughout the spine and extremities. High-velocity low-amplitude adjustments were performed to address the joint fixations found during examination. A comparison of pre and post-treatment thermographic images showed a temperature change indicative of autonomic nervous system improvement caused by joint manipulation. A follow-up at two weeks revealed subjective long term improvements. Subjective, objective, and thermographic evidence indicated that segmental joint dysfunction was causing increased nociception and autonomic dysregulation, most notably over the sacroiliac joints, lateral front left cannon bone and right carpus. Previous research has indicated causative effects of joint manipulation on the autonomic nervous system and nociceptive processes. This case shows the positive thermographic effects post-adjustment on the nervous system, and a two week follow-up indicated that the gelding no longer showed signs or symptoms of pain. This case demonstrates how joint manipulation can affect the autonomic and nociceptive nervous systems in the equine patient.  相似文献   

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A vaccine against Sarcocystis neurona, which induces equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), has received conditional licensure in the United States. A major concern is whether the immunoglobulin G (IgG) response elicited by the vaccine will compromise the use of Western blotting (WB) as a diagnostic tool in vaccinated horses with neurologic disease. Our goals were to determine if vaccination (1) causes seroconversion: (2) causes at least a transient increase in S neurona-specific IgG in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); and (3) induces an IgG response that can be differentiated from that induced by natural exposure. Horses included in the study (n = 29) were older than 6 months with no evidence of neurologic disease. The presence or absence of anti-S neurona antibodies in the serum of each horse was determined by WB analysis. Seropositive horses had CSF collected and submitted for cytology, CSF index, and WB analysis. The vaccine was administered to all the horses and boostered 3-4 weeks later. On day 14 after the 2nd administration, serum and CSF were collected and analyzed. Eighty-nine percent (8 of 9) of the initial seronegative horses seroconverted after vaccination, of which 57% (4 of 7) had anti-S neurona IgG in their CSE Eighty percent (16 of 20) of the seropositive horses had an increase in serum S neurona IgG after vaccination. Of the 6 of 20 horses that were initially seropositive/CSF negative, 2 were borderline positive for anti-S neurona IgG in the CSF, 2 tested positive, and 2 were excluded because the CSF sample had been contaminated by blood. There were no WB banding patterns that distinguished samples from horses that seroconverted due to vaccination versus natural exposure. Caution must be used in interpreting WB analysis from neurologic horses that have been recently vaccinated for EPM.  相似文献   

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Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) remains an important neurologic disease of horses. There are no pathognomonic clinical signs for the disease. Affected horses can have focal or multifocal central nervous system (CNS) disease. EPM can be difficult to diagnose antemortem. It is caused by either of 2 parasites, Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi, with much less known about N. hughesi. Although risk factors such as transport stress and breed and age correlations have been identified, biologic factors such as genetic predispositions of individual animals, and parasite‐specific factors such as strain differences in virulence, remain largely undetermined. This consensus statement update presents current published knowledge of the parasite biology, host immune response, disease pathogenesis, epidemiology, and risk factors. Importantly, the statement provides recommendations for EPM diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.  相似文献   

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This study was performed to estimate the prevalence of gastric ulcers in Standardbred racehorses, to describe the lesion score and location, and to identify potential risk factors. Two hundred seventy-five (275) Standardbred horses from 5 training centers and 2 racetracks in Quebec, Canada, were studied. Historical data for the 2 months before examination were recorded for each horse, and the presence of gastric ulcers was determined by gastroscopy. A previously reported scoring system that used grades 0-3 for gastric lesions was used. Overall, 121 horses (44.0%; 95% CI, 38.1-50.1%) had gastric ulcers. The prevalence of gastric ulcers was significantly higher (P < .0001) in actively racing horses (63.3%; 95% CI, 54.7-71.2%) than in horses at rest. Multivariate analysis defined that horses in racing (OR = 9.29; 95% CI, 3.55-24.3) were significantly more likely to have gastric ulcers than horses at rest and that trotters (OR = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.28-3.86) were more likely to have gastric ulcers than pacers. The number of lesion sites (P < .0001) and poor body condition (P < .0001) were significantly associated with lesion scores. Gastric ulcers are highly prevalent in Standardbred racehorses. Furthermore, actively racing horses and trotters are more likely to have gastric ulcers. Also, poor body condition in Standardbred racehorses may be an indication that gastric ulcers are present and that lesion scores are high. The cause-and-effect relationship between poor body condition and the presence of gastric ulcers is unclear.  相似文献   

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The Michigan equine monitoring system (MEMS) was designed and implemented in the State of Michigan, starting in 1991. The program was designed systematically to track the State's equine population, its health, and its economic implications to the equine industry. The MEMS was designed as a two-phase program. Phase I (the population and economic survey; the subject of this paper) was designed to provide new and statistically valid information describing the size, composition, location and economic characteristics of the Michigan equine industry. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect data via mail, telephone and personal interviews.

Of the 3000 randomly selected list-frame samples, 2800 (93%) participated. However, 650 of these had no equids. There were 129932 equids reported compared with 160000 in 1984. The American Quarter Horse, Standardbred and Arabian breeds were the most numerous. Detailed results, including the size of equine operations/herds, uses, geographical distribution and the financial structure of the industry, are presented. A detailed account of the strategies used in designing and implementing the system is provided.  相似文献   


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This study determined the seroprevalence of fasciolosis in equines (n = 140) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Blood samples were collected from different locations of the Black Sea Region of Turkey. The overall seroprevalence of fasciolosis in equines was 19.3%: 18% of horses (15), 22.6% of donkeys (7), and 19.2% of mules (5). The seroprevalence rates across provinces were as follows: 25% (5/20) in Samsun, 21.9% (7/32) in Tokat, 31.4% (11/35) in Amasya, 7.4% (2/27) in Ordu, and 7.7% (2/26) in Sinop. Three protein bands with molecular weights of 13, 30-40, and 40-65 kDa were determined in antigen clusters in sera from Fasciola spp-infected equine animals.  相似文献   

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Equine respiratory viral infections cause significant worldwide disease and economic loss. Common causes include equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpesviruses-1 and -4 (EHV-1 and -4), and risk of exposure to these agents may be highest in young horses commingling at sales and competitive events. A surveillance study was conducted at two horse shows and two Thoroughbred sales to determine whether horses shed EHV-1, EHV-4, or EIV on arrival, or 2-4 days later, and whether shedding was associated with identifiable risk factors. Real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to detect EHV-1, EHV-4, and EIV nucleic acid in nasal swabs obtained from 369 horses at the four events. In response to evidence of clinical disease, 82 additional horses were sampled at two farms providing horses for one of the sales. On arrival at the events, shedding of EHV-1 was detected in 3.3%, EHV-4 in 1.1%, and EIV in 0.8% of horses. EHV-1 was detected at low levels, and EHV-1 and EHV-4 detection was not associated with clinical disease. EIV was detected only in horses at a Thoroughbred sale, in association with an outbreak of respiratory disease traced back to regional farms. On arrival at events, horses younger than 2 years had a significantly greater risk of shedding EHV-1 compared with older horses; no other significant risk factors associated with viral shedding were identified. Thus, there is a risk of exposure to EIV, EHV-1, and EHV-4 at equine events, and horses and events should be managed to mitigate this risk.  相似文献   

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This study is “aimed” to evaluate and compare the efficacy of flunixin meglumine (FM), firocoxib (FX), and meloxicam (MX) after castration of horses. Thirty horses were submitted to open castration and divided into three groups (n = 10) depending on the anti-inflammatory drug administered: group I (GI) (FM, 1.1 mg kg1, IV, once a day [SID], 5 days); group II (GII) (FX, 0.1 mg kg1, IV, SID, 5 days), and group III (GIII) (MX, 0.6 mg kg1, IV, SID, 5 days). Clinical, behavioral, and hematological parameters and the peritoneal fluid (PF) were evaluated before (day [D] 0) and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days afterward. In the postoperative, scores of limb rigidity and prepuce edema of animals of GII and GIII were greater than those of GI. Tachycardia was observed in the horses of GII and GIII and hyperthermia in GIII. An increase in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes without exceeding the reference values and hyperfibrinogenemia was observed in the animals of GI (D7), GII (D1-D7), and GIII (D7). There was reduction in serum protein after castration, together with an increase of this in the PF of the animals of the three groups. The PF on D0 was straw yellow and limpid, became reddish and cloudy on D1, and then gradually moved toward its normal color on the ensuing days, but without returning to normal on D7 in any of the groups. The results showed that castration triggers significant clinical and laboratory changes and that FM, FX, and MX are equally effective in controlling pain and inflammation in horses after castration; however, FM was more advantageous.  相似文献   

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