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1.
Bo J. M. Secher Lise N. Jrgensen N. S. Murali Peter S. Boll 《Pest management science》1995,45(2):195-199
The decision in 1986, on an action plan to reduce pesticide use in Denmark by 50% led to increased research on the potential of reducing dosages. A decision support system (PC-Plant Protection), developed by The Danish Institute for Plant and Soil Science, implements this research. It combines a detailed use of threshold values to support decisions on treatment need, choice of pesticides and the appropriate dosage for actual problems in cereals. The pest and disease module within the system has been available commercially since 1993 and up to the end of April 1995, 2000 licences have been issued for its use at agricultural schools and by advisers and farmers. The recommendation model for pest and disease control has been validated in field trials since 1990. The validation has shown that the model is able to provide recommendations for the control of pests and diseases to a satisfactory level, without affecting farmers' gross margins. The model was able to adjust pesticide use to large yearly variations and the average amount of pesticides in the plots treated according to the model was well below that in the reference plots and in the commonly used strategies in Denmark. 相似文献
2.
From the year 2000 on, different steps have been taken to study the real extent of pesticide use in Germany. For this paper, the data of farms in North East Germany were examined for the chemical plant protection measures carried out between 2000 and 2004. Results are presented for 97 winter wheat fields and 68 fields of oil seed rape. Pesticide use intensity is described as frequency of use, number of pesticides used, and treatment frequency index. Number and composition of tank mixtures are given in detail. More over it can be shown that the use of reduced dosages contributes to smaller overall pesticide use intensity. 相似文献
3.
赤峰市生态系统服务价值变化研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
研究土地利用格局变化引起的区域生态系统服务价值的改变,可定量评价土地利用活动对区域生态环境的影响。基于1995、2000、2003年的土地利用数据,应用谢高地等人制定的中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,估算了地处农牧交错区的赤峰市土地利用格局变化引起的生态系统服务价值的改变。结果表明:1995~2000年间,赤峰市耕地增加5.04%,林地减少2.44%,草地减少1.32%,水域减少0.74%,城乡工矿及未利用地减少0.74%;其生态系统服务价值由782.88亿元减至778.49亿元,净减少值为4.39亿元,减幅为0.56%;2000~2003年间,赤峰市土地利用类型动态度变化为耕地-17.71,林地31.56,草地2.95,水域-27.71,城乡及未利用地3.29,其生态价值由778.49亿元增至849.75亿元。表明前5年间毁林垦草播耕等不合理土地利用现象仍存在,至使生态系统服务功能下降;后3年土地利用格局的合理化,大面积的退耕还林,植树造林是生态服务价值增加的主要原因。 相似文献
4.
SWATCATCH is a distributed model combined with databases within a GIS as the POPPIE system to predict pesticide concentrations in rivers at the catchment outlet. The model was evaluated against a dataset of pesticide concentrations in rivers of England and Wales. More than 2000 individual analyses in each of the years 1995 and 1997 covered approximately 150 catchment-pesticide combinations drawn from 29 catchments and 16 pesticides, themselves selected to represent a range of characteristics and properties. SWATCATCH was better able to simulate maximum pesticide concentrations at any time during the year than the proportion of samples containing residues of a particular pesticide above the limit of quantification. The model simulated maximum pesticide concentrations in surface waters which were within a factor of 10 of those observed for 66-74% of catchment-pesticide-year combinations. Simulated and observed frequency of detection could not be differentiated using a Chi 2 test for 54-67% of simulations. Time series analysis for seven of the 29 catchment-pesticide combinations indicated that measured and detected series of concentrations generally followed similar patterns. The evaluation supports the intended use of the model in assisting the construction of pesticide monitoring programmes. 相似文献
5.
Stephen Jess Steven Kildea Aidan Moody Gordon Rennick Archie K Murchie Louise R Cooke 《Pest management science》2014,70(11):1646-1654
European Community (EC) legislation has limited the availability of pesticide active substances used in effective plant protection products. The Pesticide Authorisation Directive 91/414/EEC introduced the principle of risk assessment for approval of pesticide active substances. This principle was modified by the introduction of Regulation (EC) 1107/2009, which applies hazard, the intrinsic toxicity of the active substance, rather than risk, the potential for hazard to occur, as the approval criterion. Potential impacts of EC pesticide legislation on agriculture in Ireland are summarised. While these will significantly impact on pesticide availability in the medium to long term, regulations associated with water quality (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC and Drinking Water Directive 1998/83/EC) have the potential to restrict pesticide use more immediately, as concerns regarding public health and economic costs associated with removing pesticides from water increase. This rationale will further reduce the availability of effective pesticide active substances, directly affecting crop protection and increasing pesticide resistance within pest and disease populations. In addition, water quality requirements may also impact on important active substances used in plant protection in Ireland. The future challenge for agriculture in Ireland is to sustain production and profitability using reduced pesticide inputs within a framework of integrated pest management. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
6.
In a field experiment aimed at the management of pests, diseases and weeds in tomato agroecosystems using a recommended range
of pesticide applications compared with lower chemical input systems, the economics of pesticide use on processing tomatoes
in Ohio, USA, was evaluated in 1994 and 1995. The pesticide regimes used included: (i) full-spectrum recommended pesticide
use, based on a comprehensive pesticide application schedule including insecticides (carbaryl, endosulfan and esfenvalerate),
a fungicide (chlorothalonil) and herbicides (trifluralin and paraquat); (ii) insecticides only, based on applications of the
same insecticides and doses used in (i); (iii) fungicides and herbicides only, based on applications of the same fungicides
and herbicides used in (i); and (iv) control plots, which received no pesticide applications. All of the costs involved in
applying pesticides (chemicals, machinery, labor) were recorded for all treatments for the economic analysis. Overall, the
fungicide treatments resulted in higher yields than either the control or the insecticides-only regime, and the profits from
the full-spectrum pesticide and fungicide & herbicide regimes were greater than those from the insecticide-only regime and
controls in 1994. The yields and profits from all pesticide regimes were substantially less in 1995 than in 1994.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 17, 2002. 相似文献
7.
A review of pesticide policies and regulations for urban amenity areas in seven European countries 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
P KRISTOFFERSEN A M RASK A C GRUNDY† I FRANZEN‡ C KEMPENAAR§ J RAISIO¶ H SCHROEDER J SPIJKER†† A VERSCHWELE‡‡ & L ZARINA§§ 《Weed Research》2008,48(3):201-214
An analysis of the regulations of herbicide use for weed control in non-agricultural/urban amenity areas, including actual pesticide use, was carried out as a joint survey of seven European countries: Denmark, Finland, Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Sweden and United Kingdom. Herbicides constitute the major part of the pesticides used in urban amenity areas. Herbicide use on hard surfaces is the largest in terms of volume and potential contamination of surface and groundwater. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in political interest and public debate on the 'use of pesticides in public urban amenity areas', regulations within each country at national, regional and local levels, possible use of alternative weed control methods and the amounts of pesticides used on urban amenity areas. A comparative analysis revealed major differences in political interest, regulations and availability of statistics on pesticide use. Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany have, or have had, a strong public and political interest for reducing the use of herbicides to control weeds in urban amenity areas and also have very strict regulations. The UK is currently undergoing a period of increasing awareness and strengthening regulation, while Latvia and Finland do not have specific regulations for weed control in urban amenity areas or on hard surfaces. Statistics on pesticide/herbicide use on urban amenity areas were only available in Denmark and the Netherlands. Developing this kind of information base reveals the differences in herbicide use, regulations and policies in European countries and may enhance the transfer of knowledge on sustainable weed control across countries. 相似文献
8.
The growth of herbicide-resistant canola varieties increased from 10% of the canola area in Canada in 1996, when the technology was first introduced, to 80% in 2000. From 1995 to 2000, the amount of herbicide active ingredient applied per hectare of canola declined by 42.8% and the Environmental Impact (EI) per hectare, calculated using the Environmental Impact Quotient for individual herbicides and the amounts of active ingredients applied, declined 36.8%. The amount of herbicide active ingredient per hectare applied to conventional canola was consistently higher than that applied to herbicide-resistant canola each year between 1996 and 2000. Similarly, the EI of herbicide use per hectare in conventional canola was higher than that of herbicide-resistant canola during the same time period. Since 1996, herbicide use has shifted from broadcast applications of soil-active herbicides to post-emergence applications of herbicides with broad-spectrum foliar activity. The decline in herbicide use and EI since the introduction of herbicide-resistant varieties was due to increased use of chemicals with lower application rates, a reduced number of applications and a decreased need for herbicide combinations. 相似文献
9.
为了绿色防控桃园梨小食心虫的为害,进行了性信息素迷向技术防效实验。连片100×667m2以上的桃园,平均亩悬挂梨小食心虫迷向丝60枚,迷向丝对梨小食心虫各代成虫的迷向率可达96%以上,且持效期在4个月以上,对各代折梢防效在94%以上,蛀果防效在96%以上,全年用药次数减少4~7次。结果表明,该技术对桃树整个生育期梨小食心虫的为害具有良好的控制作用,可有效减少农药防治次数和用药量,值得大面积推广应用。 相似文献
10.
The development of food surveys for levels of pesticide residues, toxic metals and polychlorobiphenyls and related compounds is outlined. The role of the surveys in monitoring the effect on the levels of compounds in specific foods following changes in pesticide usage is explained. Studies over 8 years on levels in the total diet show they are well below the acceptable daily intakes recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organisation/World Health Organisation for organchlorine and other pesticides. During this period the levels found have in general declined. 相似文献
11.
The total value of agricultural production in the Ukraine amounts to $30 billion, equivalent to 30% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The annual cost of pesticide inputs is estimated to be $200–225 million. Herbicides and insecticides account for approximately 50% and 30% of pesticide use, respectively. The government has introduced a National Programme for the development of agricultural production over the next five to eight years. The programme envisages an expansion in agricultural production and pesticide use and a continuation of the move towards a free‐market economy. Improvements in crop yield and quality will benefit both the individual grower and the national economy. In the transition to the free‐market economy, growers require a clear understanding of present pesticide technology and crop production systems. A major change of attitude is required by all those people involved in providing and using pesticides to ensure that they are used both economically and safely. To address this issue, a Regional Academic Programme (REAP), involving Writtle College and Bila Tserkva State Agrarian University, has been initiated. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
12.
太原市蔬菜有机磷农药残留抽样调查 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
通过对太原市4个蔬菜批发及零售市场6个品种共179个样品抽样检测，共查出含有机磷农药残留样品37个，检出率20.7%。其中叶菜类油菜、韭菜、生菜、甘菜的检出率分别为20.0%、22.2%、21.7%、36.4%；果菜类中番茄检出率为15.1%、黄瓜未检出，检出的有机磷农药包括对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、甲胺磷、甲拌磷、久效磷、马拉硫磷和乐果等，其中前5种禁止在蔬菜中使用。监测结果表明，太原市蔬菜中农药残留量问题较为严重，加强对蔬菜中农药残留量的监测和治理刻不容缓。 相似文献
13.
Abstract: Field investigations were carried out during 1999 and 2000 to identify effective chemical/ cultural methods of weed control in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp). The treatments comprised pre-emergence applications of oxyfluorfen (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 kg AI ha(-1)) and pendimethalin (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00kg AI ha(-1)), successive hand weeding, hoeing and mulching using spent of lemon grass (at 5 tonnes ha(-1)) 45 days after planting (DAP), three hand-weedings 30, 60 and 90 DAP, weed-free (frequent manual weeding) and weedy control. Broad-leaf weeds were more predominant than grass and sedge weeds, accounting for 85.8% weed density and 93.0% weed dry weight in 1999 and 77.2% weed density and 93.9% weed dry weight in 2000. Unrestricted weed growth significantly reduced geranium oil yield, by 61.6% and 70.6% in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (0.75-1.00 kgAI ha(-1)) or oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg AI ha(-1)), successive hand-weeding, hoeing and mulching and three hand-weedings were highly effective in reducing weed density and dry weight and gave oil yield comparable to the weed-free check. Application of oxyfluorfen (0.15 or 0.20 kg AI ha(-1)) and pendimethalin (0.50 kg AI ha(-1)) were less effective in controlling the weed species in geranium. None of the herbicides impaired the quality of rose-scented geranium oil measured in terms of citronellol and geraniol content. 相似文献
14.
Stephen Jess Sally L
B Kidd Trevor McCallion David I Matthews 《Pest management science》2000,56(12):995-1004
This is the third survey of control practices for ectoparasites on sheep farms in Northern Ireland, providing data comparative to those recorded in previous surveys in 1981 and 1988. Data relating to all aspects of ectoparasite control were collected from 210 farms representing 4% of the total sheep population. Quantitative data have been adjusted to provide accurate estimates of total pesticide usage. Since the previous survey in 1988, the number of sheep farms in Northern Ireland has increased by 10% to 11 692 with a consequent 39% increase in sheep population to 2.9 million. Despite this level of expansion, the total quantity of organophosphorus compounds used for ectoparasite control has remained approximately constant at 7–8 tonnes. The report considers that compulsory sheep‐dipping, prescribed since 1970 and revoked in 1993, impacted significantly on subsequent ectoparasite control practices and consequent pesticide usage. During 1997, approximately 20% of sheep farmers relied on alternative methods to control ectoparasites, including injectable formulations of avermectins and pour‐on formulations of insect growth regulators and pyrethroids. Dipping formulations containing pyrethroid compounds, which accounted for <1% of treatments in 1988, increased to 9% in 1997. Previously, regulatory sheep‐dipping periods were specified during the autumn months, which tended to increase dipping frequency. The majority of farmers dipping sheep during the summer strictly for blowfly maggot (Diptera: Calliphoridae) control were required to perform additional compulsory sheep‐dipping during the autumn. Withdrawal of compulsory sheep‐dipping has allowed farmers to synchronise dipping practices to control the major ectoparasites of sheep at a single dipping occasion. An estimated 7.5 × 106 litres of surplus dipwash required disposal and there were approximately equal numbers of farmers disposing dipwash immediately after sheep‐dipping or on occasions up to and including subsequent dipping. The decline in the number of farmers who allowed dipwash to run‐off into soakaways or surrounding soil observed in 1988 continued in 1997. The majority of farmers used tractor‐operated pumps to dispose of dipwash into slurry tanks for subsequent disposal onto permanent pasture. © Crown copyright 2000. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
本文以1989年和2000年TM影像为基础,结合部分统计资料,分析了准噶尔盆地西南缘沙湾-石河子-玛纳斯人工绿洲近20年的变化特点。分析结果表明:该研究区人工绿洲面积增加显著,由1989的6077.62km2增至2000年的6995.02km2,且主要增长期为1995年以后,1998-2002年增长尤为明显;绿洲内部存在一定程度的弃荒现象,1989-2000年间有365.29km2农用地被荒弃;绿洲的增长以外延式增长为主,开发原有绿洲内部空地为辅;同时,北部莫索湾绿洲土地盐碱化现象明显。 相似文献
16.
玛曲县土地利用变化分析与预测 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于玛曲县1975-2005年土地利用变更数据,从土地利用结构静态比较与土地利用程度动态变化两方面,定量分析玛曲县土地利用变化状况及主要驱动因子。研究表明:随着玛曲县经济发展、城市化程度的加快,林地、水域面积净减少,草地与建设用地面积净增加,土地利用结构信息熵值总体呈下降趋势,而优势度值总体呈上升趋势, 1975-1995年土地利用程度综合指数增加了0.076 5,而1995-2005年综合指数减少了0.709 2, 说明1975-1995年玛曲县土地利用程度处在区域土地利用的发展期,1995-2005年土地利用程度处在衰退期。根据土地利用熵值多年变化特征,利用GM(1,1)模型预测,2006-2015年土地利用程度处在调整期。 相似文献
17.
科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区降水特点分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
分析了科尔沁沙地西部乌兰敖都地区 2 1年的降水特点和降水趋势。年平均降水量为 31 1 .4mm ,降水集中在 5 - 9月份。夏季占全年降水量的 70 .1 % ,年平均降水日数约 76天。≥ 5 .0mm、≥ 1 0 .0mm的降雨日数全部集中于 3— 1 0月份。历年最长连续降水日数多发生于夏季 ,占 85 %。相对于年平均降水量 31 0mm而言 ,本地正常降水年份占 43%。异常降水年份占 5 7%。最长干旱持续期出现在冬春两季 ,约占 80 %。 2 1年平均降水量波动较大 ,并存在总体下降的趋势 ,可能与 1 999- 2 0 0 2年的年降雨量低于多年平均降雨量有关。 相似文献
18.
M. G. ROOSJEN 《EPPO Bulletin》1992,22(3):323-329
People in The Netherlands have become more and more aware of the fact that current agricultural production practice negatively influences the environment. Therefore, the government (Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries) has initiated a plan to reduce the use of chemicals drastically. This so-called Multi-Year Crop Protection Plan is aiming at the following: reduction of the use of chemicals, quantitatively as well as qualitatively (less dependence on chemical treatments); minimum release to the environment. For protected crops, this plan lays down a pesticide reduction of 50% of current use by 1995 and 65%) by 2000. The plan will be realized mainly by: use of healthy young propagating material (free from harmful organisms, beginning from the country of origin); extension of diagnostic knowledge of the growers; intensification of import inspections, followed by inspection of nurseries after import; separate cultivation of young plant material and crops for consumption; ‘closed-systems’ in glasshouses to prevent release (by keeping crops separated from the ground, probably not in artificial systems, but in soil which has been separated from the ground), and preventing the introduction of insects by using insect screens; in any case. biological control (also in ornamentals). Moreover, the Multi-Year Crop Protection Plan is a challenge to research workers, advisers, inspectors and growers to try to find, in close cooperation, practical and workable solutions. 相似文献
19.
Petros Tsakiris Christos A Damalas Spyridon D Koutroubas 《Pest management science》2023,79(11):4335-4342
BACKGROUND
Farmers' compliance with common safety practices in pesticide use (i.e., keeping records of pesticide applications, reading the information of pesticide labels, and taking protective measures during pesticide handling) and the use of information sources about pesticides were studied in a simple random sample of farmers in Evros Province, northern Greece.RESULTS
According to the three common safety practices considered in the study, most farmers (56.9%) complied with safety practices. Nevertheless, a noticeable proportion of the farmers never kept records of pesticide applications (33.9%), never read the information of pesticide labels (20.2%), and never took protective measures during pesticide handling (24.8%). Farmers reported using up to six different sources of information about pesticides, but the majority (51.4%) reported using up to one source and almost one-third (33.9%) relied on own sources. The most common information source about pesticides was the staff of the agricultural supply stores, used by 88.1% of the farmers. Safety behavior was positively correlated with total sources of information (P < 0.01) and information by the agricultural supply stores (P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that safety behavior was reduced in females, whereas it was increased in farmers with high education, high number of plots, and high level of information sources.CONCLUSION
Despite good levels of safety behavior by most farmers, keeping records of sprayings should be improved. Using multiple information sources about pesticides is crucial to improve safety behavior of farmers. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献20.
Rice pesticide concentrations in surface water along with hydrological balance and water management conditions were investigated in a paddy watershed of about 100 ha at the Sakura river basin in Tsukuba, Japan, for 3 years from April 2002. Monitoring on different hydrological scales ranging from a paddy plot up to a watershed determined the importance of water management associated with rainfall events and the cyclic irrigation for reducing pesticide discharge into aquatic environments. Surface drainage significantly increased as a response to rainfall events greater than about 1.5 cm day(-1). A total of 16 herbicides were detected in the stream water and their peak concentrations mostly occurred from early to mid-May following the pesticide application period. Two water management factors influencing the pesticide runoff from paddy fields were defined: excess water storage capacity (EWSC) and water holding period (WHP). Uncertainty analyses of pesticide discharge from a paddy plot for dymron (daimuron) and imazosulfuron (IMS) were performed using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) with prescribed probability of rainfall and water management practice from observations over a period of 3 years. Application of an intermittent irrigation scheme with shallow water depth practice and high drainage gate to maintain the EWSC > 2 cm and increasing WHP from the current Japanese Agricultural Chemicals Regulation law of 3-4 days to at least 10 days were recommended for reducing the pesticide runoff from paddy fields in a monsoon region such as in Japan. The combination of good water management in field plots and small-scale water cycling is the best management practice for controlling pesticide discharge from paddy watersheds. 相似文献