共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 671 毫秒
1.
不同类型高产小麦品种产量形成特点及其生理特性分析 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
在高产栽培条件下,以多穗型、中穗型、大穗型3种类型9个小麦品种为材料,研究了高产小麦的产量性状及其光合生理特性。结果表明,在关中灌区生产条件下3种类型品种都能获得高产,但中德型和大穗型具有更大的产量潜力;与丰产品种相比,高产品种籽粒灌浆期的叶面积系数(LAI)、旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素(Chl)含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量等几个重要生理指标均表现出明显优势,叶功能期持续期长、净光合速率高而衰减速率慢是高产品种籽粒产量高的重要生理原因。 相似文献
2.
干旱年份播期对旱地冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过田间大区试验研究了干旱年份播期对旱地小麦生长发育、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,9月30日播种,分蘖成穗率高,群体合理,灌浆前中期旗叶叶绿素SPAD相对值最高,上三叶总干物质转移量和总转移率居中,快、缓增期籽粒灌浆持续时间T2和T3最长,灌浆平均速率最高,成穗数最多,千粒重最高,籽粒产量最高,达2 623... 相似文献
3.
以冬小麦陕农981为材料,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了不同时期喷施叶面肥金诺丰对陕农981灌浆期旗叶光合特性、籽粒灌浆特性和产量的影响.结果表明:金诺丰能够提高小麦灌浆期旗叶的光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率,分别较对照提高14.5%和10.7%;增加籽粒干物质的积累量,较对照增加2.6%;产量构成三要素都有不同程度提高,成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重分别平均提高8.0%、7.5%和2.6%.不同时期喷施对产量的影响大小依次是拔节期＞开花期＞灌浆期＞分蘖期＞返青期. 相似文献
4.
旱作条件下转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因水稻籽粒灌浆特性的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
在旱作条件下,对转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因水稻的3个品系(52-7、51-15、51-22)、受体亲本中花8号(ck1)和当地推广的以色列陆稻白珍珠(ck2)的籽粒灌浆特性进行了比较分析。结果表明:5个品种(系)的强、弱势粒灌浆过程均符合Richards模型,强、弱势粒灌浆为异步灌浆型。三个转BADH基因品系与其受体亲本相比,强、弱势粒的灌浆速率提高,活跃灌浆期延长,灌浆高峰期的籽粒重增加;籽粒灌浆中、后期,强势粒的灌浆天数缩短,强、弱势粒的平均灌浆速率提高,且不同粒位籽粒灌浆速率差异减小,最终使不同粒位籽粒大小的差异缩小和粒重增加。最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率和灌浆高峰期的粒重与千粒重存在显著正相关。 相似文献
5.
不同基因型小麦籽粒铁含量的差异及其与农艺性状的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示不同基因型小麦籽粒铁含量差异的机理,采用土培方法,对北方35种不同基因型小麦进行籽粒含铁量筛选,并分析比较其农艺性状的差异以及籽粒铁含量与主要农艺性状的相关性。结果表明:35个不同基因型小麦籽粒铁含量存在明显的基因型差异,变化范围为30.5~43.4 mg/kg(施铁)和22.6~40.9 mg/kg(不施铁)。土施和叶面喷施铁肥有提高小麦籽粒铁含量的趋势。籽粒高铁基因型与低铁基因型之间在产量、生物量及其他农艺性状方面存在一定差异,并与是否施铁有关:施铁时,高铁基因型小麦籽粒产量呈低于低铁基因型的趋势;与此吻合的是,高铁基因型小麦的穗粒数和千粒重也低于低铁基因型,其中千粒重的差异达到显著水平;分蘖数和株高有类似的规律。小麦籽粒铁含量与籽粒产量、茎叶干重、颖壳干重、收获指数和穗粒数均没有明显相关性,而与千粒重呈显著或极显著负相关。小麦籽粒铁累积量与茎叶干重、颖壳干重、穗粒数达到极显著或显著正相关,与穗粒重和千粒重没有明显相关性。 相似文献
6.
胺鲜酯对甜玉米叶片光合特征、籽粒糖分积累和产量的调控效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以甜玉米金玉甜1号为试验材料,于吐丝期叶面喷施胺鲜酯(DTA-6),研究其对甜玉米叶片光合特征、籽粒粒重、糖分积累、光合作用关键酶磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)和核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶(Ru BPCase)及蔗糖代谢相关酶蔗糖磷酸化酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性动态变化的调控效应。结果表明:DTA-6处理显著提高了甜玉米籽粒灌浆期穗位叶叶绿素含量和光合速率,改善了PEPCase和Ru BPCase的活性;DTA-6处理显著促进了籽粒SPS和SS活性表达,处理后12 d籽粒中可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量比对照分别增加了8.4%、8.8%和8.9%;DTA-6处理显著促进了籽粒灌浆速率,提高了穗粒数和粒重,增加了产量,其中鲜穗产量、穗粒数和千粒重比对照分别增加了15.8%、9.6%和11.9%。研究结果证实,DTA-6可以显著改善甜玉米产量和品质形成,为其在甜玉米高产优质栽培中推广应用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
7.
氮用量对不同穗型小麦品种籽粒灌浆及穗部性状的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在不同施氮条件下,对两种穗型冬小麦品种的籽粒灌浆特性及穗部性状进行了研究。结果表明:通过用不同方程对籽粒生长动态进行拟合,Cubic、Quadratic及Logistic方程的R2值均达显著水平,且三种曲线的R2值间差异明显。粒重与灌浆参数W、S、Se、Ws间相关性均达显著水平,通过栽培技术措施调控,稳定提高籽粒灌浆持续期、有效灌浆持续期及有效灌浆持续期的粒重增加值等灌浆参数,对提高粒重具有重要意义。施氮水平对两种穗型品种的千粒重表现出不同的趋势,而对于目标性状产量来说,豫麦49高于豫麦66,且均以施氮225kg/hm2处理产量最高。 相似文献
8.
旱胁迫对啤酒大麦产量及酿造品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在武威黄羊镇啤酒大麦试验基地进行了干旱胁迫对甘啤6号生育期、农艺性状、籽粒产量、原麦品质、酿造品质的影响试验研究。结果表明:干旱胁迫下甘啤6号各生育期均提前,成活率降低,分蘖减少,株高、穗长、单株穗数、单株粒数、单株粒重、单穗粒重、穗粒数均降低;干旱胁迫使甘啤6号成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重均降低,导致产量降低,其中对成穗数影响最大,其次为穗粒数,对千粒重影响最小;干旱胁迫使大麦蛋白质含量升高,千粒重、淀粉含量和筛选率均降低,千粒重降幅尤其明显;干旱胁迫使麦芽糖化时间、糖化力、粘度、β-葡聚糖、微粉浸出率、粗细粉差降低,粗粉浸出率、a-氨基氮、可溶性氮、蛋白质、库值升高。 相似文献
9.
不同生育阶段灌水处理对糜子农艺性状及产量的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在年降雨量不足40 mm的甘肃省敦煌市,以陇糜10号为指示品种,研究了不同生育阶段灌水处理对糜子主要农艺性状及产量的影响,应用灰色关联度法分析了主要农艺性状与产量的相关性。结果表明：水分亏缺延迟糜子成熟,延长了拔节至抽穗阶段的生长发育天数;生育期内任何阶段水分亏缺都降低了糜子株高、千粒重和产量,主穗长缩短,主茎粗变细,抽穗灌浆期水分亏缺极显著地影响单株穗重、单株粒重及单位面积穗数。不同土壤水分条件下,糜子单株粒重、单株穗重、千粒重、株高、主茎粗、主穗长、单位面积穗数都与糜子产量相关性较大。 相似文献
10.
氮素对冬小麦光合物质贮运及籽粒灌浆进程的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用田间试验,以冬小麦西农9814为材料,研究了氮肥对冬小麦光合物质贮运及籽粒灌浆特性的影响.结果表明,适宜的施氮量(276 kg/hm2)提高了冬小麦花期旗叶叶绿素含量及光合速率,延缓了冬小麦旗叶开花后叶绿素降解速率和光合下降速率、提高了冬小麦花前营养器官贮藏物质的运转量和运转率、促进了各营养器官光合同化物向籽粒的运转,增加其占籽粒重的比重、冬小麦籽粒的灌浆速率明显增加;过量施氮(345 kg/hm2)反而降低了冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量和光合速率、抑制了营养器官光合同化物向籽粒的运转,降低了籽粒灌浆速率和产量. 相似文献
11.
为明确水分亏缺对小麦芒和旗叶光合特性及蔗糖、淀粉合成的影响,选用盆栽试验,在小麦灌浆期对盆栽采用正常供水（CK）及水分亏缺（WD）处理,测定旗叶和芒光合参数、相对水分含量、叶绿素含量等生理指标,分析蔗糖和淀粉合成关键酶活性及相关基因表达水平。结果表明,水分亏缺下旗叶净光合速率（Pn）、叶绿素（Chl）含量和相对水分含量（RWC）相比芒显著下降,花后24 d旗叶和芒Pn分别下降了87.7%和14.4%,Chl含量分别下降了54.1%和12.3%,RWC分别下降了13.9%和1.5%;同时,水分亏缺减少了光合碳同化物的产生,花后24 d旗叶和芒中蔗糖含量分别下降了50.1%和18.2%,淀粉含量分别下降了46.4%和18%,表明芒中碳同化物合成受水分亏缺影响较旗叶小。灌浆过程中旗叶和芒中丙二醛（MDA）含量均持续上升,水分亏缺下花后24 d旗叶和芒中MDA含量分别增加了50.8%和14.0%,表明在逆境下芒的抗氧化能力优于旗叶。总之,水分亏缺下芒具有较高的光合效率、保水性以及衰老延迟特性,并且在灌浆中后期仍有较高的蔗糖和淀粉合成能力,从而保障对小麦籽粒产量的光合贡献。 相似文献
12.
Rajaâ Jebbouj Brahim El Yousfi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,125(2):303-315
This paper evaluates, in the greenhouse and under natural conditions, barley yield losses due to defoliation treatments of
the upper three leaves either healthy or infected at the boot stage by Pyrenophora teres f. teres. Defoliation was assumed as a loss of a similar leaf area caused by net blotch disease severity of 100%. Contribution to
grain yield was defined herein as a difference between defoliation treatments and a treatment where plants lost all their
upper three leaves. In contrast, yield losses referred to differences in yield between defoliations and the control. In the
greenhouse, removal of the antepenultimate leaf did not affect any yield component. For main stems, defoliating upper three
leaves reduced grain yield by 30% and this was mainly due to flag leaf removal. These losses were similar to those induced
by net blotch disease under natural conditions, but were of 42% for all tillers. Grain yield losses due to disease severity
were not equivalent to the defoliation effect of a similar healthy leaf area. On the other hand and for a significant contribution
to grain yield, flag leaf was dependent on the presence of the other two leaves. Inoculation and defoliation of 21 cultivars
induced similar grain yield losses of 32%. However, biotic stress reduced by 40% the contribution of their upper three leaves.
Under field conditions, yield losses were not significant until barley plants lost more than one upper leaf and flag leaf
contribution was equivalent to that of the remaining leaves. Characteristic roots, defined as leaf coefficients for plant
performance, were 0.13, 0.06 and 0.01 for the flag, penultimate and antepenultimate leaves, respectively. Because antepenultimate
leaves become trivial at the boot stage, we propose that coefficients of the remaining leaves should be used when modelling
yield losses due to barley foliar diseases. 相似文献
13.
14.
选用15个春小麦品种(系),在冬灌1 800 m3/hm2的基础上,生育期设3次灌水处理(T1:拔节期、开花期、乳熟期)2、次灌水处理(T2:拔节期、开花期)和1次灌水处理(T3:拔节期),每次灌水1 050 m3/hm2,研究了水分对春小麦穗部性状及产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:T2条件下3粒小穗比率、穗粒数、穗粒重、产量和WUE都是最高;T3条件下无效小穗比率最高,而1粒小穗比率、2粒小穗比率、穗粒数、产量和WUE则最低。相关分析表明产量与WUE在三种水分处理条件下都呈极显著正相关,在T3条件下穗粒数与产量和WUE显著负相关,穗粒重与产量和WUE极显著正相关,穗粒数与穗粒重在T1、T2条件下极显著正相关,而在T3条件下不相关。表明适宜灌水提高了3粒小穗比率,进而增加了穗粒数和穗粒重,提高了产量和WUE,而缺水降低1粒和2粒小穗比率,增加了无效小穗比率,减小了籽粒饱满度,进而减小穗粒重,降低产量和WUE。 相似文献
15.
通过田间试验研究了不同氮水平下分阶段采用多效唑及其与6-BA配合对小偃6号和小偃22两小麦品种生长及产量的影响.结果表明,多效唑浸种显著增加了小麦的单株分蘖,拔节初期喷施多效唑明显降低了两品种的株高.不同生长阶段使用生长调节物质均增加了两品种的叶面积和叶片叶绿素SPAD值,尤其以灌浆初期喷施6-BA后对成熟期叶片SPAD值的增加幅度最为突出,表明其具有延缓叶片衰老,延长叶片功能期的效果.采用多效唑及其与6-BA配合进行分阶段化学调控具有明显增产作用,其中多效唑与6-BA相结合处理较清水处理小麦产量提高了601.2 kg/hm2,增产幅度达显著水平;小麦穗粒数和千粒重的增加是其籽粒增产的主要原因.由此可见,在小麦生长的不同阶段采取不同的化控措施,可以有效地调节小麦生长发育,达到提高作物产量的目的. 相似文献
16.
Esteban Hoffman Luis Viega Nicolás Glison Ariel Castro Sylvia Pereyra Carlos Pérez 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2014,139(3):471-480
Barley spot blotch (SB), caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is an important barley disease which causes extensive grain yield losses. These losses may not always correlate directly with the amount of diseased leaf area. Two barley cultivars, Quebracho (susceptible to SB) and Carumbé (with intermediate susceptibility to SB), were compared in field experiments in 2003, 2004 and 2006. Plots of each cultivar were either inoculated with C. sativus or protected with fungicide under field conditions to generate contrasting treatments: i) diseased, and ii) free of disease, respectively. SB severity over the growing season, photosynthetic rate on leaves with no visible symptoms and grain yield were assessed for each treatment and year. There was no treatment effect on cv. Carumbé, while cv. Quebracho showed a significant yield reduction, even though SB severity during the grain filling period was <10 %. This yield reduction was associated with a reduced photosynthetic rate at the beginning of the grain filling period in cv. Quebracho. A similar experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, adding a treatment without inoculum or fungicide. There were no differences in photosynthetic rate or grain yield per plant among treatments. These results suggest a distinct physiological response to SB infection among cultivars affecting leaf photosynthetic rate, and SB severity may not be the best estimator of yield losses caused by SB. 相似文献
17.
Variation in the effects of take-all disease on grain yield and quality of winter cereals in field experiments 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Relationships between take-all intensity and grain yield and quality were determined in field experiments on cereal crops using regression analyses, usually based on single-point disease assessments made during anthesis or grain-filling. Different amounts of take-all were achieved by different methods of applying inoculum artificially (to wheat only) or by using different cropping sequences (in wheat, triticale or barley) or sowing dates (wheat only) in crops with natural inoculum. Regressions of yield or thousand-grain weight on take-all intensity during grain filling were similar to those on accumulated disease (area under the disease progress curve) when these were compared in one of the wheat experiments. Regressions of yield on take-all intensity were more often significant in wheat than in the less susceptible crops, triticale and barley, even when a wide range of disease intensities was present in the latter crops. The regressions usually had most significance when there were plots in the severe disease category. Thousand-grain weight and hectolitre weight usually responded similarly to total grain yield. Decreased yield was often accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of small grains. When severe take-all was present in wheat, regressions showed that nitrogen uptake was usually impaired. This was sometimes accompanied, however, by increased percentage nitrogen in the grain as a consequence of smaller grain size with decreased endosperm. Significant effects of take-all, both positive and negative, on Hagberg falling number in wheat sometimes occurred. Significant regressions of yield on take-all assessed earlier than usual, ie during booting rather than grain-filling in wheat and triticale and during anthesis/grain-filling rather than ripening in barley, had steeper slopes. This is consistent with observations that severe disease that develops early can be particularly damaging, whilst the crops, especially barley, can later express tolerance by producing additional, healthy roots. The regression parameters, including maximum potential yield (y-axis intercept) and the extrapolated maximum yield loss, also varied according to the different growing conditions, including experimental treatments and other husbandry operations. These differences must be considered when assessing the economic potential of a control measure such as fungicidal seed treatment. 相似文献
18.
系统地研究了中华稻蝗发生动态与危害损失。结果表明,中华稻蝗在浙江年发生1代,主要危害早稻和早播单季晚稻。水稻分蘖期接入虫量10～50头/m2,叶被害率为52.61%～78.81%,叶被害指数为14.51～25.00,产量损失率为2.31%～27.42%,孕穗至破口期接入虫量1～17头/m2,叶被害率为56.63%～88.00%,叶被害指数为14.69～31.32,产量损失率为1.28%～32.74%,随着虫口密度增加,危害程度上升,产量损失率加大,两者具有密切相关性,建立了危害损失关系式。水稻叶片受害、光合能力减弱、幼穗分化不良、实粒减少、秕谷增加和粒重下降是导致水稻减产的主要原因。模拟测试表明,随着水稻受害生育期推迟损失增大,且分蘖期危害具有一定的补偿能力。在现有生产条件下,经济允许损失水平为2.5%～3.0%;2～3龄蝗蝻为防治适期,氟虫腈、三唑磷等有较好防治效果。提出水稻分蘖期和孕穗至破口期防治指标分别为10头/m2和5头/m2。 相似文献
19.
A method is presented to quantify the net effect of disease management on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per hectare of crop and per tonne of crop produce (grain, animal feed, flour or bioethanol). Calculations were based on experimental and survey data representative of UK wheat production during the period 2004–06. Elite wheat cultivars, with contrasting yields and levels of disease resistance, were compared. Across cultivars, fungicides increased yields by an average of 1·78 t ha?1 and GHG emissions were reduced from 386 to 327 kg CO2 eq. t?1 grain. The amount by which fungicides increased yield – and hence reduced emissions per tonne – was negatively correlated with cultivar resistance to septoria leaf blotch (Mycosphaerella graminicola, anamorph Septoria tritici). GHG emissions of treated cultivars were always less than those of untreated cultivars. Without fungicide use, an additional 0·93 Mt CO2 eq. would be emitted to maintain annual UK grain production at 15 Mt, if the additional land required for wheat production displaced other UK arable crops/set aside. The GHG cost would be much greater if grassland or natural vegetation were displaced. These additional emissions would be reduced substantially if cultivars had more effective septoria leaf blotch resistance. The GHGs associated with UK fungicide use were calculated to be 0·06 Mt CO2 eq. per annum. It was estimated that if it were possible to eliminate diseases completely by increasing disease resistance without any yield penalty and/or developing better fungicides, emissions could theoretically be reduced further to 313 kg CO2 eq. t?1 grain. 相似文献
20.
Under controlled environmental conditions, inoculation of barley at five growth stages with Rhynchosporium secalis reduced grain yield by up to 30%. Greater yield losses resulted from inoculations carried out after tillering than from those during or before tillering. Most of the yield loss was due to a reduction in the number of heads per plant. The number of grains per head was reduced only when plants were inoculated at mid- or late-tillering growth stages. The mean weight of individual grains was not reduced significantly by any treatment. Inoculation at stem elongation also resulted in less leaf area and water use, and delayed anthesis. Inoculation affected root dry weight more than shoot dry weight and all inoculations reduced root dry weight at the boot growth stage 相似文献