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1.
Campylobacter spp. are present in organs and tissues of broiler chickens but the dissemination route is unclear. The aim of the current study was to determine Campylobacter prevalence within circulating blood of commercial broilers. Broilers were acquired from 19 flocks originating from three commercial poultry processing companies. Using aseptic blood collection techniques, 5 ml of circulating blood was collected from each bird and the sample analyzed for Campylobacter. The Campylobacter colonization status of each bird was determined by aseptically sampling and analyzing the ceca. Campylobacter was recovered from 58% (11/19) of flocks sampled. From the 248 total birds sampled, 12% and 46% of the birds had Campylobacter in the blood and ceca, respectively. This study documents Campylobacter prevalence in the circulating blood of commercially raised broilers. Campylobacter presence in the circulatory system may indicate the path used by the organism for rapid dissemination to organs and tissues. From a processing viewpoint, Campylobacter presence in circulating blood of market-age broilers may increase the likelihood of cross-contamination between birds during slaughter.  相似文献   

2.
Our objectives were to identify risk factors for contamination of French broiler flocks by Campylobacter. We used 75 broiler farms in western France. A questionnaire was administered to the farmers and samples of fresh droppings were taken to assess the Campylobacter status of the broiler flocks. 42.7% of the flocks were positive for Campylobacter spp. The risk of contamination of the broiler flocks by Campylobacter was increased in summer/autumn, in houses with static air distribution, when two or more people took care of the flock, in poultry farms with three or more houses and when the drinking water for the chickens was acidified. The presence of litter-beetles in the change room also increased the risk of contamination. The administration of an antibiotic treatment following a disease decreased the risk of a flock being contaminated by Campylobacter.  相似文献   

3.
Campylobacter jejuni is frequently present in the intestinal tract of commercial broiler chickens, and their drinking water has been proposed to be an initial source of bacteria for newly hatched chicks. We studied three sequential commercial broiler flocks raised in a house from which we had cultured C. jejuni from the nipple waters prior to placement of the first flock. Campylobacter cells were detected by immunofluorescence in the biofilm of the drinking nipples during the weeks when the flock was colonized with C. jejuni but not during weeks when the birds were negative. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from the drinking water during the growth of the first flock and was present in the birds from all three flocks. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) typing with primer OPA11 indicated that seven distinct strains were present within the broiler house. One strain found in drinking water was similar to a strain found in birds in the second flock; however, RAPD-PCR with primer HLW85 showed that the strains were not identical. These results suggest that although the watering system is a potential source of C. jejuni in broiler flocks, the waterborne strain in this study was not detected in the birds.  相似文献   

4.
A surveillance study for thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in broiler flocks was carried out for the year 1998 in Denmark. The study included examinations of 4286 broiler flocks comprising samples from 57,000 birds. Overall, a flock prevalence of 46.0% was recorded. The species distribution was Campylobacter jejuni 86%, Campylobacter coli 11%, Campylobacter lari 1%, other not further diagnosed species 2%. The prevalence was significantly higher in the period from June to October (3.2 < odds ratio [OR] <1.8, P < 0.0002) and was significantly associated with abattoir (OR < 2.8, P < 0.0001) and the length of the period the broiler houses were left empty between flocks (download period; 6 days or more) (OR = 1.6, P < 0.0198). No association between Campylobacter colonization and the age at slaughter was found. Separating the flocks into batches for slaughter elevated the flock prevalence from 0.41 after the first batch had been slaughtered to 0.46 after all batches had been slaughtered.  相似文献   

5.
1. The frequency of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. on broiler carcases was determined during processing in a Southern Brazil slaughterhouse. Samples were collected after defeathering, evisceration, water chilling and freezing. In addition, samples were obtained from the water of the chiller tank and from the surface of equipment in direct contact with the chicken. 2. Samples (335) were analysed and 71.3% were positive for Campylobacter. The frequency of Campylobacter spp. on carcases rinsed in BPW and skin samples from carcases was 49 of 72 (68.0%) after defeathering, 50 of 72 (69.4%) after evisceration, 61 of 72 (84.7%) after chilling, and 46 of 72 (63.9%) after freezing. Campylobacter was positive for 21 of 23 (91.3%) samples in the chilling water and for 12 of 24 (50.0%) samples on the table surface. 3. The frequency of qualitative analysis for Campylobacter spp. was reduced in frozen chickens, but not during the slaughtering process. The use of drinking water alone as a decontaminant to reduce the incidence of Campylobacter spp. during slaughter is therefore not sufficient. Furthermore, to ensure food safety, chickens must be cooked properly before consuming.  相似文献   

6.
The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of and to identify the risk factors for Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks in Japan. Campylobacter colonization status in flock was evaluated by culturing pooled caecal excrement from 124 broiler flocks. Potential exposure to risk factors was evaluated with a questionnaire for the broiler producers. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using a multivariable logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of Campylobacter-positive flocks was 43.5% (upper and lower limits of 95% confidence interval (CI(95%) ): 34.8, 52.3). Multivariable logistic regression model identified two variables as risk factors for Campylobacter colonization. The ORs of Campylobacter colonization were higher in flocks in western Japan (OR=2.68; CI(95%) : 1.04, 6.91) than in eastern Japan, and in flocks supplied with undisinfected drinking water (OR=7.41; CI(95%) : 3.11, 17.66) than in those supplied with disinfected drinking water. These findings indicate that water may play an important role in Campylobacter colonization in broiler flocks in Japan and the use of disinfected water may reduce the risk of Campylobacter colonization.  相似文献   

7.
The feed given to young broiler chickens was contaminated artificially with Salmonella kedougou, a serotype associated with both subclinical infections in commercially reared chickens and food poisoning in humans. No evidence was obtained to suggest that the growth promoting antibiotic avilamycin, added to the feed at the rate of either 2.5 ppm or 10 ppm, had the undesirable side-effect of favouring the colonization of the intestinal tract of the birds with Salmonella kedougou when they were challenged with this organism in the feed.  相似文献   

8.
Prophylactic and curative capacity of water soluble formulation of Diclazuril (Diclosol 1%) and feed additive form (Clinacox, 0.5%) were tested against Eimeria infection in broiler chickens. Such testing was performed both experimentally and in the field. Toltrazuril (Baycox, 2.5%) was used as reference control drug. Water soluble formulation of Diclazuril induced a marked inhibitory effect on the different stages of the parasite life cycle in experimentally infected treated birds especially when applied on the day when blood first appeared in the faeces [fifth day post-infection (d.p.i.)] as well as on the second day of blood dropping (6 d.p.i.). Both tested dosage levels of Diclazuril water soluble formulation in drinking water (5 and 10 ppm) showed the same effect in controlling coccidial infection and reducing the total oocyst numbers, lesion and faecal scores. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of water soluble form of Diclazuril and the reference control drug (Toltrazuril, 25 ppm). In addition, testing the water soluble formulation (5 ppm) in naturally infected poultry farm (20,000 birds), showed the same anticoccidial effect observed when using Toltrazuril, as a treatment for coccidiosis. In conclusion, addition of Diclazuril at the dose of 5 ppm in the drinking water of naturally coccidia infected bird induced the same effect as 25 ppm of Toltrazuril as a treatment for coccidiosis in chickens.  相似文献   

9.
Bates C  Hiett KL  Stern NJ 《Avian diseases》2004,48(1):138-147
Campylobacter, a foodborne pathogen closely associated with poultry, is considered to be an important agent of human gastroenteritis in New Zealand. The pathways involved in the contamination of poultry flocks remain unclear; however, many vectors, such as insects, rodents, and wild birds, have been implicated. Infestation of poultry houses by insects, particularly darkling beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus), is difficult to control. Furthermore, darkling beetles are known vectors for a variety of pathogens that include Salmonella, infectious bursal disease virus, Aspergillus, Escherichia coli, and Marek's disease virus. In this investigation, the relationship between darkling beetles and Campylobacter contamination of poultry flocks was investigated. A New Zealand breeder flock and four of its progeny broiler flocks were included in the study. Samples of beetles and of intestinal excreta of the birds were cultured for the presence of Campylobacter spp. A subset of the recovered isolates was subsequently genotyped using flaA short variable region (SVR) DNA sequence analysis. A large number of Campylobacter subtypes were isolated, indicating that Campylobacter colonization of poultry is likely to arise from a number of different reservoirs. However, a set of genetically distinct isolates were found to be common to the broiler flocks and to the beetles. This research provides data that indicates that Alphitobius diaperinus may serve as a source of Campylobacter contamination of poultry. A more thorough understanding of the relationship between beetle infestation and the Campylobacter status of poultry flocks should enable progress in further development of biosecurity control measures.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To genetically type Campylobacter jejuni isolates from broiler houses or the external environment to identify the source of Campylobacter organisms in broiler chickens. SAMPLE POPULATION: Environmental samples associated with broiler chickens, in commercial grow-out houses. PROCEDURE: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify flaB, and the amplicon was digested with Sau3A to create a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay; PCR was also used to detect a transcribed spacer region in the 23S rRNA gene. RESULTS: Isolates possessing a 23S spacer region were more prevalent outside broiler houses than inside. Houses that had previously contained chickens or lacked biosecurity procedures were more likely to contain isolates possessing the 23S spacer. One house contained only isolates possessing the spacer, whereas an adjacent house contained only isolates lacking the spacer. The flaB type detected in broiler houses was different from the type detected in the environment; however, many isolates within the broiler houses contained untypable flaB genotypes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Most isolates from within houses were genetically distinct from isolates from outside houses that were examined by bacteriologic culture, suggesting an undetected source of C jejuni. Detection of isolates containing the 23S spacer appeared to be an indicator of environmental contamination of the houses. The observation of completely different C jejuni genetic types simultaneously within adjacent houses suggests that some types do not compete successfully during the grow-out period. In addition, the diversity of genotypes identified within broiler houses indicates the complexity of the ecologic features of C jejuni in the chicken environment.  相似文献   

11.
We conducted an observational study to estimate prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. caecal colonization in poultry. Eighty-one broiler chicken and 59 turkey flocks selected among flocks slaughtered in the province of Quebec, Canada, were included in the study. Flock status was evaluated by culturing pooled caecal contents from about 30 birds per flock. Exposure to potential risk factors was evaluated with a questionnaire. Odds ratios were computed using multivariable logistic regression.

The prevalence of Salmonella-positive flocks was 50% (95% CI: 37, 64) for chickens and 54% (95% CI: 39, 70) for turkeys, respectively. Odds of Salmonella colonization were 2.6 times greater for chicken flocks which failed to lock the chicken house permanently. In turkeys, odds of Salmonella colonization were 4.8–7.7 times greater for flocks which failed to be raised by ≤2 producers with no other visitors allowed onto the premises, or origin from a hatchery.

The prevalence of Campylobacter-positive flocks was 35% (95% CI: 22, 49) for chickens and 46% (95% CI: 30, 62) for turkeys. Odds of colonization were 4.1 times higher for chicken flocks raised on farms with professional rodent control and 5.2 times higher for flocks with manure heap >200 m from the poultry house, and also increased with the number of birds raised per year on the farm and with the age at slaughter. For turkeys, odds of Campylobacter flock colonization were 3.2 times greater in flocks having a manure heap at ≤200 m from poultry house and 4.2 times greater in flocks drinking unchlorinated water.  相似文献   


12.
Avian reovirus was isolated from intestines of 3-to-7-day-old broiler chickens with enteritis from broiler houses where osteoporosis was a problem. The virus was purified in a cesium chloride gradient (buoyant density 1.37 gm/ml) and identified as a reovirus by electron microscopy. Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens and commercial broiler chickens with anti-reovirus maternal antibodies inoculated at 1 day of age with the reovirus isolate developed lesions of femoral head fractures and/or osteoporosis; reovirus could be reisolated from the bone marrow and intestinal tracts of experimentally infected SPF birds. The reovirus isolate, although isolated from intestines, induced development fo tenosynovitis lesions in SPF and commercial broiler chickens.  相似文献   

13.
Meat chickens on commercial broiler farms were vaccinated once at 1 to 15 days of age with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine administered by drinking water, aerosol or coarse spray. Hatchmates were housed and similarly vaccinated in laboratory isolation pens. Samples of birds were bled at weekly to fortnightly intervals and the serums tested for haemagglutination inhibiting antibody to NDV. Log2 mean titres of up to 6.26, and assumed protection levels (based on the percentage of birds with log2 titres of 4 or greater) of up to 89%, were obtained in field trials within 4 weeks of vaccination. Differences were observed between the results obtained from parallel field and laboratory trials. The presence of maternal NDV antibody reduced the response to vaccination. The results show that this V4 vaccine can produce an adequate serological response following mass administration to Australian meat chickens housed under commercial conditions.  相似文献   

14.
To evaluate the effect of cooled and chlorinated chill water for Campylobacter and coliforms at a middle-size processing plant which was considered to be difficult for eliminate pathogenic bacteria on carcasses, following three conditions were examined; keeping temperature at < 20, < 10 and < 10°C, and chlorine concentration at < 50, < 50 and 50 to 70 ppm during processing in experiment 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Fifteen prechill and 15 postchill carcasses were examined in each experiment. In lower temperature of experiment 2, decreasing rate (%) of coliforms was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that in experiment 1. In higher chlorination of experiment 3, no Campylobacter was detected from all postchill carcasses.  相似文献   

15.
Whey (5%) in the feed of chicks for the first 10 days of life reduced the mean log10 number of viable S. typhimurium from 5.68 in control chickens to 3.38 in whey-fed chickens. Lactose in drinking water or reconstituted dry milk (5% wt: vol) in drinking water reduced the mean log10 number of S. typhimurium to 2.60 and 2.11, respectively. Milk (5% wt: wt) in feed was not effective in reducing S. typhimurium colonization. The lack of effect of milk in the feed is believed to be because not enough lactose was provided at the 5% (wt: wt) concentration. Lactose in whey or nonfat dried milk offers alternatives to the use of pure lactose in preventing or lowering S. typhimurium numbers in young broiler chickens.  相似文献   

16.
Role of litter in the transmission of Campylobacter jejuni   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Autoclaved or non-autoclaved used broiler litter that was experimentally contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni was capable of infecting specific-pathogen-free chicks maintained in modified Horsfall isolators. Artificially infected chicks became fecal shedders of C. jejuni, resulting in contamination of both autoclaved and non-autoclaved used broiler litter. Fecal shedding of C. jejuni by litter-reared, artificially infected chicks persisted for at least 63 days after chicks were transferred to an isolation unit with a wire floor, which prevented coprophagy. C. jejuni was consistently recovered from water and litter in units housing directly and indirectly infected birds, indicating environmental contamination. These experiments demonstrate the potential role of litter in the perpetuation and transmission of C. jejuni infection in commercial chickens.  相似文献   

17.
Vibrionic hepatitis is a disease of poultry which is characterised by the presence of focal lesions in the liver, usually 1-2mm in size and greyish-white in colour. The cause of the disease remains unclear, as do the reasons for its recent re-emergence. We examined the livers of commercial broiler chickens taken during processing and found Campylobacter spp. in both normal livers and those displaying signs indicative of focal hepatitis. Livers with signs of hepatitis had significantly more Campylobacter spp. present than those without and other bacterial genera were infrequently present. We were unable to replicate the disease in a healthy host following experimental infection with a Campylobacter jejuni strain isolated from a liver showing signs of focal hepatitis. However, a significant T cell response to C. jejuni was seen in the liver of Campylobacter infected birds. We conclude that the presence of Campylobacter spp. in the liver alone is not sufficient to cause vibrionic hepatitis, but that a predisposing factor, possibly within the host is required. We also provide evidence that chickens mount an adaptive T cell response to systemic C. jejuni.  相似文献   

18.
Several methods were evaluated for collecting fecal and intestinal samples from wild birds found near broiler chicken houses. A few intestinal samples and cloacal swabs were obtained from European starlings and house sparrows. Most of the samples collected consisted of wild bird droppings found on or near the houses. Samples were collected from each of four farms of a broiler integrator during a grow-out cycle: a cycle in the summer for farm A, fall for farm B, and spring, summer, fall, and winter for farms C and D. Of the 25 wild bird intestinal and fecal samples collected from a broiler house on farm A during a grow-out cycle in July-August 1997, 24% were positive for Salmonella spp., 4% for Campylobacter jejuni, and 28% for Clostridium perfringens. Of the nine fecal samples collected from broiler house B in a grow-out cycle in September-November 1997, 33% were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 22% for C. perfringens. For farms C and D, of the 23 samples collected in March-April 1998, 0 were positive for Salmonella spp., 11% for C. jejuni, and 52% for C. perfringens; of 27 samples collected in June-July 1998, 4% were positive for Salmonella spp., 0 for C. jejuni, and 13% for C. perfringens; of 24 samples collected in August-October 1998, 14% were positive for Salmonella spp., 5% for C. jejuni, and 4% for C. perfringens; of 14 samples collected December 1998-January 1999, 0 were positive for Salmonella, 50% for C. jejuni, and 14% for C. perfringens. The incidence of these bacterial enteropathogens in wild birds near the broiler chicken houses suggests that wild birds that gain entry to poultry grow-out houses have the potential to transmit these pathogens to poultry.  相似文献   

19.
A new method for assessing the severity of lameness in broiler chickens is described. The length of time that birds remained standing in shallow water was measured and the results were compared with the results of conventional gait scoring. There was a highly significant (P < 0.001) relationship between the birds' gait scores and their latency to lie down. Over 750 broilers aged between 32 and 45 days of age were tested in commercial houses and whereas nearly all the sound birds were able to stand for at least 15 minutes, the majority of lame birds lay down within five minutes.  相似文献   

20.
Seventy-five thousand broiler chickens in four flocks were immunized at four weeks of age with a commercial infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine administered in the drinking water. Three of the flocks exhibited a vaccine reaction represented by mild respiratory illness between seven and 14 days after vaccination. Immunity challenge experiments demonstrated 97% protection in one trial and 67% in another trial in which the dose of challenge virus was increased fourfold. In the latter trial a parallel comparative vaccination by eye administration was 87% protective. None of the vaccinated birds died of the challenge exposure whereas all the unvaccinated control chickens became ill, several showed the acute severe form of the disease and 36% died. Similar favourable results were obtained in large-scale water immunization programs involving more than 200,000 birds. Serum antibody levels determined before immunity challenge were, within wide limits, inversely related to the severity of clinical disease which developed from the challenge inoculation.  相似文献   

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