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1.
[目的]研究马尾松松脂化学组分的一般配合力(GCA)/特殊配合力(SCA)效应,促进优质脂用马尾松的遗传改良。[方法]利用设置在浙江省淳安县姥山林场的5年生6×6半双列遗传交配设计的马尾松3代种质幼林,通过调查各单株生长性状以及测定松脂化学组分,揭示马尾松松脂化学组分的遗传变异规律及遗传控制方式和它们与生长性状的相关性。[结果]试验材料共检测出23种松脂组分,单萜类、倍半萜类、二萜类组分含量分别占松脂含量的7.29%、1.50%和91.17%。13种平均含量高于松脂总量0.1%且杂交组合间差异显著的马尾松松脂主要组分均表现出显著或极显著的GCA效应,而SCA效应较不显著。除去氢枞酸主要受显性基因效应控制,左旋海松酸/长叶松酸、8,12-枞二烯酸加/显性效应相当外,其余主要组分均是以加性基因效应占主导地位。各松脂主要组分家系遗传力为0.655 0.949,受中度或高度的遗传控制。研究还发现,马尾松松脂单萜主要组分中α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯间呈极显著正相关关系,对其中一种组分的选择可能会带来其它单萜组分的同增或同减。而二萜组分中左旋海松酸/长叶松酸与单萜、倍半萜、二萜组分呈较普遍负相关,与长叶烯、海松醛、去氢枞酸、8,12-枞二烯酸、枞酸和新枞酸则呈极显著的负相关关系,对左旋海松酸/长叶松酸的选择将会对大部分松脂组分产生抑制作用。此外,马尾松多数松脂主要组分与树高、地径相关性并不明显,松脂化学组分与生长似受不同的遗传机制控制,两种性状可能相互独立。[结论]幼龄期马尾松松脂大部分组分具有显著的GCA效应,加性基因效应占主导地位,受中度或高度遗传控制。树高和地径与松脂各组分含量不相关,但部分松脂组分间存在显著的相关性。该结果为马尾松脂用性状的改良提供理论依据。 相似文献
2.
[目的]通过对马尾松接种松材线虫,分析接种前后松脂化学组分的变化,为马尾松抗松材线虫病的研究提供理论基础。[方法]以浙江省临海市5年生马尾松无性系为研究对象,提取接种前和接种松材线虫1、7、15 d的不同砧木(马尾松砧木和湿地松砧木)、不同抗性(高抗和易感)马尾松的松脂组分,分析各松脂组分含量及动态变化;利用松脂内所得有效萜类对松材线虫实施外源处理,测定松材线虫存活率。[结果]从不同砧木(马尾松砧木和湿地松砧木)、不同抗性(高抗和易感)马尾松中检出19种主要化学组分,其中,α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、水芹烯、海松酸、山达海松酸、长叶松酸/左旋海松酸、去氢枞酸、枞酸和新枞酸含量较高。接种松材线虫1 d时马尾松砧木中β-月桂烯含量显著高于湿地松砧木(p<0.05);接种松材线虫7 d与15 d时上述组分含量在不同砧木间无显著差异。不同抗性马尾松中α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、柠檬烯、龙脑、长叶烯、α-石竹烯、反式-β-金合欢烯和新枞酸含量在接种松材线虫后变化规律不同,接种松材线虫1 d时高抗马尾松中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量显著高于易感马尾松;接种松材线虫7 d时高抗马尾松中α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯... 相似文献
3.
通过对2个云南松种源试验林及5个云南松天然林中的38个云南松地理种源松脂的物理化学特征差异的研究,结果表明:云南松松脂单萜含量高,倍半萜和双萜类中性物含量低,不同云南松种源间松脂优势单萜组分含量的地理变异丰富,有高α-蒎烯、高β-蒎烯两类;单萜优势组分和比旋光度是云南松地理种源的遗传特征;根据松节油的比旋光度可将云南松分为左旋和右旋两类。试验林云南松种源松脂的单萜化合物、倍半萜化合物、双萜化合物和双萜中性物的含量依次是31.9%~57.3%、0~3.0%、41.8%~68.0%和0~1.9%;天然林的则依次是32.92%~48.6%、0.1%~0.7%、50.7%~66.9%、0.2%~1.1%。主要组分含量的相对标准偏差小于10%的有长叶松酸和左旋海松酸、新枞酸,其含量最稳定;α-蒎烯含量在高α-蒎烯类内稳定,相对标准偏差最小,为3.0%。比旋光度差异显著,最小值为-43.92°,最大值是 19.37°,平均值和相对标准偏差依次为-15.61°和140.10%,在左旋类内比旋光度与α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯含量相关关系显著。 相似文献
4.
利用GC-MS联用技术对不同表型特征的湿地松松脂化学成分进行分析,研究松脂松节油主要的单萜化合物、倍半萜、二萜在高产脂湿地松不同表型松脂中的含量变化。结果表明,A类型含油量最高,而B类型含油量的变异最大,含油量随凝结度的增加而降低;主要单萜和双萜化合物分别是B类型和D类型占比例最大;主要单萜化合物中α-蒎烯含量A类型最高,β-蒎烯含量B类型最高;倍半萜含量仅有D类型为0.1%,其余类型均为痕量;二萜树脂酸占总化合物含量随凝结度增加呈先降后升变化;海松酸型树脂酸含量随凝结度增加而增加,枞酸型树脂酸含量则先降后升;松脂不同表型的差异主要来自于高组分单萜α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯以及二萜树脂酸中的异海松酸和左旋海松酸。 相似文献
5.
《林业科学》2018,(12)
【目的】马尾松是我国南方山地的主要针叶用材和采脂树种。本文研究产脂性状在产地间和产地内的遗传变异及与其他经济性状的关系,为培育高产优质的马尾松无性系奠定理论基础。【方法】利用34年生不同产地马尾松的无性系试验林来估计生长、产脂力和松脂组分在产地间和产地内无性系间遗传变异的相对大小以及性状间的相关性。【结果】用气相色谱-质谱联用仪共检出26种松脂组分。方差分析结果表明,产脂力和松脂组分在产地间和产地内无性系间皆存在显著差异,其中产地内无性系间的变异是其变异的主要来源,占总变异的30.93%～80.89%。生长性状中除冠幅外其他性状的遗传变异主要来自产地间,占总变异的40.13%～52.89%。胸径(DBH)与产脂力呈显著正相关(r_G=0.67)。松脂组分中,发现有6种组分与产脂力呈中度相关。松脂组分间,较强的遗传相关主要存在于同一萜类内,尤其是倍半萜类内。聚类结果显示单萜与二萜距离更近,与倍半萜相对较远。最后,兼顾产脂力、生长和松脂品质,选出11个高蒎烯和9个高枞酸型树脂酸含量的优良无性系。【结论】产脂力和松脂组分变异主要来自产地内的无性系间,因此在松脂性状改良过程中更应注重产地内优树的选择。胸径和6种松脂组分可用于间接选择产脂力。松脂化学组分间,较强的遗传相关主要存在于同一类萜类组分间。选出11个高蒎烯和9个高枞酸型树脂酸含量且生长好、松脂产量高的优良无性系。 相似文献
6.
采用气相色谱和质谱法对柬埔寨南部地区的南亚松松香和松节油的化学组成特征进行研究.采用水蒸气蒸馏法将南亚松松脂分成松节油和松香两个馏分后,分别对松香和松节油中所含成分进行定性和定量测定,松脂中的含油量为20.67%.在松香馏分中共检出9个化合物,其中海松酸型树脂酸占49.59%,枞酸型树脂酸占37.18%,二元酸占12.40%.主要的树脂酸为异海松酸、8(9)-异海松酸、枞酸和南亚松酸,分别占松香馏分的20.90%、21.14%、23.45%和12.40%.松节油馏分中检出16种化合物,其中单萜类化合物13种,倍半萜类化合物2种,二萜类化合物1种.单萜类化合物占松节油量的99.49%,其中间(廾孟)-4,8-二烯、小茴香烯和别罗勒烯,分别占松节油量的24.01%、29.21%和23.71%.研究发现该松香中枞酸型树脂酸量小于海松酸型树脂酸,同时在松香中还检出了2-甲基-5-异丙基-双环[3.1.0]-己-2-烯、间(廾孟)-4,8-二烯、α-水芹烯、小茴香烯、4-蒈烯、别罗勒烯、9,10-二氢环异长叶烯等7种化合物,而未发现α-蒎烯的存在. 相似文献
7.
采用GC/MS联合技术对取自广西乐业、隆林、西林3县的细叶云南松松脂化学成分进行了定量和定性分析。从细叶云南松松脂中分离出67种化学成分,鉴定了其中的23种主要成分,占总离子流的89.27%。其中,单萜类9种,占26.86%;倍半萜类4种,占7.22%;二萜类10种,占65.92%。与云南松(正种)、马尾松松脂进行比较,单萜和二萜类的主要化学成分组成相差不大,但含量有一定的差别,单萜含量与马尾松相近,二萜类含量与云南松(正种)相近,倍半萜的主要化学成分相差较大;β-蒎烯含量平均值达到3.65%,高β-蒎烯含量是细叶云南松松脂的遗传特征组分之一。 相似文献
8.
长白落叶松8个家系挥发性化合物的比较分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
应用SiloniteTM采样罐、动态顶空采集、7100A预浓缩仪、GC-MS系统,研究长白落叶松-1、长白落叶松-2、长白落叶松-3×兴安落叶松-1、长白落叶松-4×兴安落叶松-2、长白落叶松-5×日本落叶松、长白落叶松-6、长白落叶松-7、长白落叶松-8等长白落叶松8个家系挥发性物质的异同.共鉴定出33种挥发性物质,其中萜类化合物17种,烃类化合物16种.各家系挥发性化合物中萜类化合物主要有莰烯、β-月桂烯、1R-α-蒎烯、α-萜品烯、β-水芹烯、γ-萜品烯、( )-4-蒈烯和大香叶烯D,有的家系还含有三环萜、D-柠檬烯、β-反-罗勒烯、樟脑、乙酸龙脑酯、α-长叶蒎烯、古巴烯、石竹烯、α-石竹烯.不同家系间萜类化合物含量差异较大,由高到低依次为长白落叶松-2,89.65%;长白落叶松-7,84.41%;长白落叶松-4×兴安落叶松-2,78.59%;长白落叶松-5×日本落叶松,68.82%;长白落叶松-6,68.35%;长白落叶松-3×兴安落叶松-1,67.93%;长白落叶松-1,31.34%;长白落叶松-8,24.59%. 相似文献
9.
《西部林业科学》2016,(3)
为研究不同产脂力思茅松样本的松脂化学成分与割脂特征之间的相关性,采用气象色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)研究了云南省景谷县10个具有代表性的不同产脂力思茅松松脂化学成分,并根据平均产脂力大小分为高(2.84g/10cm)、中(1.26g/10cm)、低(0.24g/10cm)产脂力样本。结果表明,产脂力与割脂角度呈极显著正相关,与枝下高呈极显著负相关,与割沟长、割面负荷率呈显著负相关,与其他特征的相关性不显著。思茅松松脂主要化学成分为:α-长叶蒎烯、长叶烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、β-水芹烯、3-蒈烯、α-萜品油烯、胡椒酚甲醚、环苜蓿烯、洒剔烯、甲基丁子香酚、金合欢烯、长叶龙脑,其中α-长叶蒎烯、长叶烯、α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的含量较高。α-长叶蒎烯、长叶烯的含量与产脂力呈显著正相关,而β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯的含量与产脂力呈显著负相关,α-蒎烯含量与割脂角度呈显著正相关,3-蒈烯含量与树皮厚度呈显著正相关,洒剔烯与割沟长、割面负荷率均呈显著正相关,金合欢烯与割面负荷率呈显著正相关。 相似文献
10.
影响松果梢斑螟寄主选择的植物挥发物成分研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
在松果梢斑螟幼虫转移危害期和成虫产卵选择期,采用XAD2的吸附法和二氯甲烷提取法以及GC-MS分析,研究了虫害诱导后油松和华山松球果或针叶挥发性萜类成分.结果表明:幼虫转移危害期,油松球果虫害后的特异性组分为α-蒎烯、β-非兰烯、β-蒎烯、β-香叶烯、D-柠檬烯、异松油烯、乙酸天竺葵酯,以及大香叶烯-D和石竹烯等9种;球果受害后,倍半萜含量显著下降;但非寄主华山松健康球果和虫害果挥发性萜类主要组分有8种,其组成和含量与油松球果显著不同.成虫产卵选择期,油松健康果和虫害果挥发性萜类成分和含量有很大差异,其中特异性组分是α-蒎烯、β-非兰烯/4-侧柏烯、β-香叶烯、D-柠檬烯,以及未知成分、石竹烯和α-石竹烯等8种;与健康果和虫害果相比,针叶挥发性萜类的特异成分为α-蒎烯、乙酸龙脑酯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、对-薄荷-1(7),3-二烯,以及未知成分、石竹烯和α-石竹烯等8种.幼虫选择和趋向试验表明:幼虫明显趋向和选择油松球果而不选择华山松球果;在油松球果及其提取液试验中,幼虫明显趋向和选择虫害球果. 相似文献
11.
Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (nef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of nef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code. 相似文献
12.
Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied. 相似文献
13.
Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella. 相似文献
14.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. C. Lefroy P. R. Dann J. H. Wildin R. N. Wesley-Smith A. A. McGowan 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,20(1-2):117-139
Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline. 相似文献
16.
Pavela R 《Fitoterapia》2004,75(7-8):745-749
The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)]. 相似文献
17.
Yu Mei Zhang Ning Hua Tan Guang Zhi Zeng Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo Chang Jiu Ji 《Fitoterapia》2009,80(6):361-363
A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC50 value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC50 values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively. 相似文献
18.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
19.
Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions. 相似文献
20.
The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of different soil scarification methods on tree growth. Soil scarification influenced stem volume and stem biomass yield of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in a 17-year-old field trial in boreal Sweden. Soil scarification (disc trenching, mounding and ploughing) resulted in an average stem volume yield of 3.1 and 34.2 m3 ha–1 on the poor and intermediate sites, respectively, while corresponding values for no soil scarification were 0.9 and 16.7 m3 ha–1. In comparison to no scarification, ploughing increased volume yields by 500% on the poor site and by 200% on the intermediate sites. The ranking according to stem volume yield was ploughing > disc trenching = mounding no soil scarification. Averaged over the two sites, the mean annual increment of stem biomass was 219% and 145% higher (in d.w., 0.26 kg and 0.34 kg per sample tree) after ploughing compared with no soil scarification, for the average and dominant sample trees, respectively. Although not significant, the increased growth rate after soil scarification decreased the average stem basic wood density of the sample trees with 1.6% and 5.3%, at the poor and intermediate sites, respectively. In conclusion, soil scarification significantly increased the 17-year stem volume yield compared with no scarification. The results also indicate that the difference in stem biomass yield between ploughing and the other methods, especially no soil scarification, will increase even more in the near future. 相似文献