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1.
《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2015,(6)
为了研究杉木人工林地下细根的碳分配及其随年龄变化规律,于2014年4月用土壤钻法对湖南省会同县杉木人工林三个不同林龄(7年生、17年生和25年生)细根生物量变化、垂直分布进行了研究。结果表明:杉木人工林0~60 cm土层内杉木细根生物量随着年龄的增加表现出先增加后减少的趋势,7、17、25年生杉木林细根生物量分别为239.79 g·m-2、271.90 g·m-2和191.60 g·m-2,占杉木细根总生物量的68.45%、56.39%和68.64%。而林下植被层地下细根生物量随杉木林年龄的增大而减少,7年、17年和25年生杉木人工林林下植被层细根生物量为别为207.20 g·m-2,54.87 g·m-2和39.54 g·m-2。不同林龄杉木林细根生物量随土层深度的增加而减少,其中7年生杉木人工林细根分布主要在表层;利用渐进累积方程分析表明,25年生杉木人工林向土层深处生长比较明显。不同林龄活细根比根长和比表面积呈现随年龄增长而降低的趋势,组织密度则呈增大趋势。 相似文献
2.
《林业科学》2017,(3)
【目的】研究荒漠生态系统典型植被群落对近地层风沙活动的影响,揭示荒漠生态系统中不同下垫面条件的土壤风蚀特征。【方法】在乌兰布和沙区东北缘荒漠-绿洲过渡带内,选取油蒿半固定沙丘(盖度约20%)、白刺半固定沙丘(盖度约30%)、油蒿固定沙丘(盖度约40%)、白刺固定沙丘(盖度约40%)、流动沙丘(CK)5种典型下垫面,运用风蚀钎和风沙流采集系统,实时监测5种下垫面的风蚀动态,定量分析不同下垫面条件下的土壤风蚀量、风蚀物的垂向分布及粒度组成的差异性。【结果】乌兰布和沙区不同下垫面同期土壤风蚀深度为:流动沙丘油蒿半固定沙丘白刺半固定沙丘油蒿固定沙丘白刺固定沙丘,当风速达到4.1 m·s~(-1)时,流动沙丘即可观察到沙粒蠕动,当风速达5.1 m·s~(-1)时积沙仪可收集到风蚀物。油蒿半固定沙丘、白刺半固定沙丘、油蒿固定沙丘、白刺固定沙丘的风速分别达到6.3,6.5,6.8,7.9 m·s~(-1)时方可发生风蚀;5种下垫面0~100 cm垂直断面上,67.6%~90.0%的风蚀输沙均分布于30 cm高度范围之内,挟沙气流中输沙率随高度增加呈幂函数规律递减,随风速增大呈幂函数规律递增,各高度层风蚀物粒度组成呈单峰态分布,峰值处在250~100μm之间,0~20 cm高度层峰值与其余各层的峰值范围差异明显且偏向粒径趋大的方向;自下而上,极细沙的粒度构成比例呈递增趋势,中沙的粒度构成比例呈递减趋势。【结论】随着植被盖度的增加,土壤风蚀程度显著减轻,流动沙丘、半固定沙丘、固定沙丘年风蚀深度依次降低。盖度为40%的油蒿、白刺群落,其地表风蚀深度仅为流动沙丘同期风蚀深度的1.73%~1.52%,0~100 cm高度范围内的输沙率仅为流动沙丘输沙率的6.6%~5.1%。在荒漠生态系统中,植物群落主要通过覆盖地表、提高下垫面的粗糙度和拦截沙粒的运动来缓解气流对地表的侵蚀作用。因此,在防沙治沙工程实施过程中,要充分考虑和利用植被防风抗蚀的生态效应。 相似文献
3.
[目的]以云南省普洱市主要植被思茅松人工林为研究对象,探讨不同林龄思茅松人工林根系生物量的大小分布及变化特征。[方法]分别在5、8、15、25、36年生思茅松人工林内,利用内径为8.5 cm的根钻分3层(0~10、10~20、20~30 cm)获取思茅松与其它物种的细根、粗根及死根生物量数据。[结果]表明:随着思茅松人工林林龄的增长,思茅松细根生物量呈减少的趋势,而其它物种细根生物量呈增加趋势,细根生物量最大出现在36年生思茅松人工林。不同林龄思茅松人工林的思茅松粗根和死根生物量之间无显著差异,而其它物种及林分的粗根生物量和根系生物量则随林龄增长而增加。思茅松人工林的细根生物量主要分布在土壤深度0~10 cm内,其中,思茅松、其它物种、林分细根生物量以及根系生物量随土层深度的增加呈减少趋势。林龄和土壤深度对思茅松与其它物种的细根生物量有显著影响,林龄与土壤深度的交叉作用对思茅松细根生物量有显著影响,林龄对死根生物量有显著影响,林龄、土壤深度及林龄与土壤深度的交叉作用对粗根与根系的生物量有显著影响。[结论]思茅松人工林随着林龄增长,群落结构与树种组成随之发生变化,从而对根系生物量产生较大影响。 相似文献
4.
不同龄组杉木人工林土壤有机碳贮量及分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对比分析了福寿林场3个龄组杉木人工林0~60 cm土层内土壤碳贮量及其土层分布特征,结果表明:1)3个龄组杉木人工林土壤有机碳含量都表现出随土壤深度增加而逐渐减小的趋势,土层0~20 cm有机碳含量最高,为29.07~35.27 g·kg-1,是土层20~30 cm和土层30~45 cm的1~2倍和3~4倍,而土层(45~60cm)的有机碳含量最少,为5.03~6.68 g·kg-1。2)3个龄组的人工林0~60 cm土层内平均碳含量和碳贮量都表现出了随着年龄的变化先减少而增加的趋势,其平均碳含量的次序依次为成熟林(16.65 g·kg-1)>幼龄林(14.78g·kg-1)>中龄林(13.36 g·kg-1);碳贮量大小顺序依次为成熟林(79.59 t·hm-2)>幼龄林(64.78 t·hm-2)>中龄林(64.74 t·hm-2),3)在0~45 cm范围的土层内,3个龄组的杉木人工林的土壤碳贮量占土壤总碳贮量的百分比在86%~91%之间,说明杉木人工林土壤碳贮量主要集中在这个土层深度内。 相似文献
5.
《防护林科技》2020,(3)
通过对额济纳旗国家公益林进行监测与评价,结果表明:(1)额济纳旗国家级公益林胡杨和柽柳群落盖度平均增加2.69%、梭梭降低1.89%、白刺降低0.30%、沙拐枣降低0.42%。(2)胡杨、柽柳和白刺群落生物量均有不同程度的增加,生物量增加2.13 g·m~(-2);梭梭和沙拐枣群落生物量均有所减少。(3)额济纳旗7种主要植物群落的Margalef丰富度指数平均值为0.963,有较大幅度的增加,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数主要物种均有增加。Simpson's优势度指数沙拐枣有减小趋势,减幅均接近于0.03,其余植物群落均有增加。Pielou均匀度指数大多物种均呈增加趋势,尤以白刺增幅最大。 相似文献
6.
花椒杂草系统地下生物量的空间分配格局 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
农林复合系统中,地下生物量的分配格局是目的物种和间作作物竞争的结果,因而可以看作是模式物种选择及系统设计的依据。在花椒杂草系统模式更新改造中,为了达到间作作物选择和行间配置的合理性,采用壕沟法研究了系统地下生物量的空间分配现状。结果表明：（1）花椒杂草系统地下生物量总量248．57g·m^-2,杂草生物量占82％,花椒仅占18％;（2）该系统地下生物量总量和杂草生物量在水平空间上呈均匀分配,而在垂直空间上随土层加深呈负指数分配,其表达式分别是Y=1024．6exp^-0.5254x（R^2=0．9688,x为土层深度,cm）和Y=1187．2exp^-0.6889（R^2=0．9989,x为土层深度,cm）;花椒根量均匀分配于垂直空间,而在水平空间上呈负指数式分配,其表达式为Y=118．3exp^-0.3817x（R^2=0．8215,x为距树干距离）;（3）花椒吸水根生物量均匀分配于地下空间,杂草吸水根生物量的分配呈现出明显的分层现象,其吸水根总量的81．11％分配于0～15cm土层,而15cm以下土层仅占18．89％;（4）所研究的256个500cm^3的取样单元中,花椒和杂草吸水根的重合率50．4％,非重合率49．6％;然而在127个吸水根非重合单元中,花椒吸水根仅占29．1％,杂草吸水根却占了70．9％。文中根据花椒和杂草地下空间生物量的分配现状,讨论了四川盆地丘陵区退耕还林地花椒模式更新中间作物选择、行间配置和水肥管理应注意的问题． 相似文献
7.
8.
三年生思茅松嫩枝扦插试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
试验采用3 a生思茅松嫩枝为材料,以红心土为基质在营养袋中扦插。对其生根性状进行分析得出,地上部分生物量与地下部分生物量呈显著正相关性,与不定根平均长度呈显著负相关性;地下部分生物量与不定根数量呈显著正相关性。 相似文献
9.
为了准确、及时地把握公益林资源的数量、质量、空间分布及其利用状况,更加有效地指导相关部门加强公益林的建设与保护,采用固定样地法对额济纳旗国家公益林进行了动态监测与评价。结果表明:(1)额济纳旗国家级公益林胡杨和柽柳群落盖度平均增加2.69%、梭梭降低1.89%、白刺降低0.30%、沙拐枣降低0.42%。(2)胡杨、柽柳和白刺群落生物量均有不同程度的增加,平均生物量增加4.26kg;梭梭和沙拐枣群落生物量均有所减少,其中梭梭减少2.26kg,沙拐枣减少2.77kg。(3)额济纳旗7种主要植物群落的Margalef丰富度指数2014年介于0.251 9~1.701 5之间,平均值为0.963 0,相比2010年的0~1.8的值区间有较大幅度的增加,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数主要物种均有增加。Simpson优势度指数沙拐枣有减小趋势,减幅均接近于0.03。其余植物群落均有增加。Pielou均匀度指数大多物种均呈增加趋势,尤以白刺增幅最大。(4)额济纳旗胡杨和柽柳群落中离子含量较2010年均有所减少,且二者均是SO_4~(2-)减幅最大,分别为1.755g·kg~(-1)和2.688g·kg~(-1);梭梭群落阴离子含量呈增加趋势。(5)额济纳旗国家公益林综合效益增长19.04亿元,年均增长3.81亿元。 相似文献
10.
在2010年整个生长季内,采用土钻法和内生长法,对新疆干旱区柽柳细根生物量、季节动态、分解与周转进行了研究。结果表明:柽柳群落土壤含水量随着土层深度的增加而增加。10~20cm土层土壤有机碳储量最大,随后随着土壤深度的增加,有机碳含量逐渐降低。方差分析表明:不同土层有机碳含量差异显著。细根生物量的月平均值为54.51g·m–2,群落细根生产量为58.64g·m–2。细根生物量呈明显的季节变化趋势,即5—9月逐渐增加,9月达到最大值,9—10月逐渐下降;在土壤剖面垂直变化上,细根生物量随土层深度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,0~10、10~20、20~30、30~40、40~50、50~60cm各土层细根生物量所占比例分别为19.53%、30.05%、26.41%、12.01%、7.33%、4.67%。双因素方差分析表明:不同取样时间、不同土层之间的活细跟生物量、死细根生物量均差异极显著。柽柳群落细根年分解量、年死亡量、净生产力分别为17.41、33.75、83.60g·m-2·a-1,年周转率为1.98次·a-1,通过细根死亡进入土壤中的有机碳为(42.68±5.40)g·m–2·a–1,占土壤有机碳含量的2.12%。这表明,尽管柽柳群落通过细根周转进入土壤中的有机碳仅占现存土壤有机碳的一小部分,但从较长的时间尺度来看,柽柳群落细根对干旱区生态系统地下有机碳的补充具有重要作用。 相似文献
11.
Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (nef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of nef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code. 相似文献
12.
The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased
(moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol
timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod
filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to
25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by
biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent
of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis
is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol
can realise their production potential.'
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Pavela R 《Fitoterapia》2004,75(7-8):745-749
The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)]. 相似文献
15.
Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. C. Lefroy P. R. Dann J. H. Wildin R. N. Wesley-Smith A. A. McGowan 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,20(1-2):117-139
Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline. 相似文献
16.
Adult fungus gnat and shore fly populations were monitored in four container nurseries near Victoria, British Columbia. In general, populations of both insects were larger in summer than in winter. Also, both insects were more abundant in the nursery with a plastic-covered, soil floor, which favored moisture accumulation and build up of algae, liverworts and mosses, than in nurseries with other types of floors such as cement. Results of fungus isolations revealed that gnats and flies both harbor the seedling pathogens Botrytis cinerea and species of Fusarium and Phoma, plus several non-pathogenic fungi. The results are discussed in relation to nursery sanitation practices, their effects on gnat and fly populations, and some possible roles of these insects in seedling disease epidemiology. 相似文献
17.
Carvacrol is a component of numerous aromatic plants. Up to now, no toxicological data were available. Carvacrol show a weak activity in the mutagenicity studies. Moreover, in the metabolism study, carvacrol has shown to be excreted with urine after 24 h in large quantities or unchanged or as glucoronide and sulphate conjugates. The available data do not allow the assessment of the NOEL. Further toxicological studies are needed. 相似文献
18.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
19.
This paper summarises the results from 35 years-observed thinning experiments on 256 permanent sample plots in 10–60 year-old
stands of ash, aspen, birch, oak, pine and spruce in Lithuania. Thinning enhanced crown projection area increment of residual
trees. The largest effect was observed in stands of aspen and birch (growth increase by 200%), followed by ash and oak (over
100%), and spruce and pine (about 80%). Thinning also promoted dbh increment, especially in younger stands, and the increase
of dbh increment was positively correlated with the thinning intensity. The strongest reaction was exhibited by oak and aspen,
while ash, birch and conifers reacted to a lower extent. Low and moderate intensities of thinning stimulated volume production
in younger stands while the opposite was observed in older stands with increasing removals. Spruce stands exhibited relatively
strongest increase of volume increment and pine, –the weakest, while the effect on deciduous species was intermediate. The
results demonstrate that significant increase in volume increment is achievable with thinning of only young forest stands,
e.g. 10–20 year-old pine, birch and ash, or 10–30 year-old oak, aspen and spruce. 相似文献
20.
J. S. Kettler 《Agroforestry Systems》1996,35(2):165-176
The slash and mulch system of frijol tapado or covered bean is a pre-hispanic system of bean production found throughout much of Central America. However, land use pressures have forced farmers to shorten the traditional fallow period, thus resulting in decreasing productivity. A potential solution is to enrich the fallow by using leguminous nitrogen-fixing trees. The enriched fallow systems evaluated in this study include both single and mixed species treatments: 1) Erythrina poeppigiana; 2) Calliandra colothrysus; 3) Gliricidia sepium; 4) Inga edulis; 5) Inga edulis and Erythrina poeppigiana; 6) Inga edulis and Calliandra calothrysus; and 7) Inga edulis and Gliricidia sepium. Biomass production of the fallow vegetation is shown to be of greater quality and quantity in all fallow enrichment treatments. However, bean yields did not show a significant response to the fallow enrichment treatments. 相似文献