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氮肥运筹对科尔沁地区粮饲兼用玉米金山 10 产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
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A microbially safe process for the enrichment of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in oats was developed. The process consists of hydrolysis of oat lipids by non-inactivated oat flour, followed by propionibacterium-catalyzed isomerization of the resulting free linoleic acid to CLA. The first stage was performed at water activity (a(w)) 0.7, where hydrolysis of triacylglycerols progressed efficiently without growth of the indigenous microflora of flour. Thereafter, the flour was incubated as a 5% (w/v) aqueous, sterilized slurry with Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii. The amount of CLA produced in 20 h was 11.5 mg/g dry matter corresponding to 116 mg/g lipids or 0.57 mg/mL slurry. The oat flour had also the capability to hydrolyze exogenous oils at a(w) 0.7. Sunflower oil, added to increase linoleic acid content in triacylglycerols 2.7-fold, was hydrolyzed rapidly. Isomerization of this oil-supplemented flour as a 5% slurry gave final CLA content of 22.3 mg/g dry matter after 50 h of fermentation, corresponding to 118 mg/g lipids or 1.14 mg/mL slurry. Storage stability of CLA in fermented oat slurries at 4 degrees C was good. 相似文献
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This paper describes a protocol for incorporation of sodium selenite or sodium selenate into Saccharomyces cerevisiae biomass by continuous fermentation in a medium with minimal sulfur and methionine concentrations. Selenium incorporation was followed by atomic absorption analysis and methylene blue reduction time (MBRT). Continuous fermentation at 0.2 h(-1) dilution rate and sodium selenite addition gradient up to 0.69 g/L of Na(2)SeO(3) yielded 1. 89 g/L of biomass with 1904 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass. However, MBRT was 0.1 min, which indicated that the majority of selenium was in the inorganic form. On the other hand, continuous fermentation at 0.2 h(-1) dilution rate and sodium selenate gradient up to 0.28 g/L of Na(2)SeO(4) yielded 0.76 g/L of dry biomass with 687 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass, and MBRT was 26 min, which indicated a high concentration of organically bound selenium. Overall, the results indicate a Se/S ratio of 3.9:1 and a dry biomass/Se ratio of 5.5:1 as optimal for continuous production of organically bound selenium. 相似文献
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机插杂交粳稻超高产形成群体特征 总被引：30，自引：7，他引：23
在研究不同机插水稻群体产量及其结构、群体茎蘖动态、叶面积动态与组成、光合势、干物质积累、群体生长速率等差异的基础上,初步阐明机插杂交粳稻超高产形成的群体特征:1)以足量的穗数与较大的穗型协调产出足够的群体总颖花量(50000万/hm2以上),并保持正常的结实率与千粒质量(结实率85%以上,千粒质量27g左右)。2)在合理的茎蘖动态(群体于有效分蘖临界叶龄期左右够苗,高峰苗适宜,一般为预期穗数的1.3倍)与叶面积指数(LAI)动态(孕穗期LAI达7.8～8.0,抽穗后LAI下降平缓,成熟期仍能保持3.0左右。)基础上提高成穗率(75%以上)与有效叶面积、高效叶面积比例(抽穗期有效叶面积率达95%,高效叶面积率达75%以上),以保证实现不同生育阶段目标生产力。3)以合理增加拔节-抽穗期物质生产与积累(群体生长速率22.5g/(m-2.d),干物质积累量9000kg/hm2以上,占总干物质量的45%左右)为重点,有效增强抽穗-成熟期群体物质生产与积累(群体生长速率13.5g/(m-2.d)左右,干物质积累量8000kg/hm2以上,占总干物质量的40%左右),以提高最终生物学产量(20400kg/hm2以上)。机插杂交粳稻生产过程中遵循以上规律可获得超高产。 相似文献
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The effect of germination and growth under illuminated and dark environments on canola seed reserves was investigated. Depletion of proteins and lipids in whole seedlings and their top (leaf/cotyledons) and bottom parts (stem/roots/seed coat) was independent of light, whereas the protein solubility increased at a faster rate under an illuminated environment than in the dark. A rapid increase in free fatty acids but a net decrease of dry matter content in seedlings grown in the dark environment was observed. The dry matter content of seedlings grown in the illuminated environment increased due to photosynthetic biomass accumulation. 相似文献
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Gullón B Garrote G Alonso JL Parajó JC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(14):5580-5587
The potential of apple pomace for lactic acid production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was evaluated. The effects of the cellulase to solid ratio (CSR), the liquor to solid ratio (LSR), and the beta-glucosidase to cellulase ratio (BCR) on the kinetics of lactic acid generation were assessed, and a set of mathematical models was developed to reproduce and predict the lactic acid concentration of fermentation broths. Operating at low cellulase and cellobiase charges (1 FPU/g and 0.25 IU/FPU, respectively) and short reaction times (10 h), SSF media containing 27.8 g of lactic acid/L were obtained with a volumetric productivity of 2.78 g/Lh. Material balances showed that the SSF processing of 100 kg of dry apple pomace results in the production of 36.6 kg of lactic acid, 18.3 kg of oligomeric carbohydrates (which can be used as ingredients for functional foods), 8.4 kg of microbial biomass, and 8 kg uronic acids. 相似文献
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不同C/N比对双孢蘑菇培养料发酵过程温室气体排放的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对双孢蘑菇培养料发酵过程中物质能量转化效率低、CO_2和CH_4等温室气体排放量大等问题,采用自制强制通风发酵箱装置研究了不同碳氮比对培养料发酵过程中温室气体排放和碳氮物质转化的影响。结果表明:发酵过程中温室气体的排放主要以CO_2为主,CH_4、N_2O和NH_3的排放量较少,并且CO_2、N_2O和NH_3的累积排放量均随C/N比的增加而降低。C/N分别为28,33,38,43处理以温室气体形式损失的碳分别为46.16,37.44,33.04,31.76 g/kg,损失的氮分别为4.72,3.49,1.76,1.65 mg/kg。C/N为33的处理更适合微生物活性,有机物降解率高于其它处理。到发酵结束时,C/N分别为28,33,38,43处理的碳物质损失分别为36.55%,45.5%,37.22%,32.71%,氮物质损失分别为5.41%,13.84%,7.59%,16.33%;但随发酵的进行,全氮相对含量因有机物降解而浓缩,呈现增加趋势。综合考虑温室气体排放和培养料发酵质量两个方面的因素,在实际生产过程中可适当提高C/N比,采用C/N为33:1~38:1的培养料配方,在不影响发酵质量的同时可减少温室气体排放量。另外,由于温室气体的排放主要集中在高温期,高温期越长,排放的温室气体越多,因此在发酵过程中应加强管理,及时翻堆,以控制发酵温度和温室气体排放。 相似文献
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Guevara MA Bauer LL Abbas CA Beery KE Holzgraefe DP Cecava MJ Fahey GC 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(5):1619-1626
The objective was to examine the chemical composition, in vitro fermentation characteristics, and in vivo digestibility responses of fiber-rich corn coproducts resulting from corn wet milling. Native corn fibers, native corn fibers with fines, hydrolyzed corn fibers, and hydrolyzed extracted corn fibers were analyzed chemically and their capacity to produce short-chain fatty acids determined. Ash content was low (<1.2%), crude protein content varied little, but fat and fiber concentrations varied widely. Most fiber was in the insoluble form, with glucose being predominant followed by xylose. Total short-chain fatty acid production ranged from 211.6 to 699.52 micromol/g of dry matter, whereas branched-chain fatty acid production was low. Four corn fibers (native and processed) were included in a canine diet matrix at the 7% inclusion level. Nutrient digestibility, food intake, and fecal characteristics were not affected by corn fiber inclusion in canine diets, suggesting that they should be considered as potential dietary fiber sources in dog foods. 相似文献
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Whey liquid waste of the dairy industry as raw material for potable alcohol production by kefir granules 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Athanasiadis I Boskou D Kanellaki M Kiosseoglou V Koutinas AA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(25):7231-7234
Kefir granular biomass was used in the fermentation of sweet whey and proved to be more effective compared to single-cell biomass of kefir yeast. The operational stability of the biocatalyst was assessed by carrying out 20 repeated batch fermentations. Levels of ethanol productivity reached 2.57 g L(-1) h(-1)), whereas the yield was 0.45 g/g. The fermentation time was only 8 h. Mixtures of sweet whey with molasses were fermented at initial densities ranging from 4.2 to 10.2 degrees Be and resulted in ethanol yield factors between 0.36 and 0.48 g of ethanol/g of utilized sugar. Lower degrees Be values led to an increase of percentages of ethyl acetate on total volatiles determined and a reduction of amyl alcohols. The addition of 1% black raisin extract to whey appears to promote whey fermentation, whereas the same was not observed in the case of white sultana extract addition. It was finally established that it is preferable to ferment mixtures of whey-molasses by adding molasses in whey after the completion of whey fermentation. 相似文献
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本文研究了在土中加入不同量NaCl条件下 (0、1 5、3 0、4 5gkg-1干土 )接种丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF)Glomusmosseae对盆栽酸枣 (ZizyphusspinosusHu)实生苗生长及耐盐性的影响。结果表明 ,无论接种与否 ,植株的高度、根茎叶的干鲜重均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而降低 ,而根、茎、叶和整株的Na浓度及Na全量均随土壤NaCl浓度的增加而增大。在土壤盐浓度相同的条件下 ,接种AMF植株的生长量 (株高、鲜重、干重等 )和叶片的叶绿素含量显著高于不接种植株。接种AMF的植株茎、叶中Na浓度低于不接种植株 ,而根中Na浓度、植株Na总量显著高于不接种植株。盐浓度最大的接种处理 ,其植株生长量和叶片叶绿素含量均高于不加盐不接菌处理。播种时进行盐胁迫处理和播种后 4 0d开始进行盐胁迫处理对菌根的侵染率、植株生长的影响差异不显著。上述四种盐浓度播种时进行盐处理的接种AMF植株的总干重比不接种植株分别提高 16 4 %、14 9%、4 8%、35 % ,在播种后 4 0d进行盐处理的接种AMF的植株比不接种植株分别提高 194 %、12 7%、72 %、4 6 %。结果证明 ,酸枣实生苗具有较强的耐盐性 ,其生长对菌根真菌有很强的依赖性 ,接种菌根真菌提高了其耐盐能力。 相似文献
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Abstract Nitrogen (N) deficiency has become more common in the traditional wheat cultivation areas of southern Finland as yield potentials have increased. Based on data for the period studied (1968-88) a grain protein concentration below 11.2% in spring wheat (Triticun aestivum L.) is an indicator of N deficiency. The mean of maximum grain yield obtained was 4655 kg ha?1 when grain protein concentration exceeded 11.2%. The estimation of plant tissue N content could be an effective diagnostic tool for identifying N status in the early growth stages of spring wheat. To address the feasibility of this test, the present study was conducted in 1990-91 to determine the critical plant tissue N concentrations of three plant parts at the early double-ridge stage (Stage 2), at the stage when stigmatic branches of the carpel begin to form (Stage 7) and at pollination (Stage 10). Nitrogen was applied at rates of 0 and 110 kg N ha?1 as granular ammonium nitrate and granular slow-release-nitrogen fertilizers to establish a wide range of plant tissue N levels, grain yields and grain protein concentrations. Critical plant N levels were calculated for the different plant parts using the Cate-Nelson procedure. From this study it can be concluded that the critical N level recommended for Stage 2 is 43 g of N kg?1 dry matter of the whole plant. Critical N levels recommended for Stage 7 are 28 g of N kg?1 dry matter of the whole plant, 30 g of N kg?1 of the leaves and 13 mg total N in dry matter. Critical N levels recommended for Stage 10 are 12 g of N kg?1 of the whole plant, 23 g of N kg?1 of the leaves and 15 mg total N in dry matter. 相似文献
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《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(4):705-711
Infrared (IR) heating of corn followed by tempering treatments has potential to decontaminate corn of microbes without adverse effects on the overall corn quality. However, it is vital to determine the optimal processing parameters that maximize throughput and microbial load reduction and minimize drying energy without affecting overall corn quality. This study investigated effects of IR heating and tempering treatments on mold load reduction, corn color change, and drying energy requirements. Freshly harvested corn samples with initial moisture contents (IMCs) of 20, 24, and 28% wet basis were dried with a laboratory‐scale IR batch dryer in one and two drying passes. The dried samples were then tempered for 2, 4, and 6 h at 50, 70, and 90°C. Results showed that mold load reduction ranged from 1 to 3.8 log colony forming units per gram of corn (log CFU/g) for one‐pass treatments and from 0.8 to 4.4 log CFU/g for two‐pass treatments as tempering temperature and tempering duration increased. Compared with the control, treatments resulted in reduction of the corn color parameter (ΔE ) (P < 0.05). Energy expended to dry the corn varied between 1.7 and 2.5 MJ/kg for one‐pass treatments and between 4.1 and 6.1 MJ/kg for two‐pass treatments. This work showed that IR heating of corn has the potential to significantly decontaminate microbes on corn. The IR process may help producers combat mycotoxin issues in corn that result from mold contamination. 相似文献
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This study describes a fed-batch fermentation protocol for enhanced production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing organically bound selenium. Two levels of sodium selenate concentrations were applied as either a single dose or continuous addition. Fermentations with high sodium selenate (63.2 g/L in cane molasses feeding medium) demonstrated 24 g/L of biomass with 1382 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for single-dose addition and 40 g/L of biomass with 1491 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for continuous addition. Low selenium concentration (31.6 g/L in cane molasses feeding medium) demonstrated higher biomass concentration with higher selenium level; 37 g/L of biomass with 2846 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass and 45 g/L of biomass with 2495 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for single-dose and continuous addition, respectively. Also, two adapted S. cerevisiae strains were evaluated in fed-batch fermentation. A single dose of low concentration demonstrated >3000 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass, but biomass concentration was lower (< or =32 g/L) for these adapted strains. 相似文献
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Isoflavone transformation during soybean koji preparation and subsequent miso fermentation supplemented with ethanol and NaCl 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Soybeans were soaked with water for 4 h, steam-cooked, inoculated with the conidia of Aspergillus oryzae, and incubated for 3 days for koji preparation. The koji was then mixed with water-soaked and steam-cooked soybeans (1:2, w/w), ground into paste, and supplemented with 15% ethanol and 12.5% NaCl or 3% ethanol and 6% NaCl for miso fermentation at 30 degrees C. Daidzin, genistin, daidzein, and genistein contents were extracted from the lyophilized and pulverized soybean powder or from the miso homogenate by a developed one-tube procedure and analyzed with an HPLC. After water soaking, daidzein and genistein contents increased markedly, whereas daidzin and genistin contents decreased. Further increases of daidzein and genistein contents and decreases of daidzin and genistin contents were observed after koji mold growth. During fermentation, fungal and lactic acid bacterial (LAB) growth in the miso products was inhibited, whereas soluble protein contents increased much more rapidly in the low-salt miso products supplemented with 3% ethanol and 6% NaCl than the other products. When the 4- and 8-week-fermented miso products were cooked with tofu for sensory evaluation, flavor ratings of the low-salt products were higher than that of a popular commercial product. In both products, the most daidzins and genistins were hydrolyzed after 4 weeks of fermentation. The hydrolytic enzymes contributing to isoflavone transformation originated from soybeans after water soaking and from koji with mold growth. It was of merit that the low-salt fermented products were fairly acceptable in flavor rating and rich in daidzein and genistein contents after 4 weeks of fermentation. 相似文献
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川西亚高山针阔混交林与针叶纯林苔藓凋落物层持水性能研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用野外实地观测和室内浸水法对川西亚高山地区针阔混交林与针叶纯林林下苔藓凋落物的持水能力进行了对比研究.结果表明:(1)混交林林下苔藓凋落物层储量为10.02 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为54.96 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为839.70%;苔藓储量为2.43 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为11.47 t/hm~2,最犬平均持水率为472.23%,吸水速率经过24 h从7 683.2 g/(kg·h)下降为256.5 g/(kg·h);凋落物储量为7.59 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为24.07t/hm~2.最大平均持水率为317.22%.吸水速率经过24 h从8 530.1 g/(kg·h)下降为321.4 g/(kg·h).(2)针叶纯林林下苔藓凋落物层储量为9.37t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为45.70 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为766.05%;苔藓储量为2.13 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为9.68 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为454.85%.吸水速率经过24 h从6 444.4 g/(kg·h)下降为231.4 g/(kg·h);凋落物储量为7.24 t/hm~2,最大平均持水量为21.20 t/hm~2,最大平均持水率为292.68%,吸水速率经过24 h从7 004.9 g/(kg·h)下降为251.4 g/(kg·h).因此,无论是持水量、持水率,还是吸水速率,混交林都强于针叶纯林.两种林分下,苔藓、凋落物持水率随浸泡时间的增加而增加,持水率与浸泡时间呈对数关系;苔藓、凋落物的吸水速率随浸泡时间的增加而降低,吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系. 相似文献
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酸解羽毛粉研制生物有机肥及其促生效果研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为提升生物有机肥料中功能微生物的数量,腐熟堆肥中添加外源氨基酸固态发酵功能菌是研制生物有机肥的主要手段。目前主要外源添加氨基酸菜粕的高成本严重阻碍了生物有机肥产业的发展。本试验通过研究酸解羽毛粉作为外源添加蛋白对固态发酵功能菌的影响及其所研制生物有机肥的促生效果,以开发生物有机肥新的原料配方。研究结果表明,腐熟堆肥中,随着酸解羽毛粉添加量的增加,所研制生物有机肥中功能菌的数量呈现先增加后下降趋势,为促进功能菌的增殖,酸解羽毛粉最优添加量为50 g/kg;盆栽试验结果表明,酸解羽毛粉作为外源蛋白添加制成的生物有机肥能够显著增加茄子和番茄株高、茎粗和SPAD值,移栽20天时,相比于对照,茄子分别增加19.02%、29.02%和4.80%;移栽50天时,番茄分别增加14.74%、18.70%和4.74%。研究结果表明,酸解羽毛粉作为外源蛋白添加剂能够有效增殖固体发酵过程中的功能菌,研制的低成本生物有机肥具有优异的促生效果,研究结果能够为生物有机肥产业的发展提供理论依据。 相似文献
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A trienzyme treatment (protease, alpha-amylase, and human plasma conjugase), followed by purification using SPE with SAX cartridges and reversed-phase HPLC with UV-PDA detection, was performed for determination of the distribution of various folate forms and content at various stages of tempe preparation. The major folate form in soybean identified was 5-formyl tetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-H4folate), followed by 10-formyl tetrahydrofolate (10-CHO-PGA), and 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate (5-CH3-H4folate), whereas folic acid was not detected and tetrahydrofolic acid (H4folate) was not detectable. The most predominant form in tempe was also 5-CHO-H4folate, followed by 10-CHO-PGA, whereas the quantities of 5-CH3-H4folate and folic acid were negligible. Quantities and retention of folate significantly decreased during the first boiling, dehulling, soaking, and second boiling procedures, yielding folate retention of 32%. A remarkable increase in folate content was found after fermentation, 5.2-fold higher than that of the boiled soybean. This may be due to de novo formation of folate by Rhizopus oligosporus, the principal mold in tempe fermentation. HPLC results were approximately 38-55% lower than the values obtained from the microbiological assay using Lactobacillus casei. 相似文献