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1.
《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2007,60(1):88-98
Human communities in the Intermountain West depend heavily on subalpine rangelands because of their importance in providing water for irrigation and forage for wildlife and livestock. In addition, many constituencies are looking to managed ecosystems to sequester carbon in plant biomass and soil C to reduce the impact of anthropogenic CO2 on climate. This work builds on a 90-year-old grazing experiment in mountain meadows on the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of 90 years of protection from grazing on processes controlling the input, output, and storage of C in subalpine rangelands. Long-term grazing significantly reduced maximum biomass in all years compared with plots within grazing exclosures. For grazed plots, interannual variability in aboveground biomass was correlated with July precipitation and temperature (R2 = 0.51), while there was a weak correlation between July precipitation and biomass in ungrazed plots (R2 = 0.24). Livestock grazing had no statistically significant impacts on total soil C or particulate organic matter (POM), although grazing did increase active soil C and decrease soil moisture. Grazing significantly increased the proportion of total soil C pools that were potentially mineralizable in the laboratory, with soils from grazed plots evolving 4.6% of total soil C in 1 year while ungrazed plots lost 3.3% of total soil C. Volumetric soil moisture was consistently higher in ungrazed plots than grazed plots. The changes in soil C chemistry may have implications for how these ecosystems will respond to forecast climate change. Because grazing has resulted in an accumulation of easily decomposable organic material, if temperatures warm and summer precipitation increases as is anticipated, these soils may become net sources of CO2 to the atmosphere creating a positive feedback between climate change and atmospheric CO2. 相似文献
2.
为研究气候变化是否影响植物-真菌共生关系及植物的吸收功能,本试验以青藏草原优势植物垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）和草地早熟禾（Poa pratensis）为研究对象,选取管柄囊霉属（Funneliformis）丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrizal fungi,AMF）进行室内控制试验。结果表明：增温促进了AMF和植物的共生,接种AMF及短期增温增雨互作对植物吸收氮磷功能的影响并不一致。对垂穗披碱草而言,增温增雨对其生长的土壤pH、全氮和有效磷含量均无显著影响,增雨促进了植物磷吸收（P<0.05）,增温处理下接种AMF提高了植物氮磷含量（P<0.05）;对草地早熟禾而言,增温增雨提高了植物氮磷含量和土壤电导率、降低了土壤全氮含量（P<0.05）,增温提高了土壤有效磷含量（P<0.05）,增雨处理下接种AMF后降低了植物氮磷含量（P<0.05）。 相似文献
3.
David E. Reed Brent E. Ewers Elise Pendall Kusum J. Naithani Hyojung Kwon Robert D. Kelly 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2018,71(3):309-317
The sagebrush-steppe ecosystem covers much of western North America, and its productivity is sensitive to warming and increasingly variable precipitation. Interannual variation in precipitation has been shown to be the most significant factor controlling biogeochemical cycling while both soil and atmospheric drought are dominant factors of ecosystem fluxes. We show that plant canopies can also act to limit water losses through stomatal and aerodynamic control. We use 4 data-yr from 2 sites (2 069 and 2 469 m above sea level elevation, respectively) to evaluate control of carbon and water fluxes and to calculate the degree to which the ecosystem canopy and atmosphere are decoupled. Environmental conditions were similar between the two sites, although the lower elevation site was slightly warmer (1.8°C higher temperature) and drier (0.2 kPa higher vapor pressure deficit). Ecosystem responses of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and evapotranspiration (ET) to environmental drivers were similar between sites and years, with the wet site-yr 2009 having the largest ET and NEE fluxes. Canopy leaf area led to divergent behavior of the canopy-atmosphere decoupling parameter under high (> 11% by volume) soil moisture conditions. During low (< 11%) soil moisture periods, both sites had tight ecosystem stomatal control on ET with little NEE activity. This study highlights how semiarid ecosystems can alter their canopy leaf area in order to control how decoupled semi-arid canopies are to the atmosphere, potentially moderating impacts of climate change. 相似文献
4.
高山植物的自然更新,是高寒山区植物群落多样性的维持以及群落生产力高低的重要前提条件。弄清其在未来气候变化下的响应特征,可为准确评估高山生态系统响应气候变化的演变方向和格局提供数据支撑,并为探索内在的演变机制提供理论依据。本文从高山植物种子萌发、幼苗存活与定居的3个关键更新环节展开,综述了生物因素(植物自身因素、植物间相互作用、动物干扰、昆虫授粉等)和非生物因素(温度、水分、土壤性质等)对这3个关键环节影响的研究结果。在种子萌发阶段,极端干旱和高山积雪提前融化改变植物–传粉昆虫相互关系和营养结构网络。升温和降水增加促进植物种子萌发,升温能打破种子休眠改变种子生理状况,而增加土壤水分能为种子萌发提供充足的水分供应。而温度过高和水分过多却对种子萌发产生阻碍作用,归因于温度高于萌发阈值造成高温胁迫,土壤水分过多产生病原体。幼苗存活和定居阶段,植食动物干扰和植物种间竞争对幼苗的存活和定居有利有弊,适当的动物干扰增加幼苗生长空间,资源贫乏山地的植物种间竞争促使幼苗相互协调共生,促进存活和定居。动物对幼苗的高强度取食和干扰及资源富足的区域植物种间竞争造成植物资源获取受阻,都抑制幼苗存活和定居。迄今为止,有关升温对高山植物幼苗存活的影响还存在争议(促进或者没有影响),但升温和增加降水可以促进幼苗生长的结论比较一致,这可能是更温暖湿润的土壤可以为幼苗的生长提供良好的环境条件,有利于养分吸收利用。本文阐明了高山植物早期更新3个阶段的生物与非生物因素对其的影响,也指出了忽略生物和非生物因子的多重效应等方面的研究不足,同时提出了需要继续深入探索的科学问题,以期为气候变化对高山生态系统的影响研究提供文献借鉴。 相似文献
5.
Global climate change is expected to influence the distribution of global biodiversity. C4 and C3 perennial grasses co-occur in the fire-prone KwaZulu-Natal uKhahlamba-Drakensberg grasslands, with C3 grass species occurring at cooler locations in the mountain range and C4 grass species at warmer locations. If a warming climate is expected to cause a contraction in the ranges of C3 grasses, evidence of temperature controlling current distributions is required. This study modelled the distribution of five C3 grass species, namely Tenaxia stricta, Tenaxia disticha, Festuca costata, Merxmuellera drakensbergensis and Merxmuellera stereophylla, to temperature-related surrogate variables using presence–absence data collected across the environmental heterogeneity of the mountain range. Distributions of each species, and of all species combined, were modelled using generalised additive models. These temperature-related variables accounted for the distribution of all five species, least so for F. costata. Four species could therefore contract in range in response to climate change, whereas F. costata is least likely to have a range contraction directly related to a warming climate and could experience a range expansion owing to the fertilising effect of increased [CO2]. 相似文献
6.
There is considerable interest in understanding processes of carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and release in grasslands and the factors that control them. Many studies have investigated how CO2 fluxes vary over time (monthly, seasonally, annually). However, with the exception of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (Reco), little information is available on diurnal flux patterns, despite their importance in determining total ecosystem CO2 gains and losses. To better understand these variations, we measured CO2 fluxes (NEE, Reco, soil respiration [Rsoil], canopy respiration [Rcanopy], plant assimilation [assimilation]) with a climate-controlled closed-chamber system over 24 h once a month from May to September during the 2005 growing season in a mesic grassland in Yellowstone National Park. We also assessed how environmental factors (photosynthetic active radiation [PAR], air temperature, soil temperature, soil moisture) were associated with these diurnal and seasonal flux patterns to identify the main drivers of the fluctuations in CO2. Measurements were conducted simultaneously on two plots: one irrigated, the other unirrigated. Absolute values of all fluxes were greatest in midsummer (June–July), and lowest in spring and fall (May, September) at both plots. Variation in soil moisture as a result of irrigation did not lead to pronounced differences in seasonal CO2 fluxes and did not influence the diurnal patterns of CO2 uptake and release. Instead, the diurnal and seasonal variations of our ecosystem fluxes were related to PAR and temperature (air/soil) and soil moisture and temperature (air/soil), respectively, at both plots. Thus, continued anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gas emissions that are expected to change the intensity of radiation, temperature, and precipitation may strongly affect the diurnal and seasonal patterns in CO2 uptake and release. Such chamber-based information combined with the measurement of environmental variables could be important for modeling CO2 budgets when no continuous measurements are available or affordable. 相似文献
7.
Two of the key drivers of biodiversity loss today are climate change and invasive species. Climate change is already having a measurable impact on species distributions, reproduction and behavior, and all evidence suggests that things will get worse even if we act tomorrow to mitigate any future increases in greenhouse gas emissions: temperature will increase, precipitation will change, sea level will rise and ocean chemistry will change. At the same time, biological invasions remain an important threat to biodiversity, causing species loss, changes in distribution and habitat degradation. Acting together, the impacts of each of these drivers of change are compounded and interactions between these two threats present even greater challenges to field conservationists as well as policymakers. Similarly, the social and economic impacts of climate change and invasive species, already substantial, will be magnified. Awareness of the links between the two should underpin all biodiversity management planning and policy. 相似文献
8.
气候变化对草地生态系统土壤有机碳储量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随着全球气候变化和陆地生态系统碳循环研究的发展,草地土壤有机碳库正成为草地生态系统研究的热点。草地土壤有机碳库作为全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。由人类活动引起的温室效应以及由此造成的气候变化对草地生态系统的影响已引起人们的广泛关注,而温度、降水和大气CO2浓度等气候因子对草地土壤碳库也产生重要影响。了解气候变化对草地土壤有机碳库的影响对于准确理解气候变化背景下草地土壤有机碳的演变机制具有重要的指导意义。本研究综述了草地土壤有机碳储量的分布状况以及温度升高、降水和大气CO2浓度增加对草地土壤有机碳影响的国内外研究进展,指出了目前草地土壤有机碳研究存在的问题,提出了今后研究的努力方向和着重点,并对今后草地土壤有机碳研究提出了展望。 相似文献
9.
人类放牧活动与气候变化对科尔沁沙质草地植物多样性的影响 总被引：16，自引：7，他引：9
为了解人类放牧活动和气候变化对我国北方沙质草地植物多样性的影响,笔者于1992-2006年在科尔沁沙地开展了草地放牧和封育试验,分析研究了人类放牧活动和降水、气温变化对草地植物多样性的影响.结果表明,1)放牧干扰对草地物种丰富度和多样性有着明显的影响,随着草地放牧干扰强度的增加,草地物种丰富度和植物多样性呈下降趋势,但只有持续重牧才会导致草地物种丰富度和多样性的明显降低;2)放牧干扰对草地不同生活型多样性和不同经济类群多样性的影响有很大差异,表现为随着放牧强度的增加,一年生植物多样性和禾本科植物多样性明显增加,多年生植物及菊科、藜科和杂类草植物多样性明显下降;3)不同放牧强度下的不同生活型多样性和经济类群多样性对气候变化的反应有很大差异,但除了重牧区菊科植物多样性与降水变化、中牧区杂类草植物多样性与气温变化达到显著相关外,其他相关性均未达到显著水平;4)在草地自然恢复演替过程中,暖湿气候有利于草地物种丰富度和多样性的增加,特别是可以明显促进多年生植物以及菊科、豆科植物多样性的增加,而持续暖干气候可以降低草地的物种丰富度和多样性,但对禾本科和藜科植物多样性的不利影响较小. 相似文献
10.
在气候变化和过度放牧影响下,高寒草地退化日趋严重。当前,围栏封育作为退化草地生态恢复的主要措施之一,其对植物功能性状和生理过程影响的研究相对较少。以藏西北荒漠草原植物为对象,选取植物叶片碳(LCC)和氮含量(LNC)及稳定同位素组成(δ13C和δ15N)来表征植物水分利用效率(WUE)和氮素利用效率(NUE),以期探明围栏封育对高寒荒漠草原植物WUE和NUE的相对影响。结果表明:1)高寒荒漠草原不同功能群植物间LCC、LNC、δ13C和δ15N存在差异;2)在植物群落和功能群水平上,围栏封育对LCC、LNC、δ13C和δ15N均无显著影响;3)土壤含水量和pH值是影响荒漠植物叶片δ13C的主要因子,表明植物内在WUE主要受土壤因素的调控。生长季气温是影响叶片δ15N的主导因子,表明气候条件是影响藏西北荒漠草原生态系统氮循环的主导因素;4)荒漠草原植物WUE和NUE之间无明显权衡关系。综上所述,短期围栏封育并不会显... 相似文献
11.
土壤碳循环主要过程对气候变暖响应的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
目前,土壤呼吸等碳循环过程对气候变暖的响应仍是气候变化预测模型中不确定性的主要来源。本文以土壤呼吸为切入点,首先论述了土壤呼吸对气候变暖的响应及适应机制,并从土壤微生物(土壤呼吸的主体)、土壤有机碳分解的温度敏感性(土壤呼吸的反应底物)两个方面探讨了土壤碳循环过程对气候变暖的响应;随后论述了气候变暖与其他气候变化因子之间、地上与地下部分之间的协同作用对土壤碳循环过程的影响。得到以下主要结论:气候变暖可以影响土壤微生物的生理活性,甚至改变其群落结构,从而使土壤呼吸对增温产生适应;土壤有机碳分解对增温的敏感性由有机碳的化学组成结构、环境因子对其的保护作用、土壤微生物的生理特性等因素决定。并在此基础上提出了未来的研究重点:1)将土壤微生物过程耦合到气候变化模型中;2)积极探索新的土壤微生物研究方法;3)设置长期定位实验,研究多个气候变化因子之间的综合作用;4)加强地上、地下生态过程的系统研究。 相似文献
12.
泛北极地区和青藏高原是陆地生态系统重要的有机碳、氮库。在气候变暖驱动下，高纬度或高海拔冻土融化加速，冻土活动层冻融格局改变，土壤有机质分解增加，成为全球重要的温室气体排放源，其对气候变化的“正反馈”效应受到越来越多关注。本文重点综述了近年泛北极和青藏高原冻土区土壤CO2,CH4和N2O三种主要温室气体通量对冻土退化及冻融作用的响应特征和影响机制，探讨了高寒地区生态系统净温室效应与气候变暖的相互关系，并简要提出了目前冻土区土壤碳排放和氮转化关键过程研究中需要加强的方面，旨在为继续深入开展气候变化背景下冻土碳氮循环研究提供参考。 相似文献
13.
Mohammed N. Sawalhah Jerry L. Holechek Andres F. Cibils Hatim M.E. Geli Ashraf Zaied 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2019,72(5):832-845
A large statewide historical database involving livestock numbers, vegetation cover, precipitation, air temperature, and drought frequency and severity allowed us to explore relationships between climate and rangeland livestock grazing levels and livestock productivity from 1920 to 2017. Trends in vegetation cover and livestock grazing levels from 1984 to 2017 were also explored. Our climate time series was divided into two periods, 1920 ? 1975 and 1976 ? 2017, based on an apparent accelerated increase in mean annual air temperatures that began in the mid-1970s. Both mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual air temperature (MAT) differed (P ≤ 0.05) between the two periods. MAP and MAT were 9.6% and 3.4% higher in period 2 compared with period 1, respectively. From the 1920s to 2010s the livestock grazing level and weaned calf numbers fell 30% and 40%, respectively, despite a significant increase in MAP. Long-term declines in livestock grazing levels and in weaned calf numbers were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with increasing MAT (r = ? 0.34 and r = ? 0.43, respectively). No long-term trends (1984–2017) in woody or perennial herbaceous cover were detected at the level of the entire state of New Mexico. Woody plant cover dynamics for New Mexico were not related to livestock grazing levels. However, at the county level we detected a 2% increase in woody plant cover coupled with a 9% decrease in cattle animal units between 2000 and 2002 and 2015 and 2017 for 19 select counties well distributed across New Mexico. Increases in woody plant cover varied greatly among counties and were higher for eastern than western New Mexico. Both global and New Mexico data show the climate warming trend is accelerating. Our findings have relevance to several other parts of the world because New Mexico occurs at midlatitude, has varied topography and climatic conditions, and several different range vegetation types. 相似文献
14.
气候变化和干扰对河西走廊北部风沙源区NDVI的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1982-2005年的NASA/GIMMS半月合成植被指数(NDVI)数据,结合气候与家畜数量资料,分析河西走廊北部风沙源区东部民勤、中部酒泉和西部玉门的NDVI、气温、降水和家畜数量年变化及其关系,以探讨河西走廊北部风沙源区植被覆盖变化对气候变化和人类活动的响应。结果表明:民勤和酒泉的NDVI年变化呈增加趋势(P<0.01和P<0.05);民勤、酒泉和玉门的气温年变化均呈增加趋势(P<0.01);降水与降水利用效率(RUE)年变化则相反(P>0.05)。NDVI和气温的年变异系数(CV)小,降水和家畜数量及RUE的CV大。3地的NDVI、气温、降水及家畜数量为民勤>酒泉>玉门,RUE为酒泉>民勤=玉门。民勤的NDVI与降水和气温成正相关(P<0.05),酒泉的NDVI与降水、气温及家畜数量均无显著相关性,玉门的NDVI与家畜数量成负相关(P<0.05)。分析认为,降水对民勤NDVI的贡献大于气温,气候和载畜量都是影响酒泉植被的重要因素,家畜数量是玉门NDVI变化的限制因子。 相似文献
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16.
《Livestock Production Science》2003,84(2):101-111
Differences in soil, climate and socioeconomic conditions cause animal production to vary widely between European regions, notably in animal density and percentage landless farming. They have in common that animal products result from the cycling and redistribution of nutrients through soil, air, plants, animals and manure, with energy from photosynthesis or from the input of fossil energy as driving force. Nature of nutrients and rates of their conversion vary between and within cycle components, and consequently imbalances occur, causing undesired nutrient losses to or extractions from soil, water and air. Nutrients causing environmental concern are those containing excessive phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and nitrate (NO3−), contaminating soil and water and those losing the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the air. Successful and feasible interventions are to extensify, to reduce external inputs and to optimise. Maximum stocking density should not exceed 2.0 livestock units (LU)/ha. Reductions in external inputs of N, P and K are possible through reduction in fertiliser inputs and by reducing or applying compositional changes of dietary inputs. Optimisation at farm level includes implementing the nutritive measures mentioned above combined with an increased reproductive efficiency by lowering the number of parent animals. Animal manure should be treated as a commodity rather as a waste, with a tailor made composition to be achieved by nutrition or by fractionation. The recommended measures require legal and mental interventions, the success of which will largely depend on the quality of legislation and the acceptability of its implementation. 相似文献
17.
青藏高原是我国重要的生态安全屏障,探究地下微生物驱动土壤生化过程,生物量碳氮含量特征及其控制要素,对高寒生态系统功能维持具有重要意义。本研究通过对青藏高原高寒草甸和高寒草原两种草地类型样带调查和研究,探讨了不同高寒草地生态系统类型土壤微生物量碳（MBC）和土壤微生物量氮（MBN）含量特征及其与气候、植物群落和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明,高寒草甸比高寒草原具有更高的土壤MBC和MBN含量;生长季降水量（GSP）与两种草地类型的MBC和MBN含量呈显著正相关（P<0.01）;而生长季均温（GST）仅与高寒草原MBN含量呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。结构方程模型显示,在生长季降水量的影响下,土壤全氮是影响高寒草甸土壤MBC和MBN的主导因子,土壤有机碳是影响高寒草原MBC和MBN的主导因子。研究结果可为高寒草地生态系统可持续管理提供理论参考。 相似文献
18.
位于青藏高原腹地的青海三江源是全球气候变化的启动区和脆弱区,是我国国家生态安全屏障。为有效遏制该地区高寒草地生态退化,在2005—2017年先后实施了生态保护和建设一期工程、二期工程。本研究应用基于卫星遥感模型估算的植被净初级生产力及家畜存栏统计数据,对三江源生态保护和建设工程实施以来草地理论载畜量及载畜压力时空变化及其原因进行了分析。结果表明：2005—2017年间三江源区理论载畜量呈现不显著降低趋势,较之前一期工程期间,二期工程实施期间理论载畜量降低了6.75%;一期工程实施期间现实载畜总量2 041.39万羊单位,载畜压力指数1.38;而二期工程实施期间,可能由于气候暖干化使得理论载畜量降低,以及实施减畜政策与补偿的不对等关系,导致现实载畜总量增至2 216.40万羊单位,载畜压力指数增至1.60。研究结果表明生态保护和建设工程仍然面临着艰巨而又复杂的挑战。 相似文献
19.
气候变暖背景下土壤呼吸研究的几个重要问题 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土壤呼吸是土壤有机碳返还至大气的主要形式,其对气候变暖的响应一直备受关注。近30年来,已有大量增温试验和模型就气候变暖对土壤呼吸的影响及其机制做了详细的探讨。但目前研究主要集中在土壤呼吸对浅层土壤增温的响应,对深层土壤的关注不足,且鲜有涉及土壤动物和土壤冻融过程,这些可能会减弱未来气候变暖背景下的CO2排放的预测能力。本研究提出几个目前气候变暖背景下土壤呼吸研究亟待解决的问题,包括:1)深层土壤呼吸对增温的响应;2)土壤动物对土壤呼吸的贡献及影响;3)土壤冻融过程对土壤呼吸的影响。通过综述这3个研究领域的现状,指出了当前该领域研究中存在的不足,提出了一些具体的改进措施并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,有助于深入理解土壤呼吸对气候变暖的响应过程和提高陆地生态系统碳循环模型的预测精度。 相似文献
20.
Nichole N. Barger Henry D. Adams Connie Woodhouse Jason C. Neff Gregory P. Asner 《Strength and Conditioning Journal》2009,62(6):531-539
Over the last century there has been marked expansion and infilling of pinyon (Pinus spp.)–juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands into grassland and shrubland ecosystems across the western United States. Although range expansions in pinyon-juniper populations have been documented with changing climate throughout the Holocene, over the last century, local scale impacts such as livestock grazing, changes in fire regimes, and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are thought to be more recent drivers of pinyon-juniper woodland distribution. Our objective was to examine the role of historical livestock grazing relative to past climate in regulating pinyon (Pinus edulis Engelm.) recruitment and growth over the last century in a persistent pinyon-juniper woodland. We compared pinyon dynamics on a remote mesa site, minimally grazed by domestic livestock, to a nearby historically grazed site in southeastern Utah. The presence of a significant number of old trees (> 200 yr) at both sites suggests that these populations were well established prior to the 20th century. No differences in pinyon density or basal area were observed between grazed and ungrazed sites. Stand age structure data showed that pinyon recruitment across these sites was highly synchronous, with a large recruitment event occurring during the early 1900s; 17% of the pinyons on both sites dated to the 1920s. Climatic conditions during this decade were consistently cool and wet—conditions known to support enhanced recruitment and growth in pinyon pines. Pinyon growth was also strongly synchronous across sites (r = 0.96). Pinyon growth was significantly correlated with winter/spring precipitation and negatively correlated with June temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that past climate may be more important in structuring pinyon populations than historical land use in these persistent pinyon-juniper woodlands. Given future climate projections of increasing temperature and more extended drought periods, regeneration of pinyon populations following the recent regional-scale dieback may be slow. Moreover, prolonged drought combined with potentially slow regeneration times for pinyon under future climate scenarios could result in substantial declines in pinyon populations across the region, a result that land managers should consider when planning for future restoration treatments in persistent pinyon-juniper woodlands. 相似文献