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农田土壤硝化反硝化作用及其对生物炭添加响应的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
氧化亚氮（N2O）是重要的温室气体之一,还会破坏大气臭氧层,影响全球气候变化。农田土壤是N2O最主要的排放源,由微生物主导的硝化和反硝化作用是其最主要的排放途径,因此,土壤的硝化和反硝化作用备受关注。在综合国内外相关研究的基础上,就区分硝化和反硝化作用对N2O排放贡献的研究方法、土壤N2O产生途径及其影响因素以及施用生物炭对N2O排放的影响机理进行归纳总结。结果表明：硝化和反硝化作用对生物炭的响应不同,在N2O减排效应上也存在很大的不确定性,其内在机理尚不明确。在此基础上,提出区分硝化和反硝化作用对N2O排放贡献的最佳研究方法,并就农田土壤硝化反硝化作用的影响因素以及对生物炭的响应机制进行研究展望。 相似文献
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通过3年定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对壤质草甸土区玉米生产进行了全生长季N2O排放通量的观测,分析了不同施氮方式对N2O排放总量、排放系数和玉米产量的影响。结果表明：减少氮肥用量20%的缓控释肥处理与秸秆还田配化肥处理产量居高,而且二者间差异不显著;秸秆还田促进了农田土壤N2O排放,使得秸秆还田配化肥处理的年均N2O季节排放总量最高,达到1.50 kg N·hm-2;年均N2O季节排放总量与施肥量之间相关系数达到了0.97;随着试验年限的增加,N2O-N季节排放系数受施肥量的影响逐年增加,相关系数从2009年的-0.015增加到2011年的0.624。因此不同施氮方式对N2O季节排放的影响需要通过多年定位来准确把握,同时在研究农田N2O-N季节排放时要适当考虑植株生长过程中N2O的排放。兼顾产量和减排2个因素,建议推广缓控释肥的减量施用。 相似文献
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农田土壤硝化—反硝化作用与N2O的排放 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
在北京潮土上研究了冬小麦夏玉米轮作体系下土壤硝化反硝化作用以及N2O排放情况。结果表明，小麦生育期土壤温度及含水量降低，无论是反硝化损失氮量还是土壤的N2O生成排放量均不高。土壤的N2O生成排放量与反硝化氮量相当或低于反硝化氮量。玉米生育期土壤温度升高以及孔隙含水量的较大的改善，反硝化损失氮量、N2O生成排放量有明显上升。通常情况下土壤反硝损失氮量与N2O排放氮量基本处于同一水平。在玉米十叶期追肥后的较短时间内，N2O总排放量明显高于反硝化损失氮量，说明至少在这一阶段中，硝化作用在北方旱地土壤N2O的排放中发挥了主要作用。在评价北方旱地农田土壤氮素硝化反硝化损失中，硝化作用的氮素损失是不可忽视的重要方面。 相似文献
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N2O是重要的温室气体之一,由此引起的全球变暖和臭氧层破坏是当今重要的环境问题。采用遮光密闭箱和气相色谱法研究了氮肥施用对小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用的影响。结果表明,小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理N2O平均排放通量分别为2.71、2.42、1.97 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均N2O排放通量分别为2.42、2.14、3.13 gN.hm-2.d-1。小麦生长季节里,高氮、中氮以及不施氮处理平均反硝化速率分别为4.91、4.50、1.67 gN.hm-.2d-1;尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸钾3种氮肥品种处理下,平均反硝化速率分别为4.50、3.68、5.29 gN.hm-.2d-1。氮肥施用明显促进了土壤-植物系统中N2O排放通量和反硝化作用,氮肥施用量水平和N2O排放通量、反硝化作用呈正相关。硝酸钾对N2O排放通量和反硝化作用贡献最大,硫酸铵最小。研究还表明,小麦地N2O释放和反硝化作用与季节有一定相关性,温度较高季节排放量及反硝化作用明显,反之则较弱。 相似文献
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研究不同施肥措施下东北黑土区玉米农田温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)的排放量及其增温潜势,将为制定农业温室气体减排措施提供理论依据。本研究以国家(公主岭)黑土长期定位试验为平台,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对不同施肥措施下玉米农田土壤温室气体排放通量进行了监测,并分析了不同施肥处理间玉米田的综合温室效应差异。结果表明:各施肥处理土壤温室气体CO_2和N_2O的排放高峰均出现在玉米拔节期。农家肥和化肥配施(M_2NPK)处理土壤CO_2、N_2O排放通量和CH_4吸收量均显著高于施化肥处理(P0.05);施用化肥处理土壤CO_2、N_2O排放通量高于不施肥处理;撂荒区土壤CO_2排放通量最高,而土壤N_2O排放通量显著低于施肥处理;等施氮量条件下,化肥(NPK)处理土壤N_2O排放通量明显高于秸秆还田(SNPK)处理,而土壤CH4净吸收量结果则截然相反。从土壤综合温室效应和温室气体强度可分析出,与不施肥(CK)比较,偏施化肥N和NPK处理的综合温室效应(GWP)分别增加了142%和32%,SNPK综合温室效应降低了38%;尤其是有机无机配施(M_2NPK)处理的综合温室效应为负值,为净碳汇。平衡施肥NPK和有机无机肥配施(SNPK和M_2NPK)温室气体排放强度(GHGI)较弱,显著低于不施肥(CK)和偏施化肥(N)处理,其中M2NPK为-222 kg CO_2-eq·t~(-1)。因此,为同步实现较高的玉米产量和较低的温室气体排放强度,有机无机肥配施是东北黑土区较为理想的土壤培肥方式。 相似文献
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水稻控制灌溉对稻麦轮作农田N_2O排放的调控效应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放的调控效应,该文对稻麦轮作农田N2O排放进行原位观测,分析稻麦轮作农田N2O排放对水稻控制灌溉水分调控的动态响应。结果表明,水稻灌溉模式对后茬冬小麦田N2O排放产生了显著的后效性影响,控制灌溉稻季农田N2O排放总量较常规灌溉稻季农田平均增加了136.9%(P0.05),而稻季采用控制灌溉的麦季农田N2O排放总量较稻季采用常规灌溉的麦季农田平均减少47.1%(P0.05);稻季采用控制灌溉的稻麦轮作农田全年N2O排放总量平均为761.50 mg/m2,较稻季采用常规灌溉的轮作农田平均减少了1.0%,差异很小(P0.05)。稻季采用控制灌溉的稻麦轮作农田N2O-N损失率为1.01%,稻季采用常规灌溉的轮作农田N2O-N损失率为0.98%。麦季N2O排放通量的峰值一般出现在施肥后伴随降雨时,降雨后7~10 d是麦季N2O剧烈排放的关键时期。水稻控制灌溉较常规灌溉没有增加稻麦轮作农田的N2O排放。研究结果为准确估算中国农田N2O排放量及制定N2O减排措施提供参考。 相似文献
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低量施氮对小青菜生长和氮素损失的影响 总被引：1，自引：5，他引：1
采用田间试验和微区试验相结合,研究了低量施氮对小青菜(Brassica.chinensis)产量、氮肥利用率和氮素损失的影响,其中氮素总损失用15N示踪法测定,氨挥发用通气密闭室法测定,反硝化损失用乙炔抑制-原状土柱培养法测定,不加乙炔测定N2O排放。结果表明,施用氮肥显著增加了小青菜的产量和吸氮量,在75和150kg/hm2氮肥水平下,氮肥利用率分别为46.8%和39.4%。由于试验地土壤pH低(5.38),各处理的氨挥发均很低且差异不大,施用氮肥没有增加氨挥发。试验地土壤反硝化损失和N2O排放量较高,分别为N4.34kg/hm2/sup和N2.65kg/hm2,施用氮肥没有增加反硝化损失和N2O排放,表明氮源不是反硝化作用的限制因子。在N75和150kg/hm2两个施氮水平下,氮素回收率分别为103%和91.3%,并且土壤残留氮主要累积在020cm土层,表明肥料氮损失很少,这与氨挥发、反硝化损失较低的结果相吻合。 相似文献
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应用修正的IPCC2006方法对中国农田N2O排放量重新估算 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11
氧化亚氮(N2O)是一种重要的温室气体,农田土壤是其排放的重要源。本研究通过本地参数修正的IPCC2006计算方法,结合统计资料计算中国农田土壤的N2O直接排放量。结果表明:从1980年到2007年中国农田N2O排放年均增长7.6%,2007年N2O-N排放量达到288.4Gg。2007年化学氮肥投入、有机物质投入、作物秸秆投入、有机土排放对农田N2O直接排放的贡献份额分别为77.64%、15.57%、6.46%和0.33%。从分布格局看,2007年农田N2O直接排放总量较大省份主要集中在华北地区和四川盆地,单位耕地面积N2O排放量较高的地区主要集中在华北地区和东南沿海。 相似文献
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有机肥与无机肥配施对菜地土壤N2O排放及其来源的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
该研究采用同位素自然丰度法,通过室内培养试验研究北京地区菜地有机肥和无机肥配施对土壤释放N2O及同位素位嗜值SP（site preference）的影响,以期获得不同肥料及其配比下土壤N2O的来源及变化规律。结果表明：施用无机肥释放的N2O显著高于有机肥,其累积排放量是有机肥的6.63倍,且无机肥施用比例越高,排放量越大;各肥料组合在施用后7天内均以反硝化作用生成N2O为主,贡献最高达到78.89%,SP为6.97‰,之后硝化作用逐渐增强并成为主要途径,最高占比达76.48%,SP为25.24‰;培养期内施用无机肥可以促进反硝化作用,平均占比52.98%,SP为15.52‰,而有机肥会使硝化作用增强,平均占比71.35%,SP为23.55‰。因此,在北京潮褐土地区菜地土壤施用有机肥对N2O有良好的减排效果,可为蔬菜生产中肥料的合理应用提供科学依据。 相似文献
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Kang Ni Weixin Ding M. Zaman Zucong Cai Yufeng Wang Xilin Zhang Baoku Zhou 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2012,48(8):973-979
Nitrous oxide emission (N2O) from applied fertilizer across the different agricultural landscapes especially those of rainfed area is extremely variable (both spatially and temporally), thus posing the greatest challenge to researchers, modelers, and policy makers to accurately predict N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide emissions from a rainfed, maize-planted, black soil (Udic Mollisols) were monitored in the Harbin State Key Agroecological Experimental Station (Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China). The four treatments were: a bare soil amended with no N (C0) or with 225?kg?N ha?1 (CN), and maize (Zea mays L.)-planted soils fertilized with no N (P0) or with 225?kg?N ha?1 (PN). Nitrous oxide emissions significantly (P?<?0.05) increased from 141?±?5?g N2O-N?ha?1 (C0) to 570?±?33?g N2O-N?ha?1 (CN) in unplanted soil, and from 209?±?29?g N2O-N?ha?1 (P0) to 884?±?45?g N2O-N?ha?1 (PN) in planted soil. Approximately 75?% of N2O emissions were from fertilizer N applied and the emission factor (EF) of applied fertilizer N as N2O in unplanted and planted soils was 0.19 and 0.30?%, respectively. The presence of maize crop significantly (P?<?0.05) increased the N2O emission by 55?% in the N-fertilized soil but not in the N-unfertilized soil. There was a significant (P?<?0.05) interaction effect of fertilization?×?maize on N2O emissions. Nitrous oxide fluxes were significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature (P?<?0.05), with the temperature sensitivity of 1.73–2.24, which together explained 62–76?% of seasonal variation in N2O fluxes. Our results demonstrated that N2O emissions from rainfed arable black soils in Northeast China primarily depended on the application of fertilizer N; however, the EF of fertilizer N as N2O was low, probably due to low precipitation and soil moisture. 相似文献
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农作措施对中国稻田氧化亚氮排放影响的研究进展 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
农业是全球最主要的温室气体排放源之一,稻田不仅是全球重要的甲烷(CH4)排放源,亦是氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源。灌溉、施肥、耕作等农作措施能够改变稻田生态系统土壤微环境,影响土壤硝化与反硝化过程,进而影响N2O的排放。目前,关于农作措施对农田生态系统N2O排放特征研究很多,但系统地综述农作措施对稻田N2O排放影响的研究还比较少。该文着眼于中国的农业发展趋势,基于稻田灌溉、施肥及耕作等方面的新技术,综合分析新型农作措施对中国稻田生态系统N2O排放的影响及其机制,为相关研究提供参考。在此基础上,提出了中国稻田生态系统N2O排放深入研究的方向:1)加强研究新型农作措施下稻田N2O产生及排放途径;2)系统研究稻田生态系统直接与间接N2O排放的影响及其机制;3)开展农作措施集成技术对稻田生态系统N2O排放影响的研究;4)加强模型模拟的调参验证并进行相关预测分析。 相似文献
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设施菜田土壤pH和初始C/NO3– 对反硝化产物比的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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Gross nitrogen transformations and related N2O emissions in uncultivated and cultivated black soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A better understanding of the nitrogen (N) cycle in agricultural soils is crucial for developing sustainable and environmentally friendly N fertilizer management and to propose effective nitrous oxide (N2O) mitigation strategies. This laboratory study quantified gross nitrogen transformation rates in uncultivated and cultivated black soils in Northeast China. It also elucidated the contribution made by nitrification and denitrification to the emissions of N2O. In the laboratory, soil samples adjusted to 60 % water holding capacity (WHC) were spiked with 15NH4NO3 and NH4 15NO3 and incubated at 25 °C for 7 days. The size and 15N enrichment of the mineral N pools and the N2O emission rates were determined between 0 and 7 days. The results showed that the average N2O emission rate was 21.6 ng N2O-N kg?1 h?1 in cultivated soil, significantly higher than in the uncultivated soil (11.6 ng N2O-N kg?1 h?1). Denitrification was found to be responsible for 32.1 % of the N2O emission in uncultivated soil, and the ratio increased significantly to 43.2 % in cultivated soil, due to the decrease in soil pH. Most of the increase in net N2O-N emissions observed in the cultivated soil was resulting from the increased production of N2O through denitrification. Gross nitrification rate was significantly higher in the cultivated soil than in the uncultivated soil, and the ratio of gross nitrification rate/ammonium immobilization rate was 6.87 in cultivated soil, much larger than the uncultivated soil, indicating that nitrification was the dominant NH4 + consuming process in cultivated soil, and this will lead to the increased production of nitrate, whereas the increased contribution of denitrification to N2O emission promoted the larger emission of N2O. This double impact explains why the risk of N loss to the environment is increased by long-term cultivation and fertilization of native prairie sites, and controlling nitrification maybe effective to abate the negative environmental effects. 相似文献
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由电子废物处理和回收引起的土壤污染: 特别关注中国 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This short review deals with soils as an important source of the greenhouse gas N2O. The production and consumption of N2O in soils mainly involve biotic processes: the anaerobic process of denitrification and the aerobic process of nitrification. The factors that significantly influence agricultural N2O emissions mainly concern the agricultural practices (N application rate, crop type, fertilizer type) and soil conditions (soil moisture, soil organic C content, soil pH and texture). Large variability of N2O fluxes is known to occur both at different spatial and temporal scales. Currently new techniques could help to improve the capture of the spatial variability. Continuous measurement systems with automatic chambers could also help to capture temporal variability and consequently to improve quantification of N2O emissions by soils. Some attempts for mitigating soil N2O emissions, either by modifying agricultural practices or by managing soil microbial functioning taking into account the origin of the soil N2O emission variability, are reviewed. 相似文献
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有机肥正被广泛用于东北黑土地固碳培肥，为探究其影响N2O排放的效应及碳组分机制，试验设置在两个氮水平下(0、100 mg/kg)，不加有机肥(CK)和6个添加不同原料制成的有机肥，共14个处理，动态测定培养期(365 d)N2O排放通量，并分析有机肥性质及结构特征。结果表明，施用有机肥总体上促进黑土N2O排放，特别是加氮条件下；但是在不同培养阶段，不同种类有机肥对N2O排放的影响存在显著差异。培养前期有机肥对N2O排放的快速刺激作用主要与其带入的无机氮含量正相关，但是活性有机碳与木质素酚“共代谢”分解可能通过促进微生物对氮素的同化作用进而削减有机肥对N2O排放的促进作用。在培养中后期，纤维素和半纤维素成为有机肥调控N2O排放的关键组分。氮添加有利于后期惰性木质素单体分解，促进含氮有机组分矿化，进而增强N2O排放对有机肥的正响应。综上，有机肥组分特征影响其可分解性进而调控黑土N2O排放，在制定... 相似文献
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from grazed pastures constitute approximately 28% of total global anthropogenic N2O emissions. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of inorganic N fertilizer application on fluxes of N2O, quantify the emission factors (EFs) for a sandy loam soil which is typical of large areas in Ireland and to investigate denitrification sensitivity to temperature. Nitrous oxide flux measurements from a cut and grazed pasture field for 1 year and denitrification laboratory incubation were carried out. The soil pH was 7.3 and had a mean organic C and N content at 0–20 cm of 44.1 and 4.4 g/kg dry weight, respectively. The highest observed peaks of N2O fluxes of 67 and 38.7 g N2O‐N per hectare per day were associated with times of application of inorganic N fertilizer. Annual fluxes of N2O from control and fertilized treatments were 1 and 2.4 kg N2O‐N per hectare, respectively. Approximately 63% of the annual flux was associated with N fertilizer application. Multiple regression analysis revealed that soil nitrate and the interaction between soil nitrate and soil water content were the main factors controlling N2O flux from the soil. The derived EF of 0.83% was approximately 66% of the IPCC default EF value of 1.25% as used by the Irish EPA to estimate greenhouse gases (GHGs) in Ireland. The IPCC‐revised EF value is 0.9%. A highly significant exponential regression (r2 = 0.98) was found between denitrification and incubation temperature. The calculated Q10 ranged from 4.4 to 6.2 for a temperature range of 10–25 °C and the activation energy was 47 kJ/mol. Our results show that denitrification is very sensitive to increasing temperature, suggesting that future global warming could lead to a significant increase in soil denitrification and consequently N2O fluxes from soils. 相似文献
19.
生物质炭对土壤结构改良、土壤肥力提升和农田温室气体排放具有重要意义。本研究以吉林省梨树县典型黑土为研究对象，通过培育实验，研究不同土壤水分含量（40%WHC和100%WHC）下，生物质炭种类（玉米秸秆生物质炭和稻壳生物质炭）和施加量（0%、1%和4%（w/w））对黑土N2O排放及硝化反硝化功能基因丰度的影响。结果表明，随着秸秆生物质炭施加量的增加，土壤N2O排放呈下降趋势，4%高量秸秆生物质炭添加下，土壤N2O排放量仅为1%低量秸秆生物质炭添加下的33.9%。同时土壤NO- 3-N也表现出一致性规律，4%高量生物质炭添加下土壤NO- 3-N含量显著低于1%低量生物质炭。在100%WHC土壤水分状况下，玉米秸秆生物质炭显著增加了土壤N2O排放，而稻壳生物质炭则显著降低了土壤N2O排放。高土壤水分显著促进了土壤N2O排放，进一步为实时荧光定量PCR结果所证实，高土壤水分通过增加nirS基因丰度进而促进了土壤反硝化作用过程，而4%高量稻壳生物质炭添加下nosZ基因丰度显著高于玉米秸秆生物质炭添加，表现出更强的N2O还原潜力。尽管amoA-AOA基因丰度在不同生物质炭添加量下并未发生显著变化，但amoA-AOB基因丰度在高量玉米秸秆生物质炭添加下显著下降。结果说明，土壤水分和生物质炭通过影响土壤硝化反硝化微生物的营养底物和代谢过程，进而影响土壤N2O排放特征。 相似文献
20.
为揭示加气条件下不同灌溉和施氮量对设施菜地N2O排放的影响,提出有效的N2O减排措施,该研究以温室芹菜为例,设置充分灌溉(1.0 Ep,I1;Ep为2次灌水间隔内φ20 cm标准蒸发皿的累计蒸发量)和亏缺灌溉(0.75 Ep,I2)2个灌溉水平和0 (N0)、150 (N150)、200 (N200)、250 kg/hm2 (N250)4个施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对各处理土壤N2O的排放进行监测,并分析不同灌溉和氮肥水平下土壤温度、湿度、矿质氮(NH4+-N和NO3--N)、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的变化,以及对土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明:充分灌水温室芹菜地N2O排放显著(P＜0.05)高于亏缺灌溉;施氮显著(P＜0.05)增加了土壤N2O排放,N150、N200和N250处理的N2O累积排放量分别是N0处理的2.30、4.14和7.15倍.设施芹菜地N2O排放与土壤温度、湿度和硝态氮含量呈指数相关关系(P＜0.01),与硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量呈线性相关关系(P＜0.01),而与土壤铵态氮没有显著相关关系.灌水和施氮提高芹菜产量的同时,显著增强了土壤N2O排放.综合考虑产量和温室效应,施氮量150 kg/hm2、亏缺灌溉为较佳的管理模式.该研究为设施菜地N2O减排及确定合理的水氮投入量提供参考. 相似文献