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该文研究了水曲柳 (FraxinusmandshuricaRupr .)木材发生Ⅰ型断裂时裂纹尖端的应力场应力强度因子的情况 .借助美国大型通用有限元分析软件NASTRAN计算出裂纹尖端附近的应力 ,并通过GRAFTOOL软件对数据进行后期处理 ,画出裂纹尖端附近的应力强度因子分布图 相似文献
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【目的】研究木材剪切断口的断裂特征、断裂方向和分形曲线特征,计算剪切断口的分形维数;测量木材抗剪强度,利用线性回归探讨木材横向、纵向抗剪强度与分形维数的关系。【方法】以生长在黑龙江的杉松、银白杨、樟子松、白桦和紫椴为试验树种,根据纤维板生产和《造纸木片》( GB/T 7909—1999)对木片原料的尺寸要求,按照《木材物理力学试材锯解及试样截取方法》( GB/T 1929—2009),制作5种树种的剪切试验试件。通过剪切试验,采集木材断口形貌特征,获得断口分形曲线,测量木材断裂时所需的力。【结果】横向剪切试件时,无论试件是否软化,都沿剪切方向呈曲线断裂,断裂面高低不平;未软化的针叶材以弯曲较大的曲线断裂,阔叶材以弯曲不大、稍平直的曲线断裂,断裂表面相对平滑一点;软化后的针叶材以弯曲不大的曲线断裂,阔叶材以弯曲稍大的曲线断裂,个别伴有撕裂痕迹。软化后纵向剪切试件时,试件沿剪切方向呈直线断裂;针叶材、阔叶材的断裂特征差异不明显。横向剪切试件断口分形曲线呈细小的锯齿状或“Z字状”,软化后试件剪切断口分形曲线比未软化的略显复杂;软化后试件纵向剪切断口的分形曲线没有软化前、后横向剪切断口的分形曲线复杂。5种试验试件剪切断口的分形维数在2.047～2.133之间。软化后试件横向抗剪强度最低,纵向抗剪强度大于未软化试件横向剪切强度。【结论】各树种试件软化后的纵向抗剪强度与其断口分形维数之间存在着正相关关系,但相关性并不显著;横向抗剪强度与断口分形维数之间线性正相关。软化后试件横向抗剪强度最低,此情况下剪切木材最易断裂,因此建议在研磨解离木片时,应使原料软化,沿着横向剪切,这样消耗能量较小。 相似文献
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木材干缩的分形分析 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
本文通过一个木材干缩实验 ,展示了木材多孔性的分形特征。用银杏 (GinkgobilobaL .)和板栗(Castaneamollissima)木材作试材 ,用逐渐升高温度的方式处理试样 ,同时称重和量取尺寸 ,可以获得不同温度之间的重量和体积变化值 ,由变化值和立方体边长的对数值得直线斜率。直线斜率反映了木材中空隙体积的分形维数。这种方法可以通过不同树种、不同温度状态下木材水分逸出过程空隙空间分形维数的变化 ,分析木材的干缩规律。建议分形理论可成为木材多孔性研究的有效途径 相似文献
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管窥分形在林业科学中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对土壤多孔介质结构的复杂性，从其结构形成的物理机制和Katz定律出发，利用分形几何理论，将土壤作为在统计意义上具有分形特征的多孔介质来研究，建立了分形维数定量化的函数式；试验应用扫描电镜法研究了土壤多孔介质断面微结构并算出分形维数。理论计算和试验测量结果都表明：不同经营模式人工林、天然林及混交林的土壤团粒结构分形维数对林地土壤性质变化均有影响，土壤大于0．25mm的团聚体与水稳性团聚含量越大，团粒结构的分形维数越小，土壤肥力越高，土壤团粒结构的分形维数与土壤团聚体、水稳性团聚体之间存在显著回归关系。分形理论为林地土壤科学管理提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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基于分形理论的木材纹理特征研究 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
介绍了一种利用自相关函数来估算图像分形维数的方法，并将其应用到木材的纹理分类检测中。实验表明，分形维数值直接反映了木材纹理的粗糙程度，可定性地作为描述木材纹理粗糙度的一种度量。 相似文献
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《竹子研究汇刊》2016,(1)
毛竹(Phyllostachys heterocycla cv.pubescens)是主要通过地下茎无性繁殖的散生竹类,研究其种群空间分布格局,可以揭示毛竹种群的空间生长特性和生态适应机制。本文利用分形理论中的计盒维数和信息维数,对毛竹无性系种群空间分布格局的分形特征进行了研究,结果表明:种群空间分布格局存在分形特征,种群计盒维数在1.449 4-1.596 6之间,信息维数在0.432 2-0.468 7之间。毛竹无性系种群的计盒维数值接近最大理论值2,总体对生态空间的占据能力较强。毛竹种群格局分布类型表现为随机分布,其信息维数与种群分布格局的聚集强度不相关。运用扩散系数法分析也表明,毛竹种群格局的分布表现为随机性,但各样地之间的聚集强度指数仍存在一定的差异,种群格局聚集强度与分株种群的斑块特征和水平空间分布情况有关。 相似文献
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基于分形维数特征的原木漏节图像的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用X射线法透射木材,根据检测透射物体后射线的强度差异,建立木材X射线的分形模型。采用计算盒子维数的方法对原木漏节X射线图像进行有效的边缘检测,用分形维数D的大小来定量描述原木漏节图像的不规则程度,以确定缺陷所在。研究表明背景部分与边缘部分的分形维数存在一定程度的差别,正常部分分维数值大约在2.007 3左右,漏节边缘分维数值大约在1.400 0~1.900 0之间。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):139-149
Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):150-157
An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation. 相似文献