共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
2.
采用热重-红外光谱(TG-FTIR)和裂解-气相色谱-质谱联用(Py-GC-MS)技术对椰壳粉的热失重、热裂解行为及其裂解产物进行了研究。在对N2和空气气氛下椰壳的TG和DTG曲线进行分析的基础上,采用三维红外光谱对热解过程中气体产物进行在线检测,结果表明:N2气氛下,椰壳的最大失重峰温度(Tm)为347.8℃,固体残余量为32.0%,主要的气体产物是CO2;而空气气氛下椰壳的热解更完全,固体残余量仅为6.5%,且最大热失重温度为282.1℃,释放的气体除了CO2,还有CO、H2O和CH4等。Py-GC-MS分析结果表明:酚类化合物是主要的裂解产物,当温度为400℃时共检测到39种裂解产物,其中酚类化合物12种(GC含量40.0%);当温度为700℃时共检测到56种裂解产物,其中酚类化合物18种(GC含量45.8%)。 相似文献
3.
《林产化学与工业》2015,(4)
采用真空浸渍法制备炭基固体碱催化剂K2O/C,并在超声波辅助条件下,利用制备的K2O/C催化纤维低聚糖与油酸甲酯制备纤维低聚糖脂肪酸酯表面活性剂。选取L9(34)正交试验确定制备K2O/C催化剂的最佳条件为:炭基载体平均孔径为2.87 nm,K2CO3与炭基载体的质量比值为0.5,真空浸渍后,450℃下煅烧2 h。考察了超声波辅助下超声波时间、超声波频率、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对产品得率的影响。研究发现:在20 k Hz,150 W超声功率下,将物质的量之比为2∶1的油酸甲酯和纤维低聚糖(水溶液)超声波作用15 min,形成均一稳定的乳化体系,真空条件下,移除体系中的水分后,加入占总物料量5%的K2O/C催化剂,125℃下反应2 h,纤维低聚糖脂肪酸酯的最高得率为85.6%,其酯化度为18.8%,亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)为9.89,表面张力为32.1 m N/m,乳化力为28.1%,硬水稳定性4级。 相似文献
4.
《林产化学与工业》2017,(3)
以磷钨酸、30%H_2O_2和十二烷基氯化吡啶为原料制备了磷钨酸季铵盐相转移催化剂(C_(12)H_(25)C_6H_5N)_3[PW_4O_(16)],并将该催化剂用于催化桐油甲酯(TOME)合成环氧桐油甲酯(ETOME),考察了不同反应条件对TOME环氧化反应的影响。研究发现:该相转移催化剂与H_2O_2和TOME相互作用的体系可以视为均相反应,且反应速率快,当n(C=C)∶n(H_2O)为1∶1.6,TOME和催化剂的质量比1∶0.03,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为3 h时,制得的ETOME的环氧值达到4.9%;热重(TG)分析表明桐油(TO)、TOME和ETOME的热稳定性顺序为ETOMETOTOME。 相似文献
5.
纤维素与半纤维素热解过程的相互影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以微晶纤维素为纤维素模型物,以木聚糖为半纤维素模型物,采用同步热分析仪(STA)及热重和傅立叶红外光谱仪联用技术(TG-FT-IR)对微晶纤维素、木聚糖以及两种成分不同比例的混合组分进行了研究,以考察纤维素和半纤维素在热解过程中的相互影响。结果表明微晶纤维素和木聚糖均有一狭窄的快速热解温度区间,而且两者热解区间不重合。在微商热失重(DTG)峰对应温度区间微晶纤维素热解有一明显的吸热峰,吸热量为547.98 J/g,木聚糖热解则有一个比DTG峰较晚出现的小吸热峰,吸热量为45.01 J/g。木聚糖与微晶纤维素的混合组分的热解研究中发现,在DTG曲线上有两个分别由它们热解引起的失重峰,随着组分中比例的变化两个热失重峰此消彼长。微晶纤维素的热解失重峰不仅往高温区移动,而且热解速率减缓,热失重范围变宽。在DSC曲线上有两个分别由木聚糖和微晶纤维素热解所引起的吸热峰,木聚糖的吸热峰受组分中比例的变化影响较小,而微晶纤维素吸热峰随着纤维素比例的下降而明显减小。FT-IR检测到的主要有气体产物为H2O、CH4、CO2和CO。木聚糖与微晶纤维素的混合组分热解产物析出规律总体上是两者热解产物析出的叠加,与单独热解相比组分的混合有利于CH4、CO的生成,而CO2的产量则有较大幅度的下降。 相似文献
6.
基于热重红外的硫酸盐法黑液热解特性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了深入地探讨黑液热解的反应机理以及黑液热解过程中产物的释放规律,采用热重-红外联用(TG-FT-IR)技术对竹子和桉木混合硫酸盐法制浆黑液固形物(BLS)的热裂解过程进行了研究。TG-FT-IR结果显示,BLS热解产物的释放主要集中在500~2 000 s,热解产物主要是CO2、CH4、H2O、CO、醇酚类化合物和醛酮类化合物。BLS的整个热解过程可分为3个阶段,第1阶段的失重主要是原料中结合水的挥发引起的,此阶段的最大失重速率出现在105℃;第2失重阶段主要发生在173~518℃,失重率约为25.19%,主要产物是CO2、CH4、H2O、醇酚类化合物、醛酮类化合物以及少量的CO,此阶段CO2的生成量最大;第3阶段主要发生在722~1 000℃,失重率接近39.05%,产物主要是CO,其它小分子产物的产率都很低。 相似文献
7.
生物质醇解重质油燃烧动力学研究 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
在热重分析仪上研究马尾松、桉木和麦秸秆的醇解重质油的燃烧过程及其动力学特性。结果发现,这3种重质油燃烧过程均可分为3个阶段:1)室温到300℃,为小分子有机物挥发阶段;2)300～480℃,为挥发分析出与燃烧阶段;3)480℃以上,为固定碳燃烧与燃尽阶段。动力学计算结果表明,这3个阶段都符合一级反应过程。同时,麦秸秆醇解重质油快速燃烧阶段(300～480℃)活化能最低,对应的失重速率最大,为0.188%/min,且着火温度最低,为405℃,因而其最易于燃烧。 相似文献
8.
在热重分析仪上研究马尾松、桉木和麦秸秆的醇解重质油的燃烧过程及其动力学特性.结果发现,这3种重质油燃烧过程均可分为3个阶段:1)室温到300℃,为小分子有机物挥发阶段；2)300 ～480℃,为挥发分析出与燃烧阶段；3)480℃以上,为固定碳燃烧与燃尽阶段.动力学计算结果表明,这3个阶段都符合一级反应过程.同时,麦秸秆醇解重质油快速燃烧阶段(300～480℃)活化能最低,对应的失重速率最大,为0.188％/min,且着火温度最低,为405℃,因而其最易于燃烧. 相似文献
9.
10.
对炭化温度在300～1 000℃之间的竹质碳纤维原丝进行研究,结果表明:原丝在300～1 000℃之间均出现了(002)衍射峰和(100)衍射峰,且随炭化温度的升高原丝难以石墨化,但其类石墨微晶结构随着炭化温度的升高逐渐趋于规整和有序。300～600℃是原丝孔隙结构发生显著变化的区间,600～1 000℃间原丝的孔隙结构变化较小;300℃以下原丝的热失重率为5.07%,300～600℃间的热失重率达到41.20%,600～1 000℃间的热失重率仅为3.33%。 相似文献
11.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
12.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
13.
Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
15.
Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
16.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
17.
Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
18.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
19.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献