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1.
YL Yung  CE Miller 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,278(5344):1778-1780
We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion.  相似文献   

2.
Kim KR  Craig H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,262(5141):1855-1857
The global budget of N(2)O shows a significant imbalance between the known rate of destruction in the stratosphere and the estimated rates of natural and anthropogenic production in soils and the ocean. Measurements of the (15)N/(14)N and (18)O/(16)O ratios in two major tropospheric sources of N(2)O, tropical rain forest soils and fertilized soils, show that soil N(2)O from a tropical rain forest in Costa Rica and from sugar-cane fields in Maui is strongly depleted in both (15)N and (18)O relative to mean tropospheric N(2)O. A major source of heavy N(2)O, enriched in both (15)N and (18)O, must therefore be present to balance the light N(2)O from soils. One such source is the back-mixing flux of N(2)O from the stratosphere, which is enriched in (15)N and (18)O by photolysis and chemistry. However these return fluxes of (15)N and (18)O are so great that a large oceanic flux of N(2)O is required to balance the heavy isotope-enriched stratospheric flux. All these effects will be reflected in climatically related isotopic variations in trapped N(2)O in polar ice cores.  相似文献   

3.
The NO(2) abundance in the stratosphere has been determined from ground-based spectra of the rising and setting sun and moon and of the twilight sky near 4500 angstroms. The spectra were taken at the Fritz Peak Observatory, at an altitude of 3 kilometers in the Colorado mountains. Separation of the stratospheric contribution requires observations at a relatively unpolluted site; direct measurement of the tropospheric absorption in the Colorado mountains often yields an upper limit on the tropospheric mixing ratio of 0.1 part per billion. The stratospheric NO(2) abundance is two to three times greater at night than during the day and increases significantly during the course of a sunlit day; these changes are related to photolytic decomposition of NO(2) and N(2)O(5) in the daytime stratosphere. Absorption by NO(3) was sought but not found; the results set an upper limit of 2 percent on the nighttime abundance ratio of NO(3) to NO(2) in the stratosphere.  相似文献   

4.
T Rahn  M Wahlen 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,278(5344):1776-1778
Nitrous oxide is a greenhouse gas that also plays a role in the cycling of stratospheric ozone. Air samples from the lower stratosphere exhibit 15N/14N and 18O/16O enrichment in nitrous oxide, which can be accounted for with a simple model describing an irreversible destruction process. The observed enrichments are quite large and incompatible with those determined for the main stratospheric nitrous oxide loss processes of photolysis and reaction with excited atomic oxygen. Thus, although no stratospheric source needs to be invoked, the data indicate that present understanding of stratospheric nitrous oxide chemistry is incomplete.  相似文献   

5.
Although 248-nanometer radiation falls 0.12 electron volt short of the energy needed to dissociate O(2) large densities of ozone (O(3)) can be produced from unfocused 248-nanometer KrF excimer laser irradiation of pure O(2). The process is initiated in some undefined manner, possibly through weak two-photon O(2) dissociation, which results in a small amount of O(3) being generated. As soon as any O(3) is present, it strongly absorbs the 248-nanometer radiation and dissociates to vibrationally excited ground state O(2) (among other products), with a quantum yield of 0.1 to 0.15. During the laser pulse, a portion of these molecules absorb a photon and dissociate, which results in the production of three oxygen atoms for one O(3) molecule destroyed. Recombination then converts these atoms to O(3), and thus O(3) production in the system is autocatalytic. A deficiency exists in current models of O(3) photochemistry in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere, in that more O(3) iS found than can be explained. A detailed analysis of the system as it applies to the upper atmosphere is not yet possible, but with reasonable assumptions about O(2) vibrational distributions resulting from O(3) photodissociation and about relaxation rates of vibrationally excited O(2) a case can be made for the importance of incuding this mechanism in the models.  相似文献   

6.
Highly vibrationally excited O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) has been observed from the photodissociation of ozone (O(3)), and the quantum yield for this reaction has been determined for excitation at 226 nanometers. This observation may help to address the "ozone deficit" problem, or why the previously predicted stratospheric O(3) concentration is less than that observed. Recent kinetic studies have suggested that O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) can react rapidly with O(2) to form O(3) + O and have led to speculation that, if produced in the photodissociation of O(3), this species might be involved in resolving the discrepancy. The sequence O(3) + hv --> O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) + O; O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) + O(2) --> O(3) + O (where hv is a photon) would be an autocatalytic mechanism for production of odd oxygen. A two-dimensional atmospheric model has been used to evaluate the importance of this new mechanism. The new mechanism can completely account for the tropical O(3) deficit at an altitude of 43 kilometers, but it does not completely account for the deficit at higher altitudes. The mechanism also provides for isotopic fractionation and may contribute to an explanation for the anomalously high concentration of heavy O(3) in the stratosphere.  相似文献   

7.
 【目的】本文研究了信号分子一氧化氮(NO)和过氧化氢(H2O2)对水稻细胞过敏反应(HR)的诱导作用。【方法】用溴酚兰染色法定量检测这两种信号分子单独或协同诱导作用下水稻细胞的HR。【结果】该两种信号分子可以独立或协同诱导水稻细胞HR的产生，H2O2对NO诱导的HR具有调节作用，但NO与H2O2浓度平衡与否对HR诱导并无影响。【结论】H2O2和NO均是诱导水稻细胞HR的信号分子，诱导过程中并不存在"NO/H2O2 浓度平衡作用机制"。  相似文献   

8.
Simultaneous in situ measurements of the concentrations of OH, HO(2), ClO, BrO, NO, and NO(2) demonstrate the predominance of odd-hydrogen and halogen free-radical catalysis in determining the rate of removal of ozone in the lower stratosphere during May 1993. A single catalytic cycle, in which the rate-limiting step is the reaction of HO(2) with ozone, accounted for nearly one-half of the total O(3) removal in this region of the atmosphere. Halogen-radical chemistry was responsible for approximately one-third of the photochemical removal of O(3); reactions involving BrO account for one-half of this loss. Catalytic destruction by NO(2), which for two decades was considered to be the predominant loss process, accounted for less than 20 percent of the O(3) removal. The measurements demonstrate quantitatively the coupling that exists between the radical families. The concentrations of HO(2) and ClO are inversely correlated with those of NO and NO(2). The direct determination of the relative importance of the catalytic loss processes, combined with a demonstration of the reactions linking the hydrogen, halogen, and nitrogen radical concentrations, shows that in the air sampled the rate of O(3) removal was inversely correlated with total NOx, loading.  相似文献   

9.
[目的]该研究探讨光照对分蘖期水稻根、叶界面N2O和NOX排放的作用及其机制。[方法]试验在水培控氮、小型光控培养箱控光和同步测定条件下,探讨了不同光质、光强及光控处理对分蘖期水稻叶际及根系-培养液体系 N2O和 NOX 排放的影响。[结果]①在相同氮源(NH4NO3-N,90 mg/L)、日间光照为6000、8000 lx条件下,分蘖期平均水稻叶际 N2O和NO排放速率分别为27.08、32.33μg/(pot·h)和0.114、0.057μg/(pot·h),分别占 N2O和 NO总排放的57.38%、58.65%和9.65%、4.52%,水稻叶际是N2O的重要排放源;②在光强(1600 lx)一致条件下,LED黄、绿、白、红、蓝光处理的平均水稻叶际N2O 排放速率分别为6.83、9.40、9.73、2.82和4.08μg/(pot·h),光 X强较高的红(3000 lx)、蓝光(2500 lx)处理能同步抑制分蘖期水稻根、叶界面N2O的挥发(P<0.01),LED红、白光有促进日间水稻叶际NO排放的作用,LED蓝光则有同步抑制水稻根、叶界面 NO挥发的作用效果,但不同光控处理下水稻根、叶界面均无明显的NO2净排放作用;③0~8000 lx 范围内随着光照增强,水稻根部NO及根、叶界面 N2O排放同步增加,但高光强(6000~8000 lx)下水稻叶际 NO排放显著大幅下降(P<0.01)。[结论]水稻根、叶界面均以N2O挥发为主;试验供氮水平下适度控制日间光强并同步增加红光、蓝光比例的技术,能同步抑制水稻根、叶界面氮氧化物的排放。  相似文献   

10.
Scattered sunlight and direct light from the moon was used in two wavelength ranges to measure the total column abundances of stratospheric ozone(O(3)) and nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) at Thule, Greenland (76.5 degrees N), during the period from 29 January to 16 February 1988. The observed O(3) column varied between about 325 and 400 Dobson units, and the lower values were observed when the center of the Arctic polar vortex was closest to Thule. This gradient probably indicates that O(3) levels decrease due to dynamical processes near the center of the Arctic vortex and should be considered in attempts to derive trends in O(3) levels. The observed NO(2) levels were also lowest in the center of the Arctic vortex and were sometimes as low as 5 x 10(14) molecules per square centimeter, which is even less than comparable values measured during Antarctic spring, suggesting that significant heterogeneous photochemistry takes place during the Arctic winter as it does in the Antarctic.  相似文献   

11.
Cytidylic acid "a" (cytidine 2'-monophosphate) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with two molecules of cytidine monophosphate (C(9)H(14)O(8)N(3)P) and six molecules of water in the unit cell. X-ray analysis of this crystal shows that in both molecules, the base is in the anti conformation, the ribose ring is C(2')-endo puckered, and the hydroxyl O(5') is gauche-gauche. The two molecules are linked by a short hydrogen bond through the phosphate oxygens.  相似文献   

12.
Nitrogen-15: microbiological alteration of abundance   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The abundance of N(15) relative to N(14) is significantly altered during experiments in vitro in which nitrate and nitrite are microbiologically reduced to nitrogen gas. In all studies to date, N(14)O(3)-and N(14)O(2)-species have been preferentially reduced. This selectivity has a complex dependence on conditions in the medium. The results are not only relevant to natural variations in N(15) relative to N(14) but should be seriously considered during N(15) tracer studies in soils.  相似文献   

13.
Convective updrafts in thunderstorms prolong the lifetime of ozone (O(3)) and its anthropogenic precursor NOx [nitric oxide (NO) + nitrogen dioxide (NO(2))] by carrying these gases rapidly upward from the boundary layer into a regime where the O(3) production efficiency is higher, chemical destruction is slower, and surface deposition is absent. On the other hand, the upper troposphere is relatively rich in O(3) and NOx from natural sources such as downward transport from the stratosphere and lightning; convective overturning conveys the O(3) and NOx toward the Earth's surface where these components are more efficiently removed from the atmosphere. Simulations with a three-dimensional global model suggest that the net result of these counteractive processes is a 20 percent overall reduction in total tropospheric O(3). However, the net atmospheric oxidation efficiency is enhanced by 10 to 20 percent.  相似文献   

14.
Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and methane (CH(4)) are chemically reactive greenhouse gases with well-documented atmospheric concentration increases that are attributable to anthropogenic activities. We quantified the link between N(2)O and CH(4) emissions through the coupled chemistries of the stratosphere and troposphere. Specifically, we simulated the coupled perturbations of increased N(2)O abundance, leading to stratospheric ozone (O(3)) depletion, altered solar ultraviolet radiation, altered stratosphere-to-troposphere O(3) flux, increased tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration, and finally lower concentrations of CH(4). The ratio of CH(4) per N(2)O change, -36% by mole fraction, offsets a fraction of the greenhouse effect attributable to N(2)O emissions. These CH(4) decreases are tied to the 108-year chemical mode of N(2)O, which is nine times longer than the residence time of direct CH(4) emissions.  相似文献   

15.
Recently, additional ozone production mechanisms have been proposed to resolve the ozone deficit problem, which arises from greater ozone destruction than production in several photochemical models of the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. A detailed ozone model budget analysis was performed with simultaneous observations of O(3), HCl, H(2)O, CH(4), NO, and NO(2) from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) under conditions with the strongest photochemical control of ozone. The results indicate that an ozone deficit may not exist. On the contrary, the use of currently recommended photochemical parameters leads to insufficient ozone destruction in the model.  相似文献   

16.
研究干旱胁迫下外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对小麦幼苗叶片NO水平的影响及其与Ca2+的关系.在15%PEG-6000胁迫下测定NO含量和NO合成酶活性,结果表明,干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性显著增加,且钙依赖型cNoS(CaM的组成型NOS)快速调控NO产生,但是随着胁迫时间的延长,不依赖钙iNOS(CaM的诱导型NOS)的活性在NOS活性比例缓慢增加,而硝酸还原酶(NR)产生NO的能力只占总NR提取物活性的很小一部分;0.1 mmol/L SNP处理可显著提高干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片NOS和NR活性,诱导NO水平提高,显著缓解膜脂过氧化;用质膜Ca2+通道抑制剂LaCl3与SNP共处理,显著减弱或抵消SNP促进NO合成作用.SNP显著提高干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片NO合成酶活性和NO含量,有效缓解膜的氧化损伤,而Ca2+参与SNP对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片NO水平的调控.  相似文献   

17.
The nature of the Arctic polar stratosphere is observed to be similar in many respects to that of the Antarctic polar stratosphere, where an ozone hole has been identified. Most of the available chlorine (HCl and ClONO(2)) was converted by reactions on polar stratospheric clouds to reactive ClO and Cl(2)O(2) throughout the Arctic polar vortex before midwinter. Reactive nitrogen was converted to HNO(3), and some, with spatial inhomogeneity, fell out of the stratosphere. These chemical changes ensured characteristic ozone losses of 10 to 15% at altitudes inside the polar vortex where polar stratospheric clouds had occurred. These local losses can translate into 5 to 8% losses in the vertical column abundance of ozone. As the amount of stratospheric chlorine inevitably increases by 50% over the next two decades, ozone losses recognizable as an ozone hole may well appear.  相似文献   

18.
"广林9号"无性系桉树速丰林配方施肥试验   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
不同施肥处理对“广林9号”无性系桉树速丰林生长量和经济效益的影响研究表明:各处理与对照间差异均达到1%极显著水平,其中以基肥含N 5%,P2O515%,K2O 5%及适量微量元素和有机质,株施肥量0.50 kg,追肥含N 16%,P2O510%,K2O 14%及2%左右的微量元素铜锌硼,年株施肥量0.50 kg的施肥处理经济效益最佳,预期5年出材量145.50 m3/hm2,纯利润33 127元/hm2.研究还得出,培育桉树速丰林选用肥料时,首先应考虑肥料的总养分含量和配比,其次要考虑施用量,最后考虑颗粒形态.  相似文献   

19.
A lab-incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different forms of nitrogen application （ammonium, NH4＋-N; nitrate, NO3--N; and amide-N, NH2-N） and different concentrations （40, 200 and 800 mg L-1） on N2O emission from the fluvo-aquic soil subjected to a freezing-thawing cycling. N2O emission sharply decreased at the start of soil freezing, and then showed a smooth line with soil freezing. In subject to soil thawing, N2O emission increased and reached a peak at the initial thawing stage. The average N2O emissions with addition of NH4＋-N, NO3 -N and NH2-N are 119.01, 611.61 and 148. 22 ug m-2 h-1, respectively, at the concentration of 40 mg L-1; 205.28, 1 084.40 and 106.13 ug m2 h-1 at the concentration of 200 mg L-1; and 693.95, 1 820.02 and 49.74 ug m-2 h4 at the concentration of 800 mg L-1. The control is only 100.35 ug m-2 h-1. N2O emissions with addition of NH4＋-N and NO3--N increased with increasing concentration, by ranging from 17.49 to 425.67% for NH4＋-N, and from 563.38 to 1458.6% for NO3--N compared with control. There was a timelag for N2O emission to reach a steady state with an increase of concentration. In contrast, by adding NH2-N to soil, N2O emission decreased with increasing concentration. In sum, NH4＋-N or NO3--N fertilizer incorporated in soil enhanced the cumulative N2O emission from the fluvo-aquic soil relative to amide-N. This study suggested that ammonium and nitrate concentration in overwintering water should be less than 200 and 40 mg L-1 in order to reduce N2O emissions from soil, regardless of amide-N.  相似文献   

20.
Measurements of stratospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations were analyzed to investigate stratospheric transport rates. Temporal variations in tropospheric CO2 were observed to propagate into the stratosphere, showing that tropospheric air enters the lower tropical stratosphere continuously, ascends, and is transported rapidly (in less than 1 month) to both hemispheres. The mean age A of stratospheric air determined from CO2 data is approximately 5 years in the mid-stratosphere. The mean age is mathematically equivalent to a conserved tracer analogous to exhaust from stratospheric aircraft. Comparison of values for A from models and observations indicates that current model simulations likely underestimate pollutant concentrations from proposed stratospheric aircraft by 25 to 100 percent.  相似文献   

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