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1.
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes highly contagious diseases in domestic and particular wild small ruminants, leading to substantial economic loss. The development of effective and cheap antiviral medications shall help to circumvent this emerging burden. In this study, we found that ribavirin, a competitive inosine-5’-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor, significantly inhibits the replication of PPRV. As IMPDH is a key enzyme in purine nucleotide synthesis, supplementation of exogenous guanosine attenuate the anti-PPRV effect of ribavirin. Interestingly, an uncompetitive IMPDH inhibitor, mycophenolic acid (MPA), exerted more potent antiviral effect again PPRV. Similarly, this effect was largely restored upon supplementation of guanosine. Thus, we have demonstrated that the IMPDH inhibitors ribavirin and MPA combat PPRV infection through purine nucleotide depletion. Because both regimens have been widely used in the clinic for treating viral infection or organ rejection in transplantation patients for decades, respectively, repurposing these existing safe and cheap medications may provide a new avenue for combating PPRV infection.  相似文献   

2.
Lens-induced uveitis   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Lens-induced uveitis has been described in humans and many animal species. Traumatic rupture of the lens capsule may result in vision-threatening intraocular inflammation that is poorly responsive to medical management. Phthisis bulbi, persistent uveitis or glaucoma often occurs in these eyes. Surgical removal of the lens material is generally indicated shortly after the injury in an effort to preserve vision. Leaking of lens proteins through an intact lens capsule may result in a lympho-plasmacytic anterior uveitis. This is most commonly associated with the presence of a hypermature cataract. The presence of lens-induced uveitis prior to cataract surgery significantly reduces the success rate of cataract surgery. Small amounts of circulating lens proteins maintain a normal T-cell tolerance for lens proteins. Lens-induced uveitis develops when a breakdown occurs of this normal T-cell tolerance. Immune complexes play an important role in the tissue damage associated with the ensuing inflammation. Other factors associated with the tissue damage include hydroxyl radicals, nitroxide radicals, and hydrogen peroxide and arachidonic acid metabolites. Treatment consists of topical and systemic anti-inflammatory medications, mydriatic agents, and glaucoma medications when indicated. Experimental pharmacological agents include dual cyclooxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitors, interleukin-1 blockers, antioxidants and hydroxyl radical scavengers.  相似文献   

3.
Advances in topical glaucoma therapy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Significant advances have recently been achieved in the development of topical glaucoma medications. The primary advantage of a topical preparation is the reduced incidence of adverse systemic effects attributable to a given drug compared to its systemically administered counterpart. However, the strong protective barrier of the eye forces topical ophthalmic preparations to be highly concentrated and in some cases, they have the potential to produce unwanted systemic effects, particularly in smaller animals. Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are commonly associated with adverse effects in both humans and animals. Two recently developed topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, dorzolamide and brinzolamide, have shown promise in reducing intraocular pressure in animals and systemic side effects are apparently limited with their use. The topical alpha2-agonist apraclonidine, on the other hand, effectively reduces intraocular pressure in cats and dogs, but in its currently available form is likely to induce unwanted systemic effects. Latanoprost is a topical prostaglandin F2alpha analog that has proven effective in reducing intraocular pressure in dogs and horses, but while systemic side effects have not yet been reported, this topical preparation may exacerbate pre-existing or concurrent ocular inflammatory disease.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To determine types and doses of injectable medications given to periparturient sows and reasons for administering those medications, and to compare medication practices among farms of different sizes. DESIGN: Survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: 301 farms; 231,016 periparturient sows. PROCEDURE: A survey was used to obtain information regarding medications given to sows during the farrowing period. State and federal veterinary medical officers completed surveys during their final interview with producers who had participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) Swine 95 study. Data were summarized and treatment regimens compared among farms of different sizes. RESULTS: More than a third of the sows received medications during the farrowing period. The most common reasons for administering medications were routine preventive treatment and treatment of dystocia, uterine discharge, and poor appetite. The most commonly used medications for treatment of sick sows were oxytocin, procaine penicillin G, and B vitamins. A high percentage of medications were either not indicated for the specific condition or used at greater or less than the approved dose. In general, treatment rates and medications used did not differ among farms of different sizes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Better treatment protocols are needed to provide more appropriate treatment of sick sows.  相似文献   

5.
Many veterinary medications can be lethal in human overdose. This review aims to educate practicing veterinarians about the most common medications used by humans in intentional overdose. Strategies to mitigate the risk posed by these medications are discussed, and the risk factors that predispose a person to suicide are reviewed. Synthesis of the published cases will allow veterinarians to easily identify high‐risk medications and to take steps to prevent their misuse by at‐risk patients or staff.  相似文献   

6.
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of disorders usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to optic nerve damage, retinal ganglion cell death and irreversible vision loss. Therefore, medications that lower IOP are the mainstay of glaucoma therapy. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) are some of the principal drugs used in the management of canine and feline glaucoma. This paper summarises current knowledge of the mechanism of action of these agents and their effect on IOP in dogs and cats. It also discusses potential harmful side effects of CAIs and presents current opinions about their role and place in the medical management of glaucoma in small animals.  相似文献   

7.
Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe the therapeutic use of pimobendan in cats, describe the patient population to which it was administered, document potential side effects and report the clinical course following administration of pimobendan in conjunction with standard heart failure therapy. It is hypothesized that cats with advanced heart disease including congestive heart failure from a variety of causes will tolerate pimobendan with a minimum of side effects when used in treatment in conjunction with a variety of other medications.Animals, materials and methodsOne hundred and seventy client owned cats with naturally occurring heart disease, one hundred and sixty four of which had congestive heart failure. Medical records were reviewed and owners and referring veterinarians were contacted for follow-up data. Data collected included pimobendan dose, other medications administered concurrently, data collected at physical examination, presence or absence of heart failure, adverse effects, classification of heart disease, echocardiographic data and survival time. The data were analyzed for significance between the initial visit and any follow-up visits.ResultsAll cats were treated with pimobendan. The median pimobendan dose was 0.24 mg/kg q 12 h. Pimobendan was used in combination with multiple concurrent medications including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, diuretics and anti-thrombotics. Five cats (3.0%) had potential side effects associated with pimobendan. One cat (0.6%) had presumed side effects severe enough to discontinue pimobendan use. Median survival time for 164 cats with congestive heart failure after initiation of pimobendan was 151 days (range 1–870).ConclusionPimobendan appears to be well tolerated in cats with advanced heart disease when used with a variety of concurrent medications. Randomized controlled studies need to be performed to accurately assess whether it is efficacious for treatment of congestive heart failure in cats.  相似文献   

8.
Numerous types of equine herpesviruses (EHV) continue to afflict horses resulting in a variety of clinical manifestations. While many of the clinical manifestations of EHV are self‐limiting or require only supportive care, some clinical expressions of EHV infections cause severe risk to the horse's overall health and can result in abortion, long‐term deficits or death. Antiviral medications are infrequently utilised therapeutics in equine medicine and their exact efficacy is largely unknown. However, the use of antiviral medications may potentially decrease convalescent time and improve outcome in horses with EHV‐related diseases. Thus, equine practitioners should consider the potential use of antiviral medications in the future. The purpose of this article is to familiarise the equine practitioner with current information in regard to antiviral medications and their potential uses in equine medicine.  相似文献   

9.
The use of medications to mask defects of wind, limb or temperament in horses offered for sale can be a problem for purchasers, and for veterinarians performing pre-purchase examinations. Drugs which may be used in this way include the phenylbutazone-like drugs, cotricosteroids, local anaesthetics, and tranquilizers. If skillfully used, no signssuggestive of medication by these agents will be detectable by the examining veterinarian. In the absence of information on the medications status of an animal, the usefulness of a pre-purchase examination may be limited.These limitations can be circumvented by the analysis of blood or more expecially blood and urine samples from such horses. Current analytical methodology allows the detection of many medications in blood, and of virtually all significant medications if blood and urine samples are available. Such analysis, therefore, allows the veterinary practitioner to offer a significantly better pre-purchase test, and protects both the veterinarian and the purchaser.  相似文献   

10.
Halothane is a frequently used agent. Its cost is inexpensive. Halothane is a safe and effective anesthetic agent if used properly. Proper usage includes adjusting the concentration administered to produce adequate anesthesia for the procedure without excess depression of cardiac, respiratory, and neurologic function. Proper monitoring of the patient indicates the adjustments needed in concentration or needed medications or procedures to increase safe usage. Potent tranquilizers, sedatives, and analgesics used as preanesthetics during halothane anesthesia or the early postanesthetic period may produce profound changes in anesthetic concentrations required or physiologic responses to the combined medications.  相似文献   

11.
Coccidiosis vaccines and feed medications have traditionally been used in the poultry industry to control or prevent coccidiosis; however, little information exists on the use of these products jointly to reduce the deleterious effects of coccidiosis on bird performance. Vaccination allows preferential cycling of drug-sensitive strains and development of immunity to coccidiosis, whereas medications halt or minimize intestinal damage due to this parasitic disease and help control secondary bacterial infections. The goal of using both products is to allow the bird's immunity to be established while optimizing performance. Lessening the effect of coccidiosis on bird performance could result in substantial economic benefits to the poultry industry. This study was designed to investigate the potential benefits of giving the ionophores, lasalocid or salinomycin, to in ovo coccidia-vaccinated chickens. Utilizing either of these medications in conjunction with the vaccine resulted in improved feed conversion while maintaining immunity to coccidia challenge, with performance and economic advantages seen when the ionophores were included in the finisher diet or in both the grower and finisher diets.  相似文献   

12.
Exotic marsupials are becoming popular companion pets, yet little pharmacologic information is available to the practitioner. Species include sugar gliders (Petarus breviceps), South American (Brazilian) short-tailed opossums (Monodelphis domestica), brushtail possum or "phalanger" (Trichosurus vulpecula), and wallabies: Bennett's (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus) and Tammar or Dama (Macropus eugenii). Guidelines for logical choices of medications based on allometric scaling, gastrointestinal tract anatomy and physiology, and liver metabolism are given. An example of scaling and a formulary based on anecdotal, published medications are provided.  相似文献   

13.
The effective use of psychoactive medications in avian patients is limited by the lack of controlled studies. Appropriate dosages, predictable therapeutic effects, pharmacokinetic data, and information about toxicity are often lacking. A variety of psychoactive agents have been used in avian patients to treat disorders such as feather chewing or picking, self-mutilation of soft tissue, and anxiety, but larger clinical trials and placebo-controlled trials are needed to determine efficacy and safety of these agents. The decision to use psychoactive medication in an avian patient and the choice of medication should be based on existing data for the particular species and an understanding of the drug’s mechanisms and indications. For any behavioral disorder, the need for pharmaceutical intervention requires the following: a thorough physical examination and baseline pretreatment laboratory testing, as indicated by physical examination findings and symptoms; an established diagnosis based on complete behavioral and medical histories; a signed owner consent statement; a behavior modification plan with appropriate environmental modifications; knowledge of the drug, side effects, indications, and mechanisms of action; and realistic expectations about treatment outcomes. Use of antipsychotic agents, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, opioid antagonists, benzodiazepines, and hormonal therapies are described.  相似文献   

14.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether particular vaccine brands, other injectable medications, customary vaccination practices, or various host factors were associated with the formation of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter case-control study. ANIMALS: Cats in the United States and Canada with soft tissue sarcomas or basal cell tumors. PROCEDURE: Veterinarians submitting biopsy specimens from cats with a confirmed diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma or basal cell tumor were contacted for patient medical history. Time window statistical analyses were used in conjunction with various assumptions about case definitions. RESULTS: No single vaccine brand or manufacturer within antigen class was found to be associated with sarcoma formation. Factors related to vaccine administration were also not associated with sarcoma development, with the possible exception of vaccine temperature prior to injection. Two injectable medications (long-acting penicillin and methyl prednisolone acetate) were administered to case cats more frequently than to control cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings do not support the hypotheses that specific brands or types of vaccine within antigen class, vaccine practices such as reuse of syringes, concomitant viral infection, history of trauma, or residence either increase or decrease the risk of vaccine-associated sarcoma formation in cats. There was evidence to suggest that certain long-acting injectable medications may also be associated with sarcoma formation.  相似文献   

15.
It is imperative that the veterinarian treating exotic companion mammals stay abreast of the latest developments relating to medications and drug delivery approaches for safety and efficacy. Sustained-release formulations of commonly used drugs, as well as newer routes for administration of therapeutic agents, allow the veterinarian treating exotic companion mammals to reduce the stress associated with drug administration. Interactions can occur between vehicle and drugs when formulations are compounded; therefore, research studies are warranted regarding potential problems associated with these formulations. However, newer studies have been published that provide the basis for exploring the use of different vehicles, frequency of dosing, and drug delivery techniques for various classes of drugs in exotic mammals. The goals of this review are to not only evaluate new medications or uses for medications in companion exotic mammal patients but also review new methods of drug delivery that might be useful to the veterinarian who treats these animals.  相似文献   

16.
Analytic chemistry laboratories responding to the concerns of the industry over drug use and abuse in performance horses should continue to develop more sensitive methods of drug detection. The unwanted result of this increase in sensitivity is the detection of therapeutic medications days to weeks after administration. The adoption of decision or threshold concentrations for residues of nonpermitted medications should allow laboratories to focus their efforts on drugs of abuse in the performance horse industries and permit veterinarians to provide appropriate medical care to these equine athletes.  相似文献   

17.
Ophthalmic manifestations of viral disease are commonly encountered in veterinary practice. Although the number of antiviral agents is rapidly increasing, the efficacy of many of these drugs against animal viral pathogens may not be known. Furthermore, some of these newer medications may, in fact. be toxic to animal patients. Continued research on the efficacy of these medications in treating viral diseases of veterinary importance is warranted.A thorough review of the ever-growing body of literature is imperative before instituting any new or unknown antiviral therapy.At this time, feline HSV-1 infections remain the most well understood of the ocular viral infections that veterinary practitioners may be called on to treat. Ironically, the number of antiviral agents proven to be effective in naturally occurring clinical cases of FHV-I remains quite limited. With new medications being investigated, this paucity of information on efficacious antiviral therapeutic agents will hopefully improve.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVES: To determine effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) on the ECG of dogs treated for behavioral conditions and to examine correlations between ECG findings and serum concentrations of these medications. DESIGN: Repeated-measures study. ANIMALS: 39 client-owned dogs with behavioral problems. PROCEDURE: Two groups of dogs with behavioral problems were evaluated. In group 1 (n = 20), ECG tracings were recorded before starting treatment with TCA and again after treatment for > or = 1 month. Dogs in group 2 were already on long-term maintenance amounts of antianxiety medication when ECG tracings were recorded and serum concentrations of medications were obtained. RESULTS: Significant differences were not detected for dogs in group 1 between ECG values measured before and after TCA administration. The ECG values for dogs in group 2 did not differ significantly from the mean of group-1 dogs before receiving medication or from the reference range used at our facility. Duration of the P wave had a significant positive correlation with serum concentrations of clomipramine but significant negative correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline. The QT interval corrected for heart rate had a significant negative correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Amitriptyline and clomipramine administered at standard dosages apparently do not cause ECG abnormalities in healthy dogs with behavioral problems. These medications should be used cautiously in dogs with conduction abnormalities, and clinicians should periodically monitor ECG and use good clinical judgment to weigh risks and benefits of medications for the safety of each dog.  相似文献   

19.
To protect the health and welfare of horses, veterinarians must legitimately use therapeutic medications. Many drugs are appropriately used to treat various disease conditions of horses, yet many of them have the ability to affect athletic performance or leave residues in tissues. For performance horses, the primary reason to have drug rules is to ensure fair competition and to protect the welfare of the horses and riders. When medications are administered to horses intended for human consumption, it is the responsibility of the veterinarian to ensure that violative drug residues do not occur. If horses are to receive proper veterinary care, suitable information on drug detection times must be available to equine practitioners.  相似文献   

20.
An Overview of Proteinase Inhibitors   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
Proteinase inhibitors are proteins in the body that regulate the catalytic activity of proteinases. They are important in a large variety of physiologic processes including coagulation, digestion, tumor metastasis and immunity. Proteinase inhibitors are categorized as either nonspecific proteinase inhibitors or class-specific proteinase inhibitors. Nonspecific proteinase inhibitors are comprised soley of the alpha macroglobulins, most notably alpha2-macroglobulin. Class-specific proteinase inhibitors are subcategorized as serine proteinase inhibitors, aspartic proteinase inhibitors, metalloproteinase inhibitors, and cysteine proteinase inhibitors. Each subcategory is made up of numerous inhibitors. As the roles of individual proteinase inhibitors are determined, the therapeutic use of natural and synthetic proteinase inhibitors is also being investigated. The purpose of this article is to review the history and classification of proteinase inhibitors and their relevance to veterinary medicine.  相似文献   

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