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1.
Tree legumes can serve as nitrogen (N) source for cereals in resource poor farms where chemical fertilizer is financially
unaffordable. Despite the increasing importance of Paraserianthes falcataria in tropical agroforestry systems of Southeast Asia, little information is available on the decomposition and N release patterns
of P. falcataria. Quality of P. falcataria roots and leaves, as individual components and as a mixture, was determined before incubating in an 15N labeled acidic Ultisol under controlled laboratory conditions. Decomposition was monitored as CO2 evolution and inorganic N released over time. The aim was to determine inorganic soil N and pH dynamics as affected by residue
quality. Residue quality assessment based on (Polyphenol + Lignin): N was in the order of P. falcataria leaves > P. falcataria mixture of leaves and roots > P. falcataria roots. The same order was observed for nitrogen and carbon mineralization rate (P <0.05), indicating that mixing of residues
of varying quality would provide a means of strategically modifying nutrient release. P. falcataria leaves and the mixture of leaves and roots significantly (P<0.05) mitigated soil acidity while P. falcataria roots alone did not. 相似文献
2.
Nitrogen is normally the nutrient most limiting production of maize (Zea mays) — the main staple food crop — in southern Africa. We conducted a field study to determine the effect of N sources on soil nitrate dynamics at three landscape positions in farmers' fields in southern Malawi. The landscape positions were dambo valley or bottomland, dambo margin, and steep slopes. The N sources were calcium ammonium nitrate fertilizer applied at 120 kg N ha–1, biomass from Sesbania sesban, and no added N. Sesbania biomass was produced in situ in the previous season from sesbania relay cropped with maize. Nitrate in the topsoil (0 to 15 cm depth) increased to 85 days after maize planting (mean = 48 kg N ha–1) and then decreased markedly. Application of N fertilizer and sesbania biomass increased soil nitrate, and nitrate-N in topsoil correlated positively with amount of incorporated sesbania biomass. The strongest correlation between sesbania biomass added before maize planting and topsoil nitrate was observed at 85 days after maize planting. This suggests that the sesbania biomass (mean N content = 2.3%) mineralized slowly. Inorganic N accumulated in the subsoil at the end of the maize cropping season when N fertilizer and sesbania were applied. This study demonstrated the challenges associated with moderate quality organic N sources produced in smallholder farmer's fields. Soil nitrate levels indicated that N was released by sesbania residues in the first year of incorporation, but relay cropping of sesbania with maize may need to be supplemented with appropriately timed application of N fertilizer.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Ten multipurpose tree species were planted both in monoculture and intercropped withArachis hypogea (groundnut) in a randomized complete block with three replications. The vigrou, biomass, nutrient content, and coppicing percentage of the trees were evaluated. Intercropping with groundnuts during the establishment phase did not affect subsequent growth and development of the species.Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Cassia siamea, Calliandra calothyrsus andParaserianthes falcataria established well, when compared toGliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Dialum guineense, Dubocia macrocarpa andMilicia excelsa. A. mangium, A. auriculiformis, C. calothyrsus, C. siamea andP. falcataria produced the highest leaf (4 to 20 t ha–1) and wood (12 to 37 t ha–1) biomass yield (primary growth) at one to three years after planting. Coppicing percentage ofA. mangium A. auriculiformis andP. falcataria were relatively low (35 to 50%).C. calothyrsus andC. siamea showed the highest coppicing percentage (95 to 100%) and produced the greatest coppice biomass (9 to 13 t ha–1). Total nitrogen and organic matter percentage of soils from under the stands of these two species were also significantly higher than that of the rest. The two species may thus be considered for use in agroforestry technologies for soil improvement on acid soils, which are typical of the moist tropics. 相似文献
4.
Donald J. Mead Scott X. Chang Caroline M. Preston 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,256(4):694-701
The long-term fate of fertilizer N in forest ecosystems is poorly understood even though such information is critical for designing better forest fertilization practices. We studied the distribution and recovery of 15N (4.934 atom% excess)-labelled fertilizer (applied as urea at 200 kg N ha−1) 10 years after application to a 38–39-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menzeisii (Mirb.) Franco) stand in coastal British Columbia. The urea was applied in the spring (May 1982) or fall (November 1982). Sampling was conducted in October 1992, and we found that after 10 years, there were few differences between the fall and spring fertilizer applications in total N and 15N distribution within the tree and forest ecosystem. On average total fertilizer-N recovery was 59.4%; about 14.5% of the applied-N was recovered in the trees including coarse roots, with foliage containing 41% of the labelled-N recovered in the aboveground tree biomass. Tissue 15N remained mobile and could be transferred to new growth. Soil recovery was 39.8%, which had decreased from 57.0% at a previous 1-year sampling, with an average loss of 3.0% per year from the mineral soil and 3.7% from the litter layers. However, it appears that there was little continuing tree uptake. While short-term effects of fall vs. spring urea application were previously reported, there were no long-term effects on either stand productivity or fertilizer use efficiency, suggesting that if fertilization is properly done, timing of fertilization is not a critical issue in terms of maximizing fertilizer use efficiency for the coastal Douglas-fir forest we studied. Our results also highlight the high capacity of this ecosystem to retain externally applied inorganic N over the long-term, the importance of maximizing nitrogen uptake in the first year, and also of the continuing need to develop new approaches to overcome the generally low efficiency of forest N fertilization. 相似文献
5.
This study tested the hypothesis that incorporation of green leaf manure (GLM) from leguminous trees into agroforestry systems
may provide a substitute for inorganic N fertilisers to enhance crop growth and yield. Temporal and spatial changes in soil
nitrogen availability and use were monitored for various cropping systems in southern Malawi. These included Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. trees intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.), with and without pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.), sole maize, sole pigeonpea, sole gliricidia and a maize + pigeonpea intercrop. Soil mineral N was determined before
and during the 1997/1998, 1998/1999 and 1999/2000 cropping seasons. Total soil mineral N content (NO3− + NH4+) was greatest in the agroforestry systems (p<0.01). Pre-season soil mineral N content in the 0–20 cm horizon was greater in treatments containing trees (≤85 kg N ha−1) than in those without (<60 kg ha−1; p<0.01); however, soil mineral N content declined rapidly during the cropping season. Uptake of N was substantially greater
in the agroforestry systems (200–270 kg N ha−1) than in the maize + pigeonpea and sole maize treatments (40–95 kg N ha−1; p<001). Accumulation of N by maize was greater in the agroforestry systems than in sole maize and maize + pigeonpea (p<0.01); grain accounted for 55% of N uptake by maize in the agroforestry systems, compared to 41–47% in sole maize and maize + pigeonpea.
The agroforestry systems enhanced soil fertility because mineralisation of the applied GLM increased pre-season soil mineral
N content. However, this could not be fully utilised as soil N declined rapidly at a time when maize was too small to act
as a major sink for N. Methods for reducing losses of mineral N released from GLM are therefore required to enhance N availability
during the later stages of the season when crop requirements are greatest. Soil mineral N levels and maize yields were similar
in the gliricidia + maize and gliricidia + maize + pigeonpea treatments, implying that addition of pigeonpea to the tree-based
system provided no additional improvement in soil fertility. 相似文献
6.
We developed site-specific allometric models for Leucaena leucocephala × pallida var. KX2 trees in a shaded coffee agroecosystem in Hawaii to predict above- and belowground biomass and the regrowth potential
of pollarded trees. Models were used to compare tree growth rates in an experimental agroforestry system with different pollarding
frequencies and additions of tree pruning residues as mulch. For all allometric equations, a simple power model (Y = aXb) provided the optimal prediction of biomass or regrowth after pollarding. For aboveground biomass components (stem, branches,
leaves, and seed and pods), stem diameter alone was the best predictor variable. Stump diameter provided the best prediction
of coarse root biomass and aboveground regrowth after pollarding. Predictions of biomass from generalized allometric models
often fell outside the 95% confidence intervals of our site-specific models, especially as biomass increased. The combination
of pollarding trees once per year plus the addition of tree mulch resulted in the greatest aboveground regrowth rates as well
as accumulation of biomass and C in the stump plus coarse roots. Although optimal prediction required the development of site-specific
allometric relationships, a simple power model using stem or stump diameter alone can provide an accurate assessment of above-
and belowground tree biomass, as well as regrowth potential under specific management scenarios. 相似文献
7.
Quantitative field measurements of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and biomass production by four different understorey pastures in a Pinus radiata-pasture agroforestry system were determined over a period of one year. The trees were two years old at the beginning of this study and the understorey pastures were being cut and removed for silage. The BNF was determined using the 15N dilution technique. Pastures of ryegrass+clover, cocksfoot+clover, phalaris+clover and lucerne were used. Substantial amounts of BNF were found (71 to 230 kg N ha–1 year–1) with lucerne showing the highest N fixation. However, lucerne derived only 71 to 72% of its N from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) during the spring/summer period compared to 83–97% with clovers, thus the net N demand from the soil was substantially higher with lucerne. This caused increased N stress to the trees. Clover in ryegrass+clover pasture fixed more N than the other grass+clover pastures. Although pasture position in relation to trees did not affect annual pasture total DMY and %Ndfa, pastures north of tree row grew better than those in other positions. Trees significantly affected the BNF of legumes and the botanical composition of pastures with highest BNF and legume production occurring in pastures midway between two rows of trees. These results suggest that it would be advantageous to evaluate different legumes and grasses for tolerance of shade and moisture stress in future studies. As the trees studied were only 1.5 to 3 m in height, their effects on BNF, seasonal pasture biomass production and botanical composition are expected to increase with tree dominance in the ecosystem with time. Amounts of N fixed were related to the productivity (i.e. dry matter and N yield) and seasonal persistence of the legumes. The productivity was high in spring and summer and low in autumn and winter. 相似文献
8.
Nitrogen deficiency is widespread in southern Africa, but inorganic fertilizers are often unaffordable for smallholder farmers. Short-duration leguminous fallows are one possible means of soil fertility restoration. We monitored preseason topsoil (0 to 20 cm) ammonium and nitrate, fallow biomass production and grain yields for three years in a relay cropping trial with sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] and maize (Zea mays L.). Sesbania seedlings were interplanted with maize during maize sowing at 0, 7400 or 14,800 trees ha–1, in factorial combination with inorganic N fertilizer at 0 or 48 kg N ha–1 (half the recommended rate). After maize harvest, fallows were allowed to grow during the seven-month dry season, and were cleared before sowing the next maize crop. Both sesbania fallows and inorganic N fertilizer resulted in significantly greater (P < 0.01 to 0.05) preseason topsoil nitrate-N than following unfertilized sole maize. In plots receiving no fertilizer N, preseason topsoil inorganic N correlated with maize yield over all three seasons (r
2 = 0.62, P < 0.001). Sesbania fallows gave significantly higher maize yields than unfertilized sole maize in two of three years (P < 0.01 to 0.05). Sesbania biomass yields were extremely variable, were not significantly related to sesbania planting density, and were inconsistently related to soil N fractions and maize yields. Short-duration fallows may offer modest yield increases under conditions where longer duration fallows are not possible. This gain must be considered against the loss of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp) harvest in the similarly structured maize-pigeonpea intercrop common in the region.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Coffee (Coffea canephora var robusta) is grown in Southwestern Togo under shade of native Albizia adianthifolia as a low input cropping system. However, there is no information on carbon and nutrient cycling in these shaded coffee systems.
Hence, a study was conducted in a mature coffee plantation in Southwestern Togo to determine carbon and nutrient stocks in
shaded versus open-grown coffee systems. Biomass of Albizia trees was predicted by allometry, whereas biomass of coffee bushes was estimated through destructive sampling. Above- and
belowground biomass estimates were respectively, 140 Mg ha−1 and 32 Mg ha−1 in the coffee–Albizia association, and 29.7 Mg ha−1 and 18.7 Mg ha−1 in the open-grown system. Albizia trees contributed 87% of total aboveground biomass and 55% of total root biomass in the shaded coffee system. Individual
coffee bushes consistently had higher biomass in the open-grown than in the shaded coffee system. Total C stock was 81 Mg ha−1 in the shaded coffee system and only 22.9 Mg ha−1 for coffee grown in the open. Apart from P and Mg, considerable amounts of major nutrients were stored in the shade tree
biomass in non-easily recyclable fractions. Plant tissues in the shaded coffee system had higher N concentration, suggesting
possible N fixation. Given the potential for competition between the shade trees and coffee for nutrients, particularly in
low soil fertility conditions, it is suggested that the shade trees be periodically pruned in order to increase organic matter
addition and nutrient return to the soil.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
10.
Binyam Alemu Yosef Zewdu Eshetu Efrem Garedew Habtemariam Kassa 《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2019,38(7):629-650
ABSTRACTThis paper examined the potential of dry north western woodlands of Ethiopia (Adi Goshu, Lemlem Terara, and Gemed) for carbon stocks. Allometry equations were used to determine the aboveground, belowground, and dead woods biomasses; litter and herbaceous biomasses were determined using direct harvesting method. The result showed the estimated mean carbon stocks of the aboveground, belowground, and the dead wood biomass for the Untapped Boswellia Papyrifera Woodland (UW) in Lemlem Terara site were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the Adi Goshu site. In the Gemed site, the mean Herb Biomass Carbon (HBC) stock was 1.2 Mg ha?1, which is significantly highest (P < 0.05) than the other two study sites (Lemlem Terara, 0.42 Mg ha?1 and Adi Goshu, 0.45 Mg ha?1) for the Tapped Boswellia Papyrifera Woodland (TW). In UW, the mean soil carbon stock of the Lemlem Terara site (58.19 Mg ha?1) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of Adi Goshu (33.61 Mg ha?1). In the case of the total carbon stocks in UW stratum, for the Adi Goshu site, the carbon stock was estimated to be about 55.26 Mg ha?1 while 96.74 Mg ha?1 for Lemlem Terara. Therefore, Carbon stock in different carbon pools (aboveground and belowground biomass, dead wood, litter, herbaceous biomass, and soil) has a potential to decrease the rate of enrichment of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. 相似文献
11.
Seasonal changes in biomass, net primary productivity and turnover of dry matter of para grass (Brachiaria mutica) under a mixed tree stand and in an adjacent open stand in northern India are presented. Both stands attained peak values of live shoot biomass in September with a higher value under mixed tree stand (665 g m–2) than in the open stand (522 g m–2). The net aboveground production was 590 and 527 g m–2 yr–1 under mixed tree stand and in the open, respectively. The belowground net primary production was also greater under mixed tree stand (100 g m–2 yr–1) than in the open (76 g m–2 yr–1). Maximum aboveground and belowground net primary productions in both stands were obtained during the rainy season. The total net primary production for para grass was about 15% higher under mixed tree stand than in the open. The turnover rates of total plant biomass were greatest in the rainy season and the least during the summer season. The system transfer functions showed that the production of para grass on both stands was aboveground-oriented, accounting for 85–87% of annual total net primary production. 相似文献
12.
J.P. Bouillet J.P. Laclau J.L.M. Gonalves M.Z. Moreira P.C.O. Trivelin C. Jourdan E.V. Silva M.C. Piccolo S.M. Tsai A. Galiana 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008,255(12):3918-3930
The sustainability of plantation forests is closely dependent on soil nitrogen availability in short-rotation forests established on low-fertility soils. Planting an understorey of nitrogen-fixing trees might be an attractive option for maintaining the N fertility of soils. The development of mono-specific stands of Acacia mangium (100A:0E) and Eucalyptus grandis (0A:100E) was compared with mixed-species plantations, where A. mangium was planted in a mixture at a density of 50% of that of E. grandis (50A:100E). N2 fixation by A. mangium was quantified in 100A:0E and 50A:100E at age 18 and 30 months by the 15N natural abundance method and in 50A:100E at age 30 months by the 15N dilution method. The consistency of results obtained by isotopic methods was checked against observations of nodulation, Specific Acetylene Reduction Activity (SARA), as well as the dynamics of N accumulation within both species. The different tree components (leaves, branches, stems, stumps, coarse roots, medium-sized roots and fine roots) were sampled on 5–10 trees per species for each age. Litter fall was assessed up to 30 months after planting and used to estimate fine root mortality. Higher N concentrations in A. mangium tree components than in E. grandis might be a result of N2 fixation. However, no evidence of N transfer from A. mangium to E. grandis was found. SARA values were not significantly different in 100A:0E and 50A:100E but the biomass of nodules was 20–30 times higher in 100A:0E than in 50A:100E. At age 18 months, higher δ15N values found in A. mangium tree components than in E. grandis components prevented reliable estimations of the percentage of N derived from atmospheric fixation (%Ndfa). At age 30 months, %Ndfa estimated by natural abundance and by 15N dilution amounted to 10–20 and 60%, respectively. The amount of N derived from N2 fixation in the standing biomass was estimated at 62 kg N ha−1 in 100A:0E and 3 kg N ha−1 in 50A:100E by the 15N natural abundance method, and 16 kg N ha−1 in 50A:100E by the 15N dilution method. The total amount of atmospheric N2 fixed since planting (including fine root mortality and litter fall) was estimated at 66 kg N ha−1 in 100A:0E and 7 kg N ha−1 in 50A:100E by the 15N natural abundance method, and 31 kg N ha−1 in 50A:100E by the 15N dilution method. The most reliable estimation of N2 fixation was likely to be achieved using the 15N dilution method and sampling the whole plant. 相似文献
13.
D. N. Mugendi P. K. R. Nair J. N. Mugwe M. K. O'Neill M. J. Swift P. Woomer 《Agroforestry Systems》1999,46(1):51-64
A major challenge in developing agroforestry approaches that utilize tree-leaf biomass for provision of N to crops is to ensure
synchrony between the N released from decomposing prunings and N demand by crops. A study was conducted in the subhumid highlands
of Kenya to assess the rate of decomposition and mineralization of soil-incorporated Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner (calliandra)
and Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (leucaena) tree biomass and maize roots (Zea mays L.) both in an alley cropping and
a sole cropping system. The amount of mineralized N peaked four weeks after planting (WAP) maize in all the treatments during
both seasons of 1995. Cumulative mineralized N at week 20 ranged from 114 to 364 kg N ha−1 season−1, the absolute control treatment giving the lowest and the prunings-incorporated treatments giving the highest amounts in
the two seasons. Total N uptake by maize, ranging from 42 to 157 kg ha−1 season−1, was lowest in the 'alley-cropped, prunings-removed' treatments, and highest in the 'non alley-cropped-prunings-incorporated'
treatments. The apparent N recovery rate by maize was highest in the fertilizer applied treatments in the two seasons. Decomposition
rate constants (kD) ranged from 0.07 to 0.21 week−1, and the rates among the different plant residues were as follows: leucaena < calliandra < maize roots. Nitrogen release
rate constants (kN), ranging from 0.04 to 0.25 week−1, followed a similar pattern as the rate of decomposition with leucaena releasing the highest amount of N followed by calliandra
and lastly by maize roots.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
14.
Implications of heterogeneity on procedures for estimating plant 15N recovery in hedgerow intercrop systems 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Nitrogen flows in agroforestry systems can be quantified by applying excess 15N to one pool or part of the system and subsequentlymeasuring the quantity of 15N in other pools. Accurate quantifications depend on accurate determination of the mass, percentage N, and percentage 15N enrichment of each pool and past studies have mainly used physically isolated subplots to reduce variability. We thus assessed
the within-plot and within-plant variability of 15N recovery by maize and by two hedgerow tree species, Gliricidia sepium and Peltophorum dasyrrachis, following applications of 15N-enriched materials to unbounded plots. We also assessed the potential for estimating total plant 15N recovery from a reduced set of samples, and for estimating N content allometrically from simple measurements. 15N uptake beyond 1 m radius was negligible in maize but recommended minimum inter-plot spacing for Gliricidia sepium and Peltophorum dasyrrachis was 8 m. Within-plant variation was also greater in trees than in maize. Calculating recovery from all crop plant components
is not always necessary; the recovery of 15N in maize grain predicted 98.9% of variation in total plant 15N recovery. 89–95% accurate estimates of biomass and N content of maize plants and of regrowing tree shoots can be obtained
non-destructively from height or basal shoot diameter respectively. 15N tracing techniques are potentially very useful for studies of competition and complementarity with respect to nitrogen uptake
in agroforestry systems but they require unbounded plots and hence particular care in design and sampling procedures.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
S. Jose A. R. Gillespie J. R. Seifert D. B. Mengel P. E. Pope 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(1):61-77
An experiment was conducted in an 11-year-old black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), maize (Zea mays L.) alley cropping system in the midwestern USA to examine the extent of tree-crop competition for nitrogen and decomposition dynamics of tree leaves and fine roots. A below-ground polyethylene root barrier (1.2 m deep) isolated black walnut roots from maize alleys in half the number of plots providing two treatments viz. barrier and no barrier. The percentage of N derived from fertilizer (%NDF) and fertilizer use efficiency (%UFN) were determined using 15N enriched fertilizer. Further, maize grain and stover biomass, tree leaf biomass, tissue N concentration, and N content were quantified in both treatments. The barrier treatment resulted in a significantly greater grain (67.3% more) and stover (37.2% more) biomass than the no barrier treatment. The %NDF in both grain and stover was higher in the no barrier treatment as a result of competition from tree roots for water and mineralized N in soil. Maize plants growing in the no barrier treatment had a lower %UFN than those in the barrier treatment due to their smaller size and inability to take up fertilizer. Analysis of tree leaf and fine root decomposition patterns revealed faster release of N (39% over 15 days for black walnut and 17.7% for red oak) and P (30% over 15 days for both species) from roots compared to the leaves of both species. Following an early release of P (11.3% over 45 days), red oak leaves exhibited significant immobilization for the rest of the incubation period. The data indicate that competition for N from fertilizer is minimal since nutrient acquisition is not simultaneous among black walnut and maize. However, competition for mineralized N in soil can exist between black walnut and maize depending on water availability and competition. Tree leaves and fine roots can enhance soil nutrient pools through the addition of soil carbon and nutrients. Tree fine roots seem to play a more significant role in nutrient cycling within the alley cropping system because of their faster release of both N and P as compared to leaves. Selection of tree species and their phenology will impact the magnitude and rate of nutrient cycling.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
This paper summarizes several studies on N recycling in a tropical silvopastoral system for assessing the ability of the system
to increase soil fertility and insure sustainability. We analyzed the N2 fixation pattern of the woody legume component (Gliricidia sepium), estimated the recycling rate of the fixed N in the soil, and measured N outputs in tree pruning and cut grass (Dichanthium aristatum). With this information, we estimated the N balance of the silvopastoral system at the plot scale. The studies were conducted
in an 11-year-old silvopastoral plot established by planting G. sepium cuttings at 0.3 m × 2 m spacing in natural grassland. The plot was managed as a cut-and-carry system where all the tree pruning
residues (every 2-4 months) and cut grass (every 40-50 days) were removed and animals were excluded. No N fertilizer was applied.
Dinitrogen fixation, as estimated by the 15N natural abundance method, ranged from 60-90% of the total N in aboveground tree biomass depending on season. On average,
76% of the N exports from the plot in tree pruning (194 kg [N] ha–1 yr–1) originated from N2 fixation. Grass production averaged 13 Mg ha–1 yr–1 and N export in cut grass was 195 kg [N] ha–1 yr–1. The total N fixed by G. sepium, as estimated from the tree and grass N exports and the increase in soil N content, was about 555 kg [N] ha–1 yr–1. Carbon sequestration averaged 1.9 Mg [C] ha–1 yr–1 and soil organic N in the 0-0.2 m layer increased at a rate of 166 kg [N] ha–1 yr–1, corresponding to 30% of N2 fixation by the tree. Nitrogen released in nodule turnover (10 kg [N] ha–1 yr–1) and litter decomposition (40 kg [N] ha–1 yr–1) contributed slightly to this increase, and most of the recycled N came from the turnover or the activity of other below-ground
tree biomass than nodules.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
17.
Nino Tavares Amazonas Luiz Antonio MartinelliMarisa de Cássia Piccolo Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(8):1551-1557
We considered whether ecological restoration using high diversity of native tree species serves to restore nitrogen dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We measured δ15N and N content in green foliage and soil; vegetation N:P ratio; and soil N mineralization in a preserved natural forest and restored forests of ages 21 and 52 years. Green foliage δ15N values, N content, N:P ratio, inorganic N and net mineralization and nitrification rates were all higher, the older the forest. Our findings indicate that the recuperation of N cycling has not been achieved yet in the restored forests even after 52 years, but show that they are following a trajectory of development that is characterized by their N cycling intensity becoming similar to a natural mature forest of the same original forest formation. This study demonstrated that some young restored forests are more limited by N compared to mature natural forests. We document that the recuperation of N cycling in tropical forests can be achieved through ecological restoration actions. 相似文献
18.
Biomass and production of fine and coarse roots of trees under agrisilvicultural practices in north-east India 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An understanding of the rooting pattern of tree species used in agroforestry systems is essential for the development and management of systems involving them. Seasonal variation, depth wise and lateral distribution of biomass in roots of different diameter classes and their annual production were studied using sequential core sampling. The investigations were carried out in four tree species under tree only and tree+crop situations at ICAR Research Farm, Barapani (Meghalya), India. The tree species were mandarin (Citrus reticulata), alder (Alnus nepalensis), cherry (Prunus cerasoides) and albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria). The contribution of fine roots to the total root biomass ranged from 87% in albizia to 77% in mandarin. The bulk of the fine roots (38% to 47%) in the four tree species was concentrated in the upper 10 cm soil layer, but the coarse roots were concentrated in 10–20 cm soil depth in alder (46%) and albizia (51%) and at 0–10 cm in cherry (41%) and mandarin (48%). In all the four tree species, biomass of both fine- and coarse-roots followed a unimodal growth curve by showing a gradual increase from spring (pre-rainy) season to autumn (post rainy) season. Biomass to necromass ratio varied between 2 to 3 in the four tree species. The maximum (3.2) ratio was observed during spring and the minimum (2) in the rainy season. In alder and albizia, the fine roots were distributed only up to 1 m distance from the tree trunk but in the other two species they were found at a distance up to 1.5 m from the tree trunk. The annual fine root production varied from 3.6 Mg ha–1 to 6.2 Mg ha–1 and total production from 4.2 to 8.4 Mg ha–1 in albizia to mandarin, respectively. Cherry and mandarin had a large number of woody roots in the surface layers which pose physical hindrance during soil working and intercultural operations under agroforestry. But the high biomass of roots of these two species may be advantageous for sequential or spatially separated agroforestry systems. However, alder and albizia have the most desirable rooting characteristics for agroforestry systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Patrick Chesney 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):149-159
The effect of pruning all branches (complete pruning) or retaining one branch (partial pruning) on the dynamics of nitrogen
cycling in aboveground biomass, nitrogen supplying power of an amended Eutric Cambisol, and fine root length, was studied
in an Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook—tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) alley cropping practice in Turrialba, Costa Rica during 1999–2000. Over the 1 year pruning cycle, in which trees were
completely or partially pruned four times, respective aboveground biomass production was 4.4 Mg or 7 Mg ha−1 (2-year-old trees) and 5.5 Mg or 9 Mg ha−1 (8-year-old trees); N cycled in aboveground biomass was 123 kg or 187 kg ha−1 (2-year-old trees) and 160 kg or 256 kg N ha−1 (8-year-old trees); mean fine root length was 489 or 821 m (2-year-old-trees), 184 or 364 m per tree (8-year-old-trees).
Pruning intensity did not significantly affect net N mineralisation and net nitrification rates during the tomato-cropping
season. For the tomato crop, pre-plant mean net N mineralisation rate of 2.5 mg N kg−1 soil day−1 was significantly lower than 16.7 or 11.6 mg N kg−1 soil day−1 at the end of vegetative development and flowering, respectively. Mean net nitrification rates of 3.5, and 4.3 mg N kg−1 soil day−1, at pre-plant and end of vegetative development, respectively, were significantly higher than 0.3 mg N kg−1 soil day−1 at end of flowering. In humid tropical low-input agroforestry practices that depend on organic inputs from trees for crop
nutrition, retention of a branch on the pruned tree stump appears to be a good alternative to removal of all branches for
reducing N losses through higher N cycling in aboveground biomass, and for conserving fine root length for higher N uptake,
although it might enhance competition for associated crops. 相似文献
20.
To derive optimal benefits from intercropping timber, farmers should make important initial decisions on tree species and
planting density with a good understanding of their tradeoffs. Complex and data-intensive models used by researchers should
be supplemented with simpler models based on easily measured parameters and easily understood competition functions. In experiments
in the Philippine uplands, growth parameters of three popular farm-forestry species (Eucalyptus deglupta, E. torelliana, and Paraserianthes falcataria) were measured, along with intercropped and non-intercropped yields of maize and vegetables. The commonly used forestry parameter
of stand basal area had a significant negative correlation with intercrop yields (as a percentage of non-intercropped yields).
The slope of the regression line differed between species; in this study, percent yield loss per unit stem basal area growth
was in the order E. deglupta > E. torelliana > P. falcataria. The relationship between stand basal area and intercrop-yield decline was tested on an independent data set from China.
Intercrop yields had significant negative correlations with stand basal area of Paulownia elongata. We propose that adaptive tree-screening trials evaluate competitiveness in addition to evaluating growth and mortality.
Stand basal area may be better suited to this task than more mechanistic indices such as leaf-area index as it is easy to
measure, calculate, and understand, and it may serve as a better index of total (aboveground + belowground) competition. Basal
area is also directly related to tree volume, and allows farmers to more easily evaluate the economic tradeoffs between tree
growth and intercrop-yield declines.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献