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1.
为了明确温度对烟蚜Myzus percicae (Sulzer)生长发育及种群参数的影响,在8、14、20、26、32℃恒温条件下,测定了烟蚜的发育历期、存活率、繁殖力和其他种群参数。结果表明,烟蚜若蚜的发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短,8～26℃范围内烟蚜成虫的存活率均高于80%,32℃下烟蚜各虫态的存活率显著低于其他温度,且无法完成发育。烟蚜成虫寿命和总产仔前期随温度的升高而显著缩短,平均产仔量在20℃处理下最高,为60.91头。20℃处理下,烟蚜的净增值率（R0）最高,为55.83;26℃处理下,烟蚜的内禀增长率（rm）和周限增长率（λ）最大,分别为0.33和1.39。综上,低温和高温均对烟蚜的生长发育有显著影响,且高温对烟蚜的影响更大,26℃是烟蚜生长发育的最适温度。  相似文献   

2.
为了明确温度对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的影响,本文利用年龄-阶段两性种群生命表研究了该虫北京种群在4种温度(15、20、25和30℃)下的发育历期、存活率、繁殖力以及其他的种群参数。结果表明,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态发育历期以及产卵前期均随温度升高而缩短。在25℃条件下的单雌产卵量为85.34粒,显著高于其他3个温度。内禀增长率(r)和周限增长率(λ)随温度的升高而升高,平均世代周期(T)则出现相反的趋势,在25℃下净增殖率(R_0)最大,为45.77。韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在15～30℃范围内都能完成生长发育和繁殖,但25℃下种群存活率高、繁殖力大、世代周期较短,更适合种群暴发。  相似文献   

3.
为明确不同温度对东方粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)种群动态的影响,建立东方粘虫种群动态模型,利用年龄-阶段两性种群生命表得到了室内不同温度下东方粘虫种群的发育历期、存活率、繁殖力和种群生命表参数,并基于种群生命表参数预测了2个月内东方粘虫的种群动态。结果表明,东方粘虫各虫态的发育历期和产卵前期随温度的升高而显著缩短。24℃下,东方粘虫单雌平均产卵量为717.1粒,显著高于其它温度下;成虫寿命也显著高于其它温度下,且雄蛾寿命显著长于雌蛾,分别为15.3 d和13.0 d;卵孵化存活到成虫的概率、幼虫存活率和化蛹率均最高,分别为66.7%、68.9%和96.8%。内禀增长率随温度的升高而显著增加,平均世代周期则显著降低,18、21、24、27、30℃下分别为0.051、0.077、0.113、0.121、0.156 d-1和77.2、61.3、49.0、40.3、31.5 d;周限增长率也随温度的升高而增加,分别为1.05、1.08、1.12、1.13、1.17 d-1;净增殖率在24℃下为257.1,显著高于其它温度下,其它温度条件下无显著差异。表明东方粘虫在18~30℃范围内都能完成生长发育和生殖,24℃下种群存活率高、繁殖力大、世代周期较短,更适合种群增长。  相似文献   

4.
为明确温度对早熟禾拟茎草螟Parapediasia teterrella(Zincken)生长发育和繁殖的影响,在室内采用两性生命表方法研究了不同恒温条件下(19、22、26、30、33℃)该虫各虫态的发育历期和繁殖力,并组建了该虫在不同恒温下的年龄–龄期两性生命表。结果表明:早熟禾拟茎草螟的发育历期、成虫寿命随温度的升高而缩短,繁殖力则随温度升高呈先增加后减小的趋势;33℃下,早熟禾拟茎草螟总发育历期最短为23.8 d;26℃和30℃下繁殖力最高,平均分别为283.5粒和265.4粒。早熟禾拟茎草螟世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为14.6℃和420.0日度;平均世代周期随温度升高而缩短,内禀增长率、周限增长率和净增殖率随着温度升高呈先增加后减小的趋势,内禀增长率、周限增长率在30℃下最大,分别为0.14和1.15,净增殖率在26℃下最大为63.64。表明早熟禾拟茎草螟种群生长繁殖最适宜的温度范围在26~30℃之间。  相似文献   

5.
为明确高温对棕榈蓟马Thrips palmi种群生长发育及其种群抗药性的影响,利用年龄-龄期两性生命表方法,比较了15～25℃(室内)和14～45℃(室外)变温刺激后棕榈蓟马的生命表参数,并采用微虫笼法测定了这2种自然变温饲养条件下棕榈蓟马种群对阿维菌素和噻虫嗪2种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明,14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群发育速度较15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群显著加快,前者平均世代周期为14.33 d,后者为19.09 d;14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群净生殖率和内禀增长率分别为26.83和0.21,均显著低于15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群的79.33和0.23;14～45℃变温刺激后的室外棕榈蓟马种群单雌产卵量为46.01粒,也显著低于15～25℃变温刺激后的室内棕榈蓟马种群的135.98粒;14～45℃变温刺激下,室外棕榈蓟马种群雌成虫和2龄若虫对2种杀虫剂的抗药性显著提高,且雌成虫比2龄若虫的抗药性强。表明波动高温刺激不仅抑制了棕榈蓟马的种群发展,也提高了种群对常规药剂阿维菌素和噻虫嗪的抗性。  相似文献   

6.
王凤  徐颖  路广亮 《植物保护》2017,43(6):109-112
采用年龄-龄期生命表的方法分析了19、22、26、30和33℃恒温条件对淡剑灰翅夜蛾种群发育的影响。结果表明:在19~33℃范围内,淡剑灰翅夜蛾各虫态的发育历期普遍随温度的升高而缩短,33℃下淡剑灰翅夜蛾的总发育历期最短,为22.5d,其次为30℃下23.4d;平均产卵量随温度升高先增加后减少,雌成虫在26℃下繁殖力最高,为550.2粒。世代平均周期在33℃下最短,其次为30℃和26℃下;内禀增长率、周限增长率在30℃下最大,其次为26℃下;22、26℃下净增殖率均在100以上,表明22~30℃是淡剑灰翅夜蛾种群生长繁殖最适宜的温度范围。  相似文献   

7.
为明确不同温度对草地贪夜蛾种群动态的影响,建立草地贪夜蛾种群动态模型,本研究通过建立年龄-阶段两性种群生命表得到了室内不同温度下草地贪夜蛾种群的生命表参数,并以此为基础预测了未来2个月内草地贪夜蛾的种群动态。结果表明:不同温度(20、24、28、32、36℃)条件下草地贪夜蛾各阶段发育历期、存活率及繁殖力有显著差异。草地贪夜蛾的世代周期随温度降低而显著延长。20℃条件下世代周期最长,为(75.25±1.23)d;36℃条件下最短,为(24.79±0.36)d。草地贪夜蛾从卵存活到成虫的概率32℃下最高,为80%;20℃下最低,仅为24%。24℃条件下单雌平均产卵量为(1 448.83±97.64)粒,显著高于其他温度条件下。24℃条件下,种群净增长率(R_0)最高,为420.16±71.48。内禀增长率(r)随温度升高先升高后降低,在28℃时达到最高值。根据种群生命表参数预测未来60 d内种群动态结果表明,较高温度有利于草地贪夜蛾种群世代数的增加,适当低温下产卵量大,更有利于种群数量的增加。本研究结果表明草地贪夜蛾有较广的适宜生存的温度范围,在20～36℃温度范围内均能完成生长发育和生殖。24～32℃是幼虫的最适生长发育温度范围,24℃是成虫最适的繁殖温度。  相似文献   

8.
室内设置16、19、22、27、32℃5个温度梯度,用玉米、黄豆、花生、小麦4种食料饲喂二点委夜蛾幼虫,测定了不同虫态的发育历期、存活率、成虫寿命和产卵量,组建了二点委夜蛾的实验种群生命表。结果表明,取食4种食料的二点委夜蛾幼虫各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短;食料不同各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温差异较大;在不同温度和食料下,二点委夜蛾种群趋势指数、净增殖率、世代平均周期、周限增长率和内禀增长率等生命表指数也有所不同。22~27℃是其适宜生长发育温度范围,黄豆和小麦是其较适宜的寄主。  相似文献   

9.
为明确温度对益蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响, 在室内设置18?20?22?25℃和28℃温度条件, 开展了以草地贪夜蛾为食物的益蝽若虫存活率?发育历期以及成虫寿命的研究?结果表明:在18~28℃范围内, 益蝽若虫在25℃条件下存活率最高(92.20%), 生长速度最快, 18℃下存活率最低(49.60%)?28℃条件下, 卵发育历期为5.5 d, 而18℃条件下, 卵发育历期为15.5 d?18℃条件下, 益蝽从卵发育至成虫需要85.0 d, 而在28℃条件下, 益蝽卵发育至成虫只需要29.8 d?22~28℃为益蝽适生温区, 在18~28℃条件下, 益蝽发育速率随着温度的升高而加快, 各虫态的发育历期?成虫寿命均随温度的升高而缩短?在18~28℃内, 益蝽各个虫态的发育速率与温度符合线性函数模型?益蝽卵?成虫的发育起点温度分别为14.20℃和13.13℃, 有效积温分别为74.90日·度和427.57日·度?在18?20?22?25?28℃条件下, 雄虫和雌虫的寿命分别为10.0 d和12.8 d?27.2 d和31.8 d?41.8 d和56.8 d?35.2 d和50.0 d?28.8 d和31.8 d?其中在22℃条件下, 雄虫和雌虫寿命最长, 分别为41.8 d和56.8 d?该研究结果为益蝽的生长发育和群体饲养提供了科学依据?  相似文献   

10.
温度对二点委夜蛾实验种群的影响   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  
为了明确温度对二点委夜蛾生长发育的影响,采用室内人工恒温饲养方法,设置16、20、24、28、32和36℃6种温度,研究不同温度对二点委夜蛾各虫态的发育历期、存活率及雌成虫产卵量的影响,并组建实验种群生命表。36℃的恒温条件下,二点委夜蛾不能完成其发育史。在16～32℃范围内,二点委夜蛾各虫态发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,其世代发育历期在32℃时最短,为27.17天;世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为8.69℃和604.45日.度。在20～32℃时,成虫寿命随温度的升高而缩短,且雌雄个体间无明显差异。20℃和24℃时单雌产卵量较高,为283.8粒和261.8粒,二者差异不显著。24℃时二点委夜蛾的种群趋势指数和内禀增长率均最高,分别为82.0和0.82。表明24℃是二点委夜蛾生长繁殖的最适温度。  相似文献   

11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.  相似文献   

12.
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.  相似文献   

13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.  相似文献   

14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies   总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18  
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.  相似文献   

15.
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.  相似文献   

16.
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.  相似文献   

17.
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.  相似文献   

18.
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.  相似文献   

19.
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.  相似文献   

20.
Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.  相似文献   

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