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1.
The persistence of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), [14C]dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic-7-14C acid) and propanil [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propionamide] at rates equivalent to 1 kg ha?1, were studied under laboratory conditions in a clay loam, a heavy clay and a sandy loam at 85% of field capacity and at 20±1°C, both singly and in the presence of herbicides normally applied with these chemicals as tank-mix or split-mix components. The degradation of bromoxynil was rapid with over 90% breakdown occurring within a week in the heavy clay and sandy-loam soils, while in the clay-loam approximately 80% of the bromoxynil had broken down after 7 days. In all three soils degradation was unaffected by the presence of asulam, diclofop-methyl, flamprop-methyl, MCPA, metribuzin or propanil. Propanil underwent rapid degradation in all soil treatments, with over 95% of the applied propanil being dissipated within 7 days. There were no noticeable effects on propanil degradation resulting from applications of asulam, barban, bromoxynil, dicamba, MCPA, MCPB, metribuzin or 2,4-D. The breakdown of [14C]dicamba in a particular soil was unaffected by being applied alone or in the presence of diclofop-methyl, flampropmethyl, MCPA, metribuzin, propanil or 2,4-D. The times for 50% of the applied dicamba to be degraded were approximately 16 days in both the clay loam and sandy loam, and about 50 days in the heavy clay.  相似文献   

2.
The persistence of [14C] 2,4-D at a rate equivalent to 1 kg/ha was compared under laboratory conditions in samples of heavy clay, sandy loam, and clay loam at 85% of field capacity moisture and 20 ± 1°C which had either received no pre-treatment, or had been pre-treated for 7 days at the 2 μg/g level with the herbicides benzoylprop-ethyl, diclofop-methyl, dinitramine, flamprop-methyl, nitrofen, picloram, tri-allate, trifluralin, and a combination of tri-allate and trifluralin. The breakdown of [14C] 2,4-D was also studied in the same soils that had similarly received pre-treatments of 2 μg/g of the cereal seed dressing Vitaflo-DB, the insecticide, malathion, and a combination of Vitaflo-DB and malathion. In each soil type, the half-life of the 2,4-D was similar regardless of whether the soil had, or had not, received any pre-treatment, indicating that none of the chemicals investigated adversely affected the soil degradation of 2,4-D.  相似文献   

3.
A method is described for the analysis of the herbicide bromoxynil and its octanoate in soils. Following extraction with aqueous acidic acetonitrile, the octanoate was separated from the phenolic bromoxynil by solvent partitioning. The ester and the phenol were assayed by gas-liquid chromatography without further modification or preparation of a derivative. Recoveries in excess of 93% were obtained from soils treated with the phenol and the ester at levels of 0.5 or 0.1 μg g?1. The persistence of bromoxynil octanoate applied at a rate of 3 μg g?1 was studied in the laboratory on a heavy clay and a sandy loam at 85% of field capacity moisture and 20°1°C, both alone and in the presence of 2,4-D (2 μg g?1); MCPA (2 μg g?1); MCPA+asulam (both at 2 μg g?1); and MCPA+difenzoquat (both at 2 μg g?1). In each soil there was a rapid conversion of bromoxynil octanoate to the free phenol, which then underwent a rapid degradation, so that after 7 days, over 90% of the original treatment had disappeared. There appeared to be no effect on bromoxynil breakdown by any of the herbicides added in combination. Small field plots were treated, in early May 1977 and 1978 at two locations in Saskatchewan, with a combination of commercial formulations containing asulam, bromoxynil octanoate, and MCPA at rates of 1 kg ha?1 each. After 10 weeks the plots were sampled and analysis showed that in all cases, no asulam, bromoxynil, or bromoxynil octanoate could be extracted from the top 10 cm of soil.  相似文献   

4.
The persistence of [14C]2,4-D at a rate equivalent to 1 kg/ha was studied in the laboratory on a heavy clay and a sandy loam at 85%of field capacity and 20°C both alone and in the presence of 1 kg/ha dicamba, dichlorprop, difenzoquat, TCA, and 2,4,5-T. The persistence of 2,4,5-T was also monitored in both soils under the same conditions in the presence and absence of [14C]2,4-D. All soils were extracted at weekly intervals using aqueous acidic acetonitrile and analysed for [14C]2,4-D remainining radiochemical techniques. The extracts containing 2,4.5-T were additionally analysed gas chromatographically for that herbicide. In each soil type the half-life of the 2,4-D was similar regardless of whether applied singly or in combination with the five herbicides tested. Similarly, [14C]2,4-D did not affect the breakdown of 2,4,5-T in either soil type. The persistence of tri-allate (1·5 kg/ha) and trifluralin (0·75 kg/ha) both singly and in combination were compared using small field plots at two locations in Saskatchewan. Applications were made during May of 1977 and 1978 and the plots were sampled and analysed for herbicide(s) remaining after 10 and 20 weeks, respectively. The results indicate that within experimental error the loss of both tri-allate and trifluralin from the plots treated with the mixture was the same as from plots treated with the individual compounds.  相似文献   

5.
Five field experiments were conducted from 1972 to 1975 to evaluate weed control in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) using post-emergence treatments of asulam [methyl (4-aminobenzenesulphonyl) carbamatel alone and in combination with other herbicides. The 14C-asulam absorption by leaf segments and roots of glasshouse grown wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was also investigated. Asulam at 1.12 kg/ha gave good wild oat control and acceptable control of green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). However, wild oat control was poorer when asulam was combined with other herbicides: on a 3-year average, as compared with asulam alone at equal rates, the asulam+MCPA mixture resulted in a greater antagonism and a significant 6% reduction in flax seed yield, whereas the asulam+bromoxynil/MCPA mixture gave the least antagonistic effect, improved broadleaf weed control and increased yield by 13%. In mixtures, the potassium salt of MCPA was more compatible with asulam for weed control than the amine form. Both leaf segments and roots of wild oats absorbed and distributed less 14C-asulam from solutions containing MCPA than from those containing bromoxynil or bromoxynil/MCPA.  相似文献   

6.
The persistence of [14C]dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxy-benzoic acid) at the 2 ppm level was studied in three prairie soils at field capacity moistures and temperatures ranging from –5±1° to 35±1°C. Following extraction of the soils with aqueous calcium chloride solution a radiochemical analytical procedure was used to monitor the breakdown. In all soils no loss of dicamba was observed at –5± 1°C, but breakdown was apparent at temperatures above 5±1°C. On a heavy clay and a silty clay an almost steady relationship between temperature and percentage degradation occurred between 5± 1° to 35± 1°C. Rate of breakdown was more rapid on the organic silty clay than on heavy clay or sandy loam. Over 80% of the [14C]dicamba was dissipated from the silty clay in 8 days at temperatures above 15±1°C, while 14 days, and temperatures in excess of 20± 1°C, were required for loss of similar amounts of the herbicide from the heavy clay and the sandy loam. Degradation biologique de l'herbicide dicamba dans les sols humides a diverses temperatures La persistance du [C14] dicamba (acide 3,6-dichloro-2-méthoxybenzoique) à la concentration de 2 ppm a étáétudiée dans trois sols de prairies à l'humidité de la capacité au champ et à des températures allant de – 5± 1°C à 35± 1° C. Aprés extraction des sols par une solution aqueuse de chlorum de calcium, un procédé analytique radiochimique a été utilisé pour suivre la dégradation. Dans tous les sols, aucune perte de dicamba n'a été observée à 5±1° C, mais la dégradation s'est produite aux températures supérieures à 5±1°C. Dans une argile lourde et dans un limon argileux, une relation presque constante est apparue, entre 5±1° et 35± 1° C, entre la température été le pourcentage de dégradation. Le taux de dégradation a été plus rapide dans un limon argileux organique dans une argile lourde ou dans les sol argilo-silicieux. Plus de 80% du [C14] dicamba a disparu dans le limon argileux, en huit jours, à des températures supérieures à 15±1° C, alors que quatorze jours et des températures supérieures à 20± 1° C ont été nécessaires pour des pertes similaires d'herbicide dans l'argile lourde et le sol argilo-silicieux. Der mikrobielle Abbau des Herbizlds Dicamba in feuchten Boden, bei unterschieldlicher Temperatur Es wurde die Persistenz von 14C-Dicamba (3,6-Dichlor-2-methoxy-benzoesaure) bei einer Konzentration von 2 ppm in drei Prärieboden bei Feldkapazitat und einem Tempera-turbereich von – 5± 1°C bis 35+1°C untersucht. Nach der Extraktion der Boden mit einer wSsserigen Lösung von Cal-ciumchlorid wurde der Abbau radiochemisch verfolgt. Bei – 5±1°C war in alien Böden keine Abnahme des Dicambagehalts festzustellen. Bei Temperaturen über 5°C war jedoch ein Abbau des Herbizids zu verzeichnen. Bei einem schweren Ton- und einem Schluff-Tonboden war bei 5± 1°C bis 35± 1°Ceine nahezu gleichmassige Beziehung zwischen Temperatur und prozentualem Abbau festzustellen. Die Abbaurate war im Schluff-Tonboden, der einen gewissen Gehalt an organischer Substanz aufwies, grosser als im schweren Tonboden oder in sandigen Lehmboden. Vom Schluff-Tonboden verschwanden mehr als 80% des 14C-Dicamba innerhalb von acht Tagen bei Temperaturen von über 15°C. Für den schweren Ton- und den sandigen Lehmboden waren hingegen 14 Tage und Temperaturen von über 20°C notig.  相似文献   

7.
Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect tri-allate residues in persistence studies with two soils. At rates equivalent to 0–75, 15 and 3 Ib/ac, 50% of the amount applied was degraded in 8–11 weeks at 25°C in moist Regina heavy clay and Weyburn loam. No loss occurred in sterile soils, indicating that microbial degradation may be a, major factor contributing to tri-allate breakdown.
When aqueous solutions buffered at pH 4–8 were held at 25° G, only 10–15% of the tri-allate was chemically degraded during 24 weeks.
At the normal field rate of 1·25 Ib/ac, tri-allate was not readily leached. From soil columns of Weyburn loam, 5–7% was eluted by 9 in. of water; with clay the corresponding value was 12–13% of the amount applied. When field plots were sprayed with 125 lb/ac in April, tri-allate could still be detected until the soil froze in November.
Facteurs agissant sur la perte de tri-allate dans les sots  相似文献   

8.
The persistence of [14C]sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one) at the 2 μg g?1 level was studied under laboratory conditions in three soils at 20°C and 85% of their field capacity moistures. Following extraction of the soils with methanol, the herbicide remaining was determined using radiochemical techniques. Loss of radioactivity was more rapid on moist clay loam and sandy loam, where the half-lives were 12 days, than on heavy clay in which the half-life was 26 days. Loss of radioactivity from air-dried soils (15% of field capacity) was negligible with over 94% of the applied activity being recovered after 28 days. The persistence of sethoxydim at a rate of 1 kg ha?1 was investigated under field conditions using small plots at three prairie locations for 3 successive years. Using an oat-root bioassay procedure, no residues were detected in the 0–10 cm depths of any soils, any year, in September following May treatments.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of selected herbicides have been studied on the following parameters of soil nitrification processes: the rates of nitrate and nitrite formation from ammonia in freshly perfused soils and in soils previously saturated with nitrifying organisms in an improved perfusion apparatus; the rates of oxygen consumption and of oxidation of ammonia and nitrite in washed cell suspensions of Nitrosomonas europaea and Nitrobacter winogradskii, respectively; the rates of growth of those two organisms in newly established cultures; the rates of oxygen uptake by soil enriched in nitrifying organisms; the rates of proliferation of nitrifying populations in freshly perfused soil. ID50 values were computed for all parameters and herbicides studied. On average, the most sensitive parameters were the metabolism and growth of the two organisms in pure culture, while the least sensitive were the corresponding measures in the soil environment. Similarly, herbicides fell into four distinct groups. The most toxic were the formulated octanoates of bromoxynil and ioxynil (NPH1320 and Totril, respectively); next in order of toxicity were chlorbufam, phenmedipham, formulated oxadiazon, formulated legurame, ioxynil, formulated trifluralin, and bromoxynil; low toxicity was shown by terbacil, dicamba, and tricamba, whereas asulam and the related experimental herbicide MB9555 showed activity on some parameters at the very highest concentrations only. Comparisons of soil with pure-culture parameters showed that the relative toxicities of herbicides to Nitrosomonas in culture bore little relationship to those in soil. The inhibitions of Nitrobacter proliferations in soil on the other hand were correlated with the inhibitions of growth and metabolism in pure culture. Within these overall effects, individual herbicides showed marked differential actions on various parameters. Thus, the formulated octanoates of bromoxynil and ioxynil were extremely toxic to the growth of nitrifying organisms in culture, an action probably due to an unknown formulation component. Relative to other herbicides, bromoxynil and ioxynil were more effective on nitrification processes in the soil environment. Both in culture and in the soil, Nitrobacter is more sensitive than Nitrosomonas to these four herbicides. Legurame and oxadiazon are relatively more toxic to Nitrosomonas in culture, but this differential action is not demonstrable in the soil. Dicamba, tricamba, trifluralin, and chlorbufam are more toxic to Nitrobacter than to Nitrosomonas in the soil environment. Formulated trifluralin seems to exert a stimulating action on the growth of nitrifying organisms, but only in the soil; suppression of antagonistic organisms is suggested as a possible cause. Extrapolation of these results to the field situation suggests that the only herbicide which might cause small inhibitions of nitrification at field rates is terbacil, which is disproportionately toxic at low concentrations. At rates somewhat in excess of normal, the formulated octanoates of bromoxynil and ioxynil and possibly dicamba and oxadiazon could also cause small inhibitions.  相似文献   

10.
The degradation and formation of major chlorinated metabolites of terbuthylazine and atrazine in three soils (loamy clay, calcareous clay and high clay) were studied in laboratory experiments using molecules labelled with 14C on the s-triazine ring. Soil microcosms were treated with the equivalent of 1 kg ha-1 of herbicide and incubated in the dark for 45 days at 20(±1)°C. The quantity of [14C]carbon dioxide evolved in the soils treated with atrazine was negligible and could not be attributed to mineralization of the parent molecule. The mineralization of terbuthylazine accounted for 0·9–1·2% of the initial radioactivity. In the soils studied, the extrapolated half-lives varied from 88 to 116 days for terbuthylazine and 66 to 105 days for atrazine, with no significant differences for the three soils and the two molecules. The deethyl metabolites of the two s-triazines and the deisopropyl-atrazine metabolite appeared during the incubation in the three soils. The completely dealkylated metabolite was not detected in any of the soils. After 45 days of incubation, the non-extractable soil residues for the high clay, loamy clay and calcareous clay soils represented for terbuthylazine, 33·5, 38·3 and 43·1% and for atrazine, 19·8, 20·8 and 22·3% of the initial radioactivity. © 1997 SCI.  相似文献   

11.
Fluroxypyr-MHE (methylheptyl ester) was added to four soils and incubated at 26 ± 1°C and approximately 0.1 MPa moisture. After initial rapid hydrolysis of the ester to fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr degraded with half-lives of 12, 12, 23, and 7 days in Barnes loam, Catlin silt loam, Hanford sandy loam, and Mhoon clay soils, respectively. Two metabolites (4-amino-3,5-dichloro-6-fluoro-pyridin-2-ol and 4-amino-3, 5-dichloro - 6 - fluoro - 2 -methoxypyridine) were identified, with the pyridinol at its maximum concentration after 2 to 4 weeks of incubation, and the methoxypyridine after 8 weeks. Degradation rates of fluroxypyr and its pyridinol were not significantly altered by diurnally varying soil temperature (21°C to 32°C) or moisture, nor by the presence of growing grass. Methoxypyridine dissipation was more rapid under greenhouse conditions, suggesting that laboratory studies underestimated the dissipation rate of this metabolite.  相似文献   

12.
Tri-allate degraded faster in soil from a site (T1) that had received 1·7 kg ha?1 of tri-allate annually for 23 years than in soil from an adjacent site (TO) that had received no pesticide application. Soil from the untreated site, which had been removed to a glasshouse and treated three times per annum with tri-allate at 1·7 kg ha?1 for 7 years (T2), also showed faster degradation. Soil previously treated with tri-allate showed an increased degradation rate for carbofuran and EPTC but not for aldicarb. A further experiment, 2 years after the last treatment with tri-allate, showed that the enhanced degradation effect was still present. Degradation rates were always in the order T1 > T2 > T0 for tri-allate, EPTC and carbofuran. Half-life for degradation was reduced for tri-allate and carbofuran by approximately 40% in the previously treated soils and for EPTC by approximately 80% when compared with the previously untreated soil.  相似文献   

13.
A. HELWEG 《Weed Research》1987,27(4):287-296
MCPA was weakly absorbed in soils with 2.4, 3.0 and 2.9% humus. Kd-values were 0.7, 0.9 and 1.0, respectively. In soil, not previously treated with MCPA, the degradation of 0.05 mg kg?114C-MCPA followed first-order reaction kinetics whereas degradation of 5 mg kg?1 was only first-order for 2 weeks; exponentially increasing degradation rates followed indicating enrichment of the soil with MCPA decomposers. Degradation was monitored by evolution of 14CO2. The influence of temperature on degradation of MCPA (4 mg kg?1) could initially be described by Q10 values or by the Arrhenius equation. After 1 day of incubation in two field soils Q10 values were 3.3 and 2.9, respectively, between 0°C and 29°C; the activation energies were 87 and 76 kj mol?1. Exponentially increasing degradation rates followed with doubling times of about 4.0, 1.8, 1.2 and 0.6 days at 6,10, 15 and 21°C, respectively. After 51 days of incubation, at temperatures between 6°C and 29°C, about 60%14C was evolved in CO2 and only traces of MCPA were left in the soil. At 0°C and at 40°C only 1% and 10%14C, respectively, were evolved as CO2 after 51 days. 14C-MCPA (4 mg kg?1) was incubated at moisture contents from that in air-dried soil to 2.3 times field capacity. Optimum for degradation was from 0.6 to 1.2. field capacity. Degradation was very slow where water contents were below the level of wilting point and was nil in air-dried soil. In wet soil degradation was delayed, but even in water-logged soil (2.3 times field capacity) MCPA was decomposed after 4 to 5 weeks at 10°C.  相似文献   

14.
The degradation of the wild-oat herbicide flamprop-isopropyl, [isopropyl (±)-N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)alaninate], in four soils has been examined under laboratory conditions with sampling times of up to 45 weeks after treatment. The major degradation product of [14C]flamprop-isopropyl in all soils at up to 10 weeks after treatment was the carboxylic acid (±)-N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)alanine. This compound in turn underwent degradation by loss of the benzoyl group and the propionic acid moiety, with evolution of [14C]carbon dioxide to form 3-chloro-4-fluoroaniline (CFA). The CFA was formed slowly in soil and occurred mainly as a bound form. There was evidence to show that the CFA was subsequently converted into other polar products. The time for depletion of 50% of the applied herbicide was approximately 10 weeks in sandy loam and medium loam soils, 11 weeks in a clay loam soil and 23 weeks in a peat soil.  相似文献   

15.
BACKGROUND: The objectives of these laboratory experiments were: (1) to assess bromoxynil sorption, mineralization, bound residue formation and extractable residue persistence in a Dundee silt loam collected from 0–2 cm and 2–10 cm depths under continuous conventional tillage and no‐tillage; (2) to assess the effects of autoclaving on bromoxynil mineralization and bound residue formation; (3) to determine the partitioning of non‐extractable residues; and (4) to ascertain the effects of bromoxynil concentration on extractable and bound residues and metabolite formation. RESULTS: Bromoxynil Kd values ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 L kg?1 and were positively correlated with soil organic carbon. Cumulative mineralization (38.5% ± 1.5), bound residue formation (46.5% ± 0.5) and persistence of extractable residues (T1/2 < 1 day) in non‐autoclaved soils were independent of tillage and depth. Autoclaving decreased mineralization and bound residue formation 257‐fold and 6.0‐fold respectively. Bromoxynil persistence in soil was rate independent (T1/2 < 1 day), and the majority of non‐extractable residues (87%) were associated with the humic acid fraction of soil organic matter. CONCLUSIONS: Irrespective of tillage or depth, bromoxynil half‐life in native soil is less than 1 day owing to rapid incorporation of the herbicide into non‐extractable residues. Bound residue formation is governed principally by biochemical metabolite formation and primarily associated with soil humic acids that are moderately bioavailable for mineralization. These data indicate that the risk of off‐site transport of bromoxynil residues is low owing to rapid incorporation into non‐extractable residues. Published 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd  相似文献   

16.
Summary. Electron-capture gas chromatography was used to detect di-allate and tri-allate in two soils at different moisture levels. At rates equivalent to 2 25-2 - 50 lb/ac, 50% of the di-allate applied was degraded in Weyburn loam in 4 weeks at moisture levels in excess of the wilting point. Losses in Regina heavy clay were slightly lower. In both soils little degradation was observed at moisture levels below the wilting points and negligible losses occurred in sterile soils, indicating that microbial degradation can be an important factor contributing to di-allate breakdown. Breakdown of tri-allate in both soils was slower than for di-allate. At 2·0 lb/ac di-allate was leached more from Weyburn loam than from Regina heavy clay. Tri-allate underwent almost complete adsorption by four soils from aqueous solution, whereas di-allate was adsorbed to a lesser extent. Soil volatility of tri-allate appears to be negligible even on heating to 50°C for 28 days. Vapour losses of di-allate from treated soils are dependent on soil type and temperature. In field plots 15–20% of the applied tri-allate was found in the top 5 cm soil after one growing season. Less than 5% of the initial di-allate remained. Negligible residues of either chemical were found at the 5–10 cm level. Dégradation, adsorption et volatilité du di-allate et du tri-allate dans des sols de prairies Résumé. La capture d'électrons dans la chionnatographie en phase gazeuse a été utilisée pour déceler le di-allate et le tri-allate dans deux sols, à deux taux différents d'humidité. A des doses d'environ 2,52 à 2,80 kg/ha, 50% du di-allate appliqueé dans un limon de Weyburn fut dégradé en 4 semaines, à des taux d'humidité supérieurs au point de fiétris-sement. Les pertes furent légèrement inférieures dans un sol argileux lourd de Regina. Dans les deux sols, une faible dégradation fut observése à des taux d'humiditi inférieurs au point de flétrissement et les pertes furent négligeables dans les sols stéiles; ceci montre que l'activité microhienne peut etre un facteur important dans la degradation du di-allate. La degradation du tri-allate dans les deux sols fut moins rapide que celle du di-allate. A la dose de 2,2 kg/ha, le lessivage du diallate fut plus important dans le limon de Weyburn que dans le sol argileux lourd de Regina. Le tri-allate fut presque compléte-ment adsorbé par quatre sols, à partir d'une solution aqueuse, alors que le di-allate ne fut adsorbé que dans une proportion moindre. La volatilityé du tri-allate dans le sol apparut négligeable, meme en chauffant à50°C pendant 28 jours. Les pertes du diallate par évaporation à partir de sols traités sont sous la dependance du type de sol et de la température. Dans les parcelles au champ 15 à 20% du tri-allate appliqué fut rctrouvé dans les 5 premiers centimétres du sol aprés une saison de culture, alors qu'il ne subsista que moins de 5% de la quantité initiale de di-allate. Des résidus négligeables de I'un ou l'autre des deux produits furent retrouves au niveau 5 à 10 cm. Abbau, Adsorption undFluchtigkeit von Diallat und Triallat in Prairieböden Zusammenfassung. Elektroneneinfatig-Gaschromatographie wurde zur Bestimmung von Diallat und Triallat in zwei Böden bei verschiedenen Feuchtigkeitsstufen verwendet. Bei Atifwandmengen von 2,52-2,80 kg/ha, wurden 50% des ausgebrachten Diallats bei einem Feuehtigkeitsgehalt, der über dem Welkepunkt lag, innerhalb von vier Wochen abgebaut. In schwerem Regina-Ton waren die Verluste etwas geringer. In beiden Boden vnirde bei Feuchtigkeitsstufen unterhalb des Wclkepunktes wenig Abbau beobachtet. Vernachlässigbarc Verluste traten in sterilen Böden auf, was darauf hinweist, dass Mikro-organismen eine wichtigc Roile beim Abbau von Diallat spielen. Der Abbau von Triallat verlief in heiden Boden langsatner als der von Diallat. Bei 2,24 kg/ha wurde Diallat aus Weyburn Lehmboden stärker ausgewaschen als aus schwerem Regina-Tonboden. Triallat wurde aus einer wässrigen Lösung in vier Böden nahczu vollständig adsorbiert, wäirend Diallat in einem geringeren Ausmass adsorbiert wurde. Verdampfung von Triallat aus dem Boden scheint selbst bei 28-tägiger Erhitzung des Bodens auf 50°C gering zu sein. Verdampfungsverluste von Diallat aus behandelten Boden hängen vom Bodentyp und der Temperatur ab. In Feldversuchen wurden nach einer Vegetationsperiode 15–20% des ausgebrachten Triallats wiedergefunden. Weniger als 5% der ursprunglichen Diallatmcnge war dort verblieben. Nur vernachlassigbare Rückstandsmengen wurden bei beiden Herbiziden in Bodentiefen von 5–10 cm gefunden.  相似文献   

17.
MCPA, mecoprop, dichlorprop, dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA, bentazone, ioxynil/bromoxynil (a mixture), barban, difenzoquat and chlorfenprop-methyl were applied by spinning disc in controlled drop sizes from 150-350μm and at very low volume rates (5–45 1/ha), to the foliage of some dicotyledonous weed species or wild oats (Avena fatua L.). The same herbicides were also applied by means of conventional hydraulic nozzles at volume rates of about 200 1/ha. Most of these herbicides performed as well at very low volume rates as with the conventional application, the major exceptions being bentazone, ioxynil/bromoxynil (both of which have distinct contact effects) and dichlorprop. Comparisons between oil and water as the diluent at a very low volume rates suggest that there may be situations when oil is preferable and others when water is.  相似文献   

18.
The rate of loss of aldicarb sulphone was studied in incubation experiments on soils from four plough layers and two deeper layers. In all instances the loss could be described by first-order kinetics in the first period of two to three times half-life. However, in a clay loam soil and a greenhouse soil a faster degradation rate was observed after the first 56 and 112 days of incubation respectively. The half-lives of sulphone in plough layer soils at 15°C ranged from 18 days in a clay loam to 154 days in a peaty sand. Conversion in deeper layers was considerably slower than in the corresponding top layers of the soil profile. In a silty layer at 70 to 90 cm depth the half-life at 15°C was 46 days, whereas in a sand layer at 90–110 cm no clear loss was found during the 294 days of incubation.  相似文献   

19.
In each of two seasons, undisturbed lysimeters 0.8 m in diameter and 1.05 m in length taken from five soil types were cropped with winter wheat. They received autumn applications of the pesticides isoproturon and linuron as well as a bromide tracer and spring applications of dimethoate and MCPA. Leachate was collected at regular intervals and concentrations of the various solutes determined. Rainfall from December to March was 290 and 191 mm in the first and second seasons, respectively. Both springs were exceptionally dry with less than 50% of the mean April‐to‐June rainfall of 138 mm. Total flow from the lysimeters ranged from 335 to 477 mm (and from 0.78 to 3.95 pore volumes) over the two seasons. Leaching to drainage of bromide highlighted soils where preferential flow was influential with total losses ranging from 24% of applied for a strongly structured, alluvial clay loam to 79% for an unstructured sand. Leaching to drainage of isoproturon (Koc ≈ 100 ml g−1) was observed from all but a peat soil with losses greater (0.31–1.01% of applied) from the clay loam and a deep medium loam, where patterns of leaching clearly indicated preferential flow mechanisms, than from the sand and a light loam over gravel (0.04–0.18% of applied) where a broad breakthrough curve indicated that matrix flow was more important. Linuron (Koc ≈ 500 ml g−1) was detected in occasional samples of leachate from the clay loam, the light loam over gravel and the medium loam during the first season only (maximum loss 0.12% of applied). The sandy soil, often considered most vulnerable to leaching, gave the smallest total losses of pesticide of the four mineral soils, whilst significant preferential flow in the deep, medium loam was believed to result from a compacted topsoil. Neither of the spring‐applied pesticides was detected in the leachate, as flow following application was very small and relatively slow. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
The inhibition of the growth of Rhizoctohia solani in vitro by carbendazim was maximal at 20°C and at pH 8. In pot tests using mung bean, maximum protection against ‘damping-off’, caused by R. solani, was obtained when seeds were treated with carbendazim. at 1 g a. i. kg?1 (as a wettable powder) and sown in river sands of pH 7 and 8, kept at a 20°C. Better disease control was obtained in soils kept moist by frequent watering than in soils under water stress. Disease control was best in sandy soil and least in clay loam. The implications of these results, for the antifungal efficacy of carbendazim under diverse soil conditions, are discussed.  相似文献   

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