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正杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.)是我国特有的经济树种,也是分布范围最广的胶原植物[1],红叶杜仲是中国林科院经济林研究开发中心选育的具有一定观赏性的杜仲药用优良无性系,其叶片暗红色,与其他无性系差别明显。花色苷是花色素与糖以糖苷键结合而成的一类化合物,广泛存在于植物的花、果实、茎、叶和根器官的细胞液中,使其呈现由红、紫红到兰等不同颜色[2,3]。根据侯元凯[4]对彩叶树种叶片不同颜色的产生原因的描述,叶片颜色主要是由叶片中光合色素种类、含量以及花色苷含量引起。 相似文献
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正油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel)又名油茶树或茶子树,属山茶科(Theaceae)山茶属(Camellia L.)常绿灌木或小乔木,通常是山茶属植物中油脂含量较高且有栽培经济价值的一类植物的总称,是我国南方重要的木本油料树种。作为我国特有的木本食用油料树种,与棕榈、椰子和橄榄合称为世界4大木本油料树种[1-4]。油茶在我国有着2300多年的栽培历史,主要分布在南方红壤地区,是重要的经济林树种,在保持水土、涵养水源、抗污染及调节气候等方面具有重要价值[5-7]。油茶油是优质高级食用油,其不饱和油酸和亚油酸含量高达90%以上,素有 相似文献
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[目的]进一步认识杜仲成熟含胶细胞形态特征,并为解释杜仲含胶细胞起源、发育和成熟过程提供细胞形态学证据。[方法]利用整体观察法和组织切片法对杜仲茎、种子萌芽期子叶和幼苗期子叶进行研究,分析和比对杜仲含胶细胞形态。[结果]取得杜仲茎皮层中14个成熟的含胶细胞形态图像、46个含胶细胞膨大端图像和2个成熟中含胶细胞图像;取得杜仲种子萌芽期子叶中原始细胞形态和成熟中含胶细胞图像、杜仲幼苗期子叶中成熟含胶细胞图像以及杜仲含胶细胞透射电子显微镜图像;杜仲茎中含胶细胞轴长度范围为981～3 167μm,体积范围为1×10-4～3×10-4 mm3;膨大端椭球体短轴长度范围为8.6～22.4μm,椭圆形的长轴与短轴之比范围为1.08～1.77。[结论](1)杜仲茎皮层中的成熟含胶细胞是一种由细长的圆柱状胞体和近似为椭球体的2个膨大端构成的无分支-非铰接乳管细胞。(2)透明后的含胶细胞大部分无内部结构,小部分存在低折光率的内部结构。(3)杜仲子叶中含胶细胞起源于一连串哑铃状的原始细胞,杜仲子叶中含胶细胞生成过程存在一系列细胞形态变化。 相似文献
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《林业科学研究》2019,(6)
[目的]建立快速、简便、重复性好、得率高的杜仲胶颗粒提取技术,为进一步分析胶颗粒膜蛋白、脂肪酸、糖脂等组成及杜仲橡胶分子量奠定基础。[方法]以杜仲叶片和翅果为材料,利用不同离心条件及研磨次数探究杜仲胶颗粒得率,并结合光镜与电镜观察结果,探讨适合从不同杜仲组织器官中提取胶颗粒的最优条件。[结果]杜仲组织(叶片或翅果)液氮经速冻、反复研磨捣碎6次过滤10次,在4℃条件下以5 000 g离心力,45度定角离心10 min,并反复漂洗8次得到的杜仲胶颗粒含量最高。在此条件下,以10月采摘的杜仲叶和翅果为材料,提取的杜仲胶颗粒含量可分别达3.70 g·kg~(-1)叶片、5.37 g·kg~(-1)翅果。进一步观察发现,不论是杜仲叶片或翅果随着其发育的成熟,组织中胶颗粒粒径大小和积累量均呈现先增加后稳定的变化趋势。杜仲胶颗粒在光镜和电镜下呈球形,胶颗粒间粒径大小差异较大。以10月杜仲叶、翅果及树皮为例,小胶颗粒(1■4μm)分别占39%,53%,98.38%,中等胶颗粒(4■7μm)分别占38%,34%,0.12%,大胶颗粒(7■11μm)分别占23%,13%,0.05%。[结论]本研究建立的杜仲胶颗粒提取技术较为快捷,得率高,可快速对不同时期不同组织器官的杜仲胶颗粒进行提取。 相似文献
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[目的]建立吉林蛟河针阔混交林主要树种不同竞争强度个体的树高-胸径关系模型,并探讨竞争强度对树高-胸径关系的影响。[方法]采用蛟河42 hm2成熟林固定样地中4个树种的树高-胸径数据,用Chapman-Richards、Logistic、Korf和Weibull模型这4种应用广泛的经验模型进行树高-胸径曲线拟合,选出适合的最佳模型。[结果]表明:(1)4个树种的12组个体中有7个组的最佳模型形式是Weibull模型,4个组的最佳模型形式为Chapman-Richards模型,只有1组为Korf模型。(2)同一树种的低竞争强度个体和高竞争强度个体的最优模型形式不同。(3)用独立样本数据对最优模型进行检验,模型表现良好。[结论]Weibull模型能够很好地拟合4个树种各竞争强度的树高-胸径关系,能够适用于本地区针阔混交林的树高-胸径模拟,并且竞争强度会影响树高-胸径关系,将各竞争强度个体分别进行树高-胸径拟合可以提高模型预测能力。 相似文献
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木豆 [Cajanus cajan( L.) Millsp]又名三叶豆、鸽子豆 ,为蝶形花科 ( Papilionoideae)木豆属 ( Cajanus)多年生的常绿灌木 ,是热带亚热带地区尤其是干热河谷地区荒山造林、退耕还林、改善生态环境的优良先锋树种[1 ] 。云南省已把木豆列为长江中上游防护林工程、澜沧江防护林工程、怒江防护林工程及天保工程的造林树种之一。目前中国林业科学研究院资源昆虫研究所已成功开发出木豆蛋白饲料 [2 ]、香酥木豆 [3]等用途 ,但由于木豆籽实在贮存期的主要害虫豆象[Callosobruchs maculates( F.) ]危害十分严重 (自然存放 3～ 5个月后 ,至少 80… 相似文献
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从表型性状和分子水平上研究了小果油茶农家品种间的遗传差异及亲缘关系。结果表明:小果油茶农家品种在果实、叶和花性状上的变异极为丰富,每500 g鲜果数的变异系数最大(76.91%),不饱和脂肪酸含量变异系数最小(3.31%);果实性状的变异程度高于叶和花性状;果纵径和果横径与叶长、叶周长和花冠直径呈显著或极显著正相关;农家品种宜春白皮中籽表型性状的总变异程度高于龙眼茶、羊屎茶和珍珠茶。利用25对AFLP引物组合在4个小果油茶农家品种和普通油茶中共扩增出921条带,其中多态性条带706条,多态性条带比率达75.7%;羊屎茶与宜春白皮中籽的遗传相似系数最大(0.698 2),龙眼茶与普通油茶的相似系数最小(0.558 1)。AFLP标记和表型性状的聚类都可将小果油茶农家品种和普通油茶分开,但对小果油茶农家品种间的归类并未完全一致。 相似文献
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Jennifer L. Stoffel Stith T. Gower Jodi A. Forrester David J. Mladenoff 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
Soil surface CO2 flux (Sflux) is the second largest terrestrial ecosystem carbon flux, and may be affected by forest harvest. The effects of clearcutting on Sflux have been studied, but little is known about the effect of alternative harvesting methods such as selective tree harvest on Sflux. We measured Sflux before and after (i) the creation of forest canopy gaps (simulating group tree selection harvests) and (ii) mechanized winter harvest but no tree removal (simulating ground disturbance associated with logging). The experiment was carried out in a sugar maple dominated forest in the Flambeau River State Forest, Wisconsin. Pre-treatment measurements of soil moisture, temperature and Sflux were measured throughout the growing season of 2006. In January–February 2007, a harvester created the canopy gaps (200–380 m2). The mechanization treatment consisted of the harvester traveling through the plots for a similar amount of time as the gap plots, but no trees were cut. Soil moisture and temperature and Sflux were measured throughout the growing season for 1 year prior to harvest and for 2 years after harvest. Soil moisture and temperature were significantly greater in the gap than mechanized and control treatments. Instantaneous Sflux was positively correlated to soil moisture and soil temperature at 2 and 10 cm, but temperature at 10 cm was the single best predictor. Annual Sflux was not significantly different among treatments prior to winter 2007 harvest, and was not significantly different among treatments after harvest. Annual (+1 std. err.) Sflux averaged 967 + 72, 1011 + 72, and 1012 + 72 g C m−2 year−1 in the control, mechanized and gap treatments, respectively, for the 2-year post-treatment period. The results from this study suggest selective group tree harvest significantly increases soil moisture and temperature but does not significantly influence Sflux. 相似文献
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Gudeta W. Sileshi Festus K. Akinnifesi France M. Gondwe Oluyede C. Ajayi Simon Mng’omba Konisaga Mwafongo 《Agroforestry Systems》2011,83(3):361-372
The production of paprika (Capsicum annum L.) under small-scale farm conditions in southern Africa is constrained by low soil fertility and lack of appropriate cultivars.
The objective of this study was to determine the growth responses and fruit yields of six cultivars of paprika to organic
and inorganic nutrient sources. The study was conducted in 2007 and 2008 at Chitedze Agricultural Research Station in Malawi.
A combination of six paprika cultivars and four nutrient sources, namely (1) organic input from Gliricidia, (Gliricidia sepium) biomass, (2) inorganic fertilizer, (3) integrated nutrient input (Gliricidia biomass + inorganic fertilizer), and (4) control
(no nutrient input) were compared. Each combination was replicated five times. A split-plot design was used where nutrient
sources formed the main plot and cultivars the sub-plots. Plant height differed due to nutrient source in 2007 and 2008, while
differences due to cultivar were minor. The control plots produced the shortest plants (height < 50 cm), while plots receiving
the integrated nutrient input produced the tallest plants (height > 60 cm). Numbers of branches and fruits per plant differed
due to nutrient source and cultivar during most of the study period. Plants receiving either organic inputs (Gliricidia biomass)
alone or the integrated nutrient input alone had significantly higher stem, leaf and fruit weight compared with the control.
Average fruit yield was lower in control plots than in plots receiving the organic input alone or the integrated nutrient
input. Among cultivars, Papri-King, Papri-Supreme and Papri-Queen produced higher dry fruit yield. The ASTA and RAL colour
rating was within the internationally accepted range for fruit from the treatments. 相似文献
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Y.F. Cai P. Barber B. Dell P. O’Brien N. Williams B. Bowen G. Hardy 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
This study investigates whether tree decline in Eucalyptus gomphocephala (tuart) is associated with the functional diversity of soil bacterial communities. We selected 12 sites with different stages of decline and assessed crown health [Crown density (CD), Foliage transparency (FT), Uncompacted live crown ratio (ULCR), Crown dieback ratio (CDR) and Epicormic index (EI)] and soil bacterial functional diversity based on Biolog EcoPlates™ incubation [Average well colour development (AWCD), Shannon diversity (H′), richness (S) and Shannon evenness (E)]. Crown health indices differed between sites with EI being the most robust indicator of decline in crown health followed by CDR and CD (P < 0.05). Soil bacterial indices collected at 0–10 and 20–30 cm soil depth between December (summer, dry season) and May (autumn, start of wet season) differed between sites (P < 0.05), and significant relationships between crown health indices, except ULCR, and all soil bacterial indices were observed. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that a decrease in the utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amino acids and amines by the soil bacterial communities correlated to sites with poor crown health, indicating some changes in physiological responses of bacterial groups with declining tree health. Using stepwise regression analyses, in the 0–10 cm soil layer in December, itaconic acid had a 46% contribution to the EI. Carboxylic acids, including itaconic acid, have a strong ability to solubilize soil minerals in calcareous soil, and these possibly increased the availability of soil mineral nutrients in the healthier sites compared to the declining sites, particularly in the dry season. In addition, lack of soil water in the declining sites limited soil bacterial diversity and was positively correlated with EI in the 0–10 cm soil layer in December. In conclusion, soil bacterial functional diversity has a strong relationship with tuart decline and the importance of soil microbes in tuart ecosystem health must be considered in the future. 相似文献
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Extensive ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) mortality associated with a widespread severe drought and increased bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) populations occurred in Arizona from 2001 to 2004. A complex of Ips beetles including: the Arizona fivespined ips, Ips lecontei Swaine, the pine engraver beetle, Ips pini (Say), Ips calligraphus (Germar), Ips latidens (LeConte), Ips knausi Swaine and Ips integer (Eichhoff) were the primary bark beetle species associated with ponderosa pine mortality. In this study we examine stand conditions and physiographic factors associated with bark beetle-caused tree mortality in ponderosa pine forests across five National Forests in Arizona. A total of 633 fixed-radius plots were established across five National Forests in Arizona: Apache-Sitgreaves, Coconino, Kaibab, Prescott, and Tonto. Prior to the bark beetle outbreak, plots with mortality had higher tree and stocking compared with plots without pine mortality. Logistic regression modeling found that probability of ponderosa pine mortality caused by bark beetles was positively correlated with tree density and inversely related with elevation and tree diameter. Given the large geographical extent of this study resulting logistic models to estimate the likelihood of bark beetle attack should have wide applicability across similar ponderosa pine forests across the Southwest. This is particularly true of a model driven by tree density and elevation constructed by combining all forests. Tree mortality resulted in significant reductions in basal area, tree density, stand density index, and mean tree diameter for ponderosa pine and for all species combined in these forests. Most of the observed pine mortality was in the 10–35 cm diameter class, which comprise much of the increase in tree density over the past century as a result of fire suppression and grazing practices. Ecological implications of tree mortality are discussed. 相似文献
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The objective of this study is to analyse the performance of Quercus ilex plantations established under semiarid conditions on different soils formed on calcareous and gypsiferous parent material. We studied eighteen 300?m2 plots in which 1?year-old seedlings had been planted after subsoiling on the contour. Plots were stratified according to aspect (north and south) and previous land use/parent material: shrubland on limestone (LM-SH), shrubland on gypsum rock (GY-SH), and cropland on colluvium (CO-AG). Soils developed on limestone and colluvium had average rooting depths of 27 and 37?cm, respectively, and mean concentrations of active lime and phosphorus (P) of 130 and 190?mg?g?1 and 10 and 19?mg?kg?1, respectively. Soils developed on gypsum had a mean rooting depth of 26?cm, and a mean gypsum concentration of 73?%. Height and diameter of trees varied significantly according to parent material/previous land use but not to slope aspect. Mean height and diameter of trees were significantly higher in CO-AG plots than in LM-SH and GY-SH plots. Soil P and depth were the main variables explaining differences in dominant height across all 18 plots. In CO-AG plots mean height was negatively related to soil pH but positively related to soil P concentration. In LM-SH plots, mean diameter and height were negatively related to active lime concentration. This study suggests that soil P is a major determinant of holm oak performance in shallow calcareous soils and highlights the importance of conducting detailed soil studies in order to assess the viability of plantations with this species. 相似文献
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Field experiments were conducted during rainy seasons of three consecutive years (2008–2010) to study the effect of green leaf manuring on dry matter partitioning and productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Green leaves of five indigenous agroforestry tree species viz., Erythrina indica, Acacia auriculiformis, Alnus nepalensis, Parkia roxburghii, and Cassia siamea were treated at 10 t ha?1 on fresh weight basis in rice fields and compared with recommended N–P2O5–K2O (80:60:40 kg ha?1) and control treatments. During 2008–2009 year, yield attributes and rice yield were greater in NPK plots as compared to the green-leaf manured ones. However, in the third year, green leaf manuring (except that of Alnus) surpassed even the recommended N–P2O5–K2O treatment in terms of dry matter production and yield; better response was however observed with Erythrina. The soil available N after final harvest increased by ca. 14–20 % in Alnus and Erythrina treated plots as compared to the control. Over all, it could be said that management of plant residues can have long-term implications apart from the desired maintenance of soil organic matter and improving crop yield. 相似文献
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Season of harvest has often been suggested as a driver for the erratic success of aspen (Populus tremuloides) sucker regeneration, partially due to root carbohydrate reserves and soil conditions at the time of harvest. A field experiment in western Manitoba, Canada, assessed root suckering and root carbohydrates of aspen in response to season of harvest and machine traffic. Six sites (120 m × 120 m) were selected within two large mature aspen stands slated for summer harvest. Plots (50 m × 50 m) were hand-felled (without machine traffic) in mid-summer, late summer, winter, and one plot was left uncut as a control. Season of cut with no traffic had no effect on sucker density, height or leaf dry mass per sucker. During the dormant season, root starch reserves were highest in the winter cut plots, however, just prior to suckering, this difference in carbohydrate reserves among the three seasons of harvest disappeared and by the end of the first growing season root reserves in all three seasons of cut had recovered to near control levels. Adjacent plots that were conventionally harvested in the summer and impacted by logging traffic had similar sucker densities but had 19% less height growth of suckers and 29% less leaf dry mass per sucker compared to suckers in plots harvested at the same time without traffic. After one growing season, root carbohydrate levels were similar whether or not machine traffic was used; however, the reduction in leaf dry mass in plots with machine traffic could have negative implications for carbohydrate accumulation and growth. The study suggests that the phenological state of the mature aspen plays a very small role in aspen regeneration and that harvesting practices and site conditions are likely the main drivers of aspen regeneration success. 相似文献
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为揭示未来降水增加对荒漠地区植物生长的影响,以甘肃民勤的典型荒漠优势植物白刺为对象,研究白刺枝叶形态在2010年和2011年不同人工模拟降雨处理(增雨量分别为多年平均降水量的+0%、+25%、+50%、+75%、+100%)的变化规律。结果表明:100%增雨处理能够显著促进2010年和2011年白刺当年生枝叶生长;75%增雨处理显著促进2011年白刺当年生枝叶生长,75%增雨处理对6月花枝长度、基部直径、新生叶片和营养枝长度、新生叶片,以及9月花枝成熟叶片和营养枝基部直径、成熟叶片增长量的影响均显著,其值分别为(1.20±0.35)cm、(0.012±0.004)cm、(4.35±2.51)片、(1.65±0.69)cm、(3.20±1.45)片、(2.15±0.69)片、(0.013±0.006)cm、(2.20±1.10)片。2011年白刺当年生花枝和营养枝的长度、基部直径、新生叶片和成熟叶片增长量出现显著差异的阈值均低于2010年,这表明白刺能够通过改变其枝叶形态特性及其数量来适应降雨的变化。 相似文献
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Effects of irrigation deprivation during the harvest period on yield determinants in mature almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb cv. Nonpareil) trees were investigated during a 3-year field experiment. Return bloom and fruit set were measured on 2185 individually tagged spurs. Water stress resulting from irrigation deprivation during the harvest period, which purportedly coincides with the time of flower initiation, had no effect on the percentage of spurs that flowered or set fruit during subsequent years. Although water stress had no apparent effect on spur mortality, 66% of the tagged spurs died within 3 years. In addition, many spurs were vegetative by the third year, indicating the importance of spur renewal for sustained fruit production. Reductions in nut yield were evident after two successive years of irrigation deprivation during the harvest period. Regression analysis indicated a loss in yield of 7.7 kg tree(-1) in response to each 1 MPa decrease in stem water potential below -1.2 MPa during the previous seasons. The number of fruiting positions per tree (estimated indirectly for whole trees based on weight of current-year shoots > 5 cm in length) was negatively associated with water stress. Yield reduction in response to water stress during harvest appears to be a compound, multiyear effect, associated with reduced annual growth and renewal of fruiting positions. 相似文献