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1.
Evolution and Diversification of Community Forestry Regimes in Babati District, Tanzania 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Since the 1980s many tropical countries have promoted community forestry (CF). Gradually, various forms of community forest management regimes were developed in response to decentralization processes in the forest administration or the government administration. The emergence of community forestry regime (CFR) complexes and their evolutionary pathways have still been little explored. In Tanzania, Babati District is a pioneer in the development of CF. This paper assesses how emergence of a CFR complex is related to dynamic institutional interactions at local community level and bureaucratic level. It is demonstrated that evolution and diversity of CF regimes is associated with (a) a partial bureaucratic deconcentration of the government’s administrative authority over forests from national level to district level, and (b) democratic decentralization in the form of a partial devolution of formal management authority over forests from governmental authorities to local communities and individual people. Also, it is shown that endogenous changes in the norms and principles of the traditional systems of indigenous forest management occurred, calling for formulation of policy objectives that help to sustain local management practices. 相似文献
2.
《Forest Policy and Economics》2005,7(3):357-368
Among many other stakes, the economic stake derived from the exploitation of tropical forest resources is a burning issue. This is evidenced by insecurity in intergenerational access to forest resources and financial benefits relating to the latter, on the one hand, and by a deep iniquity at the intra-generational level, on the other hand. The following paper highlights, as a moral, social and policy dilemma, how stakeholders and generations, ‘self-interested’, mark out access to forest resources and to financial benefits relating to the latter. Through intensive participatory research, quantitative data collection, participant observation, future scenarios and some International Forestry Research's social science methods and interactive games (SSM & IG) based on the evaluation of the sustainability of forest management systems, field research conducted in the forest zone of Cameroon on access to forest resources has generated two central results. Firstly, future generations will be confronted—in a dramatic way—to quantitative and qualitative scarcity of forest resources, following their over exploitation by present generations. Secondly, as concerns the intra-generational access benefits generated by commercial exploitation of forests and the assessment of the circulation of forestry fees, there is much inequity, in as much as those benefits are more profitable to a ‘forestry elite’—‘a self-interested block’—than to local communities, who strongly claim to have historical rights over these forests. As a contribution of social science to public knowledge and to policy development, this article is nourishing ‘rational choice’ and ‘rational egoism’ theory and is targeting decision-making processes in the ever first attempt of forest management decentralization and ‘legal’ benefits sharing in Central Africa (the second largest forest of the World). The article recommends the shortening of the distance between decision-making and beneficiaries, downwardly accountability, ‘bottom-up’ mechanisms of public dialogue in forest management and a collaborative infrastructure in the circulation and the distribution of forest benefits. 相似文献
3.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(2-3):91-156
An overview of the forestry sector in Costa Rica was undertaken to determine whether the existing management practices of timber resources hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber in the immediate decades to come, and to identify changes that might be needed in the management of forested lands. To meet these goals, we examined the present status and potential future contribution of the two newest forest sectors: the management of natural forest and plantation forestry. Rcsults indicate that the present management of Costa Rica's timber resources does not hold the potential to meet the country's demands for timber for more than the next ten years without severe loss of its forests. Substantial progress is occurring, but at an insufficient rate. Moreover, despite the considerable headway made in conservation in recent years, the rate of deforestation remains high. A number of factors limit advancement in natural forest management and plantation forestry, both of which have the potential to deaccelerate deforestation. In natural forest management, constraints are the rate at which forests are being brought under management, lack of budgetary provisions for fiscal incentives to private owners who alone cannot be expected to bear the cost of benefits of natural forest management that are national or even global in their distribution, and the weak infrastructure, extension services and research support to meet management goals. In the case of plantation forestry, the capability of this sector to produce commercial timber is not known. Moreover, inadequate management and extension services together with the misuse of the incentive system by private owners is likely to limit the potential of plantations. Institutional constraints include outdated legal and bureaucratic framework, market interventions, absence of clear policy toward natural forest management and plantation forestry, poor investment in infrastructure, extension and research support, and inadequate interaction among various agencies responsible for the development of the forestry sector. Such institutional constraints have allowed the proliferation of disincentives against the development of a sustainable timber sector. If the Costa Rican government's objective is to encourage sustainable forestry, it must first clearly articulate the policy and then create the appropriate legal, economic and institutional framework for implementation of the policy. Costa Rica, with its enlightened public administration system, vast technical and scientific knowledge about its forest ecosystem and extensive assistance from international organizations, must succeed, otherwise prospects for sustainable forestry in thc less fortunate tropical countries would be bleak. 相似文献
4.
民主德国的森林95%属于人工林且生长量超过年代量,已无宜林地。作者介绍了该国在森林资源管理、资金筹集、林业教育、管理体系、集约经营和稳定职工队伍等方面的经验及今后的发展趋势。 相似文献
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蒙古森林资源匮乏, 但却在防止土地退化、保持水土、提供野生动物栖息地等方面发挥着重要作用。蒙古制定了森林法规、政策和规划体系,但林业政策优先领域主要集中在防治森林火灾和病虫害及鼓励木材加工等方面。林业发展战略则偏重技术,缺乏对林业根本问题的关键性分析。林业立法将大部分森林管理职责下放至地方政府,但因其缺乏资金和技术人员,各项林业政策和规划难以得到有效执行,森林资源被迅速开发。文中介绍了蒙古林业资源和管理现状、林业政策规划及林业发展面临的问题,提出了我国与蒙古开展林业合作的领域和方式,以期为两国林业合作提供重要信息支撑。 相似文献
6.
分类经营:新西兰林业的实践与借鉴 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
新西兰70年一贯制的多效林业经营模式, 在创造了人工林奇迹的同时亦带来了林业持续发展的政策危机和效益危机。新西兰林业分类经营近10年的实践初步成功, 是建立在人工林集约经营和政府扶持基础上的, 是以新西兰林产工业的市场培育和出口导向为动力的。比较借鉴:建议从集约经营工业人工林入手, 为我国林业的分类经营奠定坚实的基础;建议从提高林产工业产业素质入手, 为分类经营的实现培育市场。 相似文献
7.
现代林业生态建设与林政资源管理 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
周光辉 《中南林业调查规划》2010,29(1):1-4
森林资源保护是现代林业生态建设的主要工作内容,现代林业生态建设的成果,需要通过加强林政资源管理来巩固。阐述在新形势下林政资源管理中关于林木、林地、林权的三个关键层面,从组织与机构、法制建设、技术与设备三个方面提出林政资源管理的建设重点。 相似文献
8.
Social forestry as a development strategy has evolved since the 1970s, especially in the tropics, to address forest degradation and promote local community development amidst the burgeoning population in these areas. As a practice, however, social forestry has been in place since ancient times in many parts of the world, including Japanese forest communities. Forest-people relationships in Japan drastically changed through massive afforestation programs after the energy source change and with the industrialization of the forest sector in 1950s. The majority of the planted forests are underutilized today and forest communities are marginalized due to the decline of forestry operations, depopulation, and changes in people’s values. Some communities address this concern by inviting potential urban migrants who may be interested in settling in rural areas. Using the case of the Nishiawakura Village in Okayama Prefecture, this paper explores the recent challenges confronting social forestry in Japan. It is found that underutilization of forest resources can be a cause of serious environmental degradation and marginalization of forest communities, and that Nishiawakura’s journey to renew forest management in partnership with migrants is a process of revisiting and creating the forest-people relationship. This study advances two related arguments, namely (1) the interaction of the local people and the migrants brings new perspectives to forest management, and (2) in a community facing depopulation and underutilization of forest resources, social forestry can be an effective approach to rediscover traditional forest management in a new form and revitalize forests and local communities. 相似文献
9.
贺庆棠 《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2001,21(1):14-16
论述了林学、森林与林业近两个多世纪以来的发展和变化.林学经历了由传统林学向现代林学的转变.现代林学是以森林生态系统的营建、经营管理和利用为研究对象，以发挥森林生态系统的生态环境功能为核心，全面发挥森林的多种效益和多种功能为目的的学科.对森林的认识也经历了由单株树木到树木群体到森林生态系统的变化.由于对林学及森林认识的深刻变化，人们对林业的认识也就从长期形成的以木材利用为中心，转变到以发挥森林生态系统的生态环境作用为核心和重点，全面发挥森林的生态、经济和社会功能作为林业的指导思想和目标，以实现林业的可持续发展. 相似文献
10.
Stefan Werland 《Forest Policy and Economics》2009,11(5-6):446-451
The progressive internationalization of forest politics poses a considerable challenge for forestry science as a non-state actor that aims for inserting its expertise into political processes. Rather than finding a coherent entity, one discovers a diversity of forest related processes on the international level. The paper examines central forest relevant processes on the international level, their effects on the policy field, and their repercussions for forestry science by using two different theoretical models of internationalized forest politics.It will be argued that an understanding in terms of ‘governance’ that is based on a reflexive understanding of the policy field's set-up and emerging state- and non-state actors is better suited than a ‘classical’ conceptualization of interest-led intergovernmental politics. Drawing upon this diagnosis, the paper offers some propositions about the possible role(s) of forestry science within processes of ‘forest governance’. 相似文献
11.
林政管理水平是林业企业经营管理水平的镜子,林政管理工作包括森林经理、森林采运管理和森林培育等内容。在市场经济条件下,要使林业企业达到资源与经济的双增长,最终实现林业快速发展,有赖于林政管理工作水平的提高,如何提高林政管理工作水平,必须依赖于森林经理水平的提高和森林管理体制的建全,林业产业化的发展也必须要求提高林政管理水平促进林业快速发展。 相似文献
12.
Scholars, policy-makers and advocates have, in the last decade, recommended greater involvement by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in community forest management in developing countries. Behind these recommendations lies a notion that NGOs are a sound complement to formal governments and that NGOs can improve communities’ abilities to manage their own forests. There is limited empirical work, however, testing how NGO activity affects local forest governance and deforestation. This paper reports the results of quantitative statistical tests on the effects of local NGO importance—as measured by local forest users’ reports of NGO importance—on deforestation in a sample of 200 rural Bolivian communities. In addition, it examines the effect of NGO importance on community forestry institutions—specifically, the presence of institutions for rule-making, forest monitoring, sanctioning, and enforcement of rules. Contrary to earlier research, these results suggest that NGOs have no discernible effect on community forestry institutions, though other external actors—most notably, municipal governments—seem to have a positive effect. The paper also reports a negative correlation of NGO importance on deforestation. Although these quantitative results are in part supported by qualitative field observations in selected Bolivian communities, care is needed in drawing generalized causal inferences from this evidence. 相似文献
13.
思茅地区是云南省的重点林区，为全国林业分类经营试验示范区、现代林业开发区、全国森林资源和林政管理示范区。介绍了思茅具备发展林业生产的比较优势和有利条件，分析了当前林业生产中存在的问题，提出了加速思茅林业发展的思路。 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3):47-66
Abstract It is important to analyze cross-sectoral policy linkages and to quantify their effects by using the system of integrated environmental and economic accounting in order to ensure effective integration of forestry into national development. This paper reviews relevant policy linkages in the forestry sector, policy applications of forestry accounts, and challenges to their implementation. It argues for the need to develop regional or local accounting methods providing social, environmental, and economic data to allow assessment of the combined impacts of different public policies. It emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the management capacity of public agencies in dealing with complex policy networks addressing sustainable and multifunctional forest management. 相似文献
15.
巴布亚新几内亚林业概况 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
巴布亚新几内亚具有丰富的自然资源, 森林在国家社会经济发展中占有重要地位。长期以来由于管理不善及采伐不当, 森林覆盖率逐渐降低。文中主要阐述了巴布亚新几内亚林业在国家社会经济发展中的重要地位和作用, 介绍了森林资源、森林政策法规的现状及森林经营管理方式, 探讨了林产品贸易形势, 并指出林业发展中存在的问题及林业的未来走向。 相似文献
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剖析了当前林业企业森林经营管理模式存在的主要弊端,在此基础上提出了林业企业森林经营管理模式改革的一套思路,构建了一个林业企业森林经营管理新模式,即"员工与企业效益共享模式"。该模式有利于提高林业企业员工的主观能动性和经营管理工作的实际效果,提高营林投资收益,实现预期的森林经营目标,这对林业企业经营管理改革和实践具有一定的现实意义。 相似文献
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澳大利亚林业概况及其启示 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
澳大利亚有着较为丰富的森林资源,林业在其国民经济发展,尤其是在生态环境建设中有着重要的地位和作用。其多元化的林业目标定位、完善的林业政策法律体系及严格的林业管理措施,为澳大利亚林业的持续发展提供了有力的制度保障。其林业政策和管理经验可以为我国林业发展提供一定的借鉴。 相似文献
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根据中共中央国务院中发〔1987〕 2 0号文件精神 ,我省有的县相继出台“一把斧子上山 ,一个窗口对外”的林业政策 ,该政策曾经对保护森林资源发挥了积极的作用。然而随着中国加入WTO以及林业改革的深入 ,这一政策已经不能适应新形势 ,产生了诸多弊端 ,为避免出现“一统就死 ,一放就乱”的现象 ,提出了研究相关政策 ,加强司法建设等若干建议 相似文献