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1.
The function of several intrinsic muscles of the fore-and hind limbs of 5 ponies walking normally was evaluated via surface electromyography. Electromyographic signals were band-pass filtered, rectified, linear enveloped, and standardized to the stride duration. Mean data from the muscles of the left and right limbs that were obtained from at least 30 strides in 2 recording sessions were recorded as electromyographic signals-time curves. The timing of muscle activity was determined from these graphs. On the basis of the major peaks in the electromyographic signal, muscle functions were identified. In the forelimb, the extensor carpi radialis muscle was involved in extension of the carpus at the end of the swing phase of the stride, and it provided support to flexion of the cubital joint at the beginning of the swing phase. The common digital extensor muscle extended the distal joints of the forelimb at the end of the swing phase. The ulnaris lateralis muscle provided support to extension of the cubital joint at the beginning of the stance phase, and the flexor carpi radialis muscle flexed the carpus at the beginning of the swing phase. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle extended the cubital joint at the end of the swing phase. In the hind limb, the long digital extensor muscle flexed the tarsus at the beginning of the swing phase and extended the digital joints preceding the stance phase. The deep digital flexor muscle prevented overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint during the stance phase and flexion of the digital joints during the swing phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

2.
Muscle surface capillary blood flow was measured in the biceps femoris and lateral head of the triceps brachii muscles in six horses before and during halothane anesthesia by using laser Doppler flowmetry. During 90 minutes of anesthesia, muscle surface capillary blood flow was reduced to 20% to 40% of preanesthetic values. Muscle surface capillary blood flow tended to be lower in dependent muscles than in nondependent muscles, and this disparity was greater in the forelimbs than in the hind limbs.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of age on results of quantitative analysis of electromyographic (EMG) needle examination in the subclavian, triceps, and lateral vastus muscles of Dutch Warmblood horses. ANIMALS: 7 healthy young Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 13 to 18 months old), 7 healthy adult Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 4 to 10 years old), and 7 healthy elderly Dutch Warmblood horses (range, 18 to 21 years old). PROCEDURE: An EMG needle examination was performed to evaluate insertional activity, spontaneous activity, and motor unit action potential (MUAP) variables. Although all horses were conscious, young horses were sedated prior to examination. RESULTS: Mean insertional activity in young horses was significantly lower than in elderly horses. Pathologic spontaneous activity was rarely found in young and adult horses but was frequently evident in all muscles in all elderly horses. The MUAP duration and amplitude were significantly lower in all muscles of young horses, compared with values for adult and elderly horses. The MUAP duration and number of phases and turns were significantly lower in adult horses than in elderly horses. Group differences for percentages of polyphasic and complex MUAPs were also found. The 95% confidence intervals for MUAP duration, MUAP amplitude, and number of phases and turns for the subclavian, triceps, and lateral vastus muscles were significantly lower in young horses than in adult or elderly horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Age of the horse being examined should be considered when EMG examination is performed.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an adaptive-filter method for use in analysis of periodic electromyography (EMG) signals in which the transfer function of the filter is matched to characteristics of the signal. ANIMALS: 15 adult horses without clinical signs of back pain. PROCEDURE: Electromyography signals of the left and right longissimus dorsi muscles, middle gluteal muscles, and triceps brachii muscle were recorded from horses walking on a treadmill, using bilaterally placed surface electrodes. A reflective marker was placed on the hoof of the left hind limb for simultaneous kinematic measurement of motion cycles. Absolute value of the measured EMG signal was convoluted by use of a filter signal equivalent to the length of 3 motion cycles. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was calculated from the autocorrelation function and compared with the SNR of the unfiltered and the low-pass filtered signals. RESULTS: The signal-adapted filter significantly increased SNR (by 7.3 dB, compared with the low-pass filter, and by 11.1 dB, compared with the unfiltered EMG signal). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The signal-adapted filter eliminates signal parts that are not correlated to periodic motion. The method reported here improves the applicability of periodic EMG signals as a clinical tool.  相似文献   

5.
The innervation of the capybara thoracic limb was characterized. The following nerves were observed constituting the right and left brachial plexus: n. dorsalis scapulae (C4 and C5; C4, C5 and C6) which innervates the m. serratus ventralis cervicis and m. rhomboideus; n. suprascapularis (C4, C5 and C6; C5, C6 and C7) supplying the m. supraspinatus and the m. infraspinatus; cranial and caudal nn. subscapulares (C5 and C6; C5, C6 and C7) innervating the m. subscapularis; n. axillaris (C5 and C6; C6, C7 and C8) which supplies the m. triceps brachii (caput mediale); n. radialis (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) which innervates the m. triceps brachii (caput longum and caput mediale) and the m. extensor carpi radialis, m. extensor digitorum communis, m. extensor digitorum lateralis; n. medianus joined to the n. musculocutaneus (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) supplying the m. biceps brachii, m. flexor carpi radialis and m. coracobrachialis; n. ulnaris (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) leading to the m. flexor carpi radialis, the m. flexor carpi ulnaris and the m. flexor digitorum superficialis; n. thoracodorsalis (C6, C7, C8 and T1; C6, C7 and C8) supplying the m. latissimus dorsi; n. thoracicus lateralis (C8, T1; C7, C8, T1) which innervates m. pectoralis profundus (caudal portion); n. thoracicus longus (C6, C7; C7, C8) which is distributed to the m. serratus ventralis thoracis. A communication between the n. radialis and n. ulnaris was observed at the left brachial plexus.  相似文献   

6.
The objectives of this experiment were to determine the extent of variation in proteolysis, sarcomere length, and collagen content among pork muscles and the association of those factors with tenderness variation among muscles at 1 d postmortem. Twenty-three white composite barrows were slaughtered and carcasses (66 kg) were chilled at 0 degrees C for 24 h. At 1 d postmortem, the longissimus lumborum, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and triceps brachii, long head were dissected from one side of each carcass and frozen. Trained sensory panelists evaluated tenderness, amount of connective tissue, juiciness, and pork flavor intensity of grilled (70 degrees C) chops on 8-point scales. Raw chops were used for total collagen content, sarcomere length, and the extent of desmin proteolysis. Tenderness ratings were highest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (7.2) and triceps brachii (7.1), followed by longissimus lumborum (6.4) and semimembranosus (5.7) and were lowest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (4.0). The simple correlations between longissimus lumborum tenderness and the tenderness of other muscles were .54 (semimembranosus), .34 (semitendinosus), .36 (triceps branchii), and .17 (biceps femorus). Total collagen was highest (P < .05) for biceps femorus (7.1 mg/g muscle), followed by triceps branchii (6.0 mg/g) and semitendinosus (5.3 mg/g), and lowest for semimembranosus (4.5 mg/g) and longissimus lumborum (4.1 mg/g). Sarcomere length was longest (P < .05) for semitendinosus (2.5 microm) and triceps branchii (2.4 microm), followed by semimembranosus (1.8 microm), longissimus lumborum (1.8 microm), and biceps femorus (1.7 microm). Proteolysis of desmin was greatest (P < .05) in longissimus lumborum (39.3%), followed by semimembranosus (21.0%) and biceps femoris (18.5%), then semitendinosus (.2%) and triceps brachii (.2%). Multiple linear regression using total collagen, sarcomere length, and proteolysis accounted for 57% of the variation in tenderness rating among all samples. Piecewise linear regression was used to account for the interaction of sarcomere length with proteolysis and collagen. This analysis accounted for 72% of the variation in tenderness rating. Variation in collagen, proteolysis, and sarcomere length and the degree of their interaction with one another determine the tenderness of individual muscles.  相似文献   

7.
试验旨在克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列并进行生物信息学分析,研究其表达与肌内脂肪（IMF）沉积的相关性。采集山羊皮下脂肪组织,应用RT-PCR克隆山羊CMKLR1基因序列;以GAPDH（GenBank登录号：AJ431207.1）为内参基因,实时荧光定量PCR检测其在山羊不同组织中的表达量及在肌肉组织中的时序表达谱（以肝脏表达量为基准）;测定肌肉组织中的IMF含量,分析其与CMKLR1 mRNA表达量的相关性。结果显示,克隆获得了山羊CMKLR1基因,1 089 bp的CDS区,GenBank登录号：KT165374。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,CMKLR1基因在24月龄山羊心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、脂肪、背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中均存在不同程度的表达,其中在肺脏中表达量显著高于其他组织（P< 0.05）;CMKLR1基因在1~3和24月龄的山羊背最长肌、臂三头肌和股二头肌中表达趋势相同,均是在股二头肌中表达量最高,而8~10月龄则是在臂三头肌中表达量最高。山羊IMF含量以24月龄背最长肌含量最高。山羊背最长肌、股二头肌和臂三头肌中CMKLR1 mRNA表达与IMF含量相关性不显著（P> 0.05）。CMKLR1基因不参与山羊IMF沉积作用,试验结果为进一步研究CMKLR1基因奠定理论基础。  相似文献   

8.
In order to enrich basic date in goat (Capra hirus) CMKLR1 gene and investigate the correlation between CMKLR1 gene expression and intramuscular fat (IMF) content in muscles, the CMKLR1 gene was cloned from the goat of subcutaneous adipose tissue by RT-PCR, characterized by bioinformatics methods. The expression profiles of CMKLR1 gene of goat in various tissues were constructed liver was benchmark, the GAPDH (GenBank accession No.: AJ431207.1) as a reference gene.Then, the correlation between CMKLR1 mRNA expression and IMF content in muscles was analyzed. The results showed that the CMKLR1 gene CDS of goat (GenBank accession No.: KT165374) was 1 089 bp. Real-time PCR indicated that CMKLR1 was widely expressed in various tissues, including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, adipose, longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris and triceps brachii, and was the highest in lung (P< 0.05). Similar expression variation trend of CMKLR1 was observed between the muscles from 1 to 3 and 24 months old goat, and was the highest in biceps femoris. Reversely, in 8 to 10 months old CMKLR1 was the highest in triceps brachii. The IMF of longissimus dorsi from 24 months old was the highest. Correlation analysis demonstrated that different correlations were observed between expression of CMKLR1 mRNA and IMF content in longissimus dorsi, biceps femoris, and triceps brachii in goat. The CMKLR1 gene did not participate in the deposition of IMF in goats. The research built the theoretical basis for further studies about the CMKLR1 gene.  相似文献   

9.
试验研究德州驴不同部位肌肉组织中常规营养成分、氨基酸(AA)和矿物质元素含量的变化。选取年龄、体重相近的健康德州驴32头采用单因素完全随机试验设计。结果显示,粗蛋白的含量以臂三头肌最高,臀肌最低。粗脂肪含量呈相反变化规律,臀肌脂肪沉积较好,嫩度更佳。臂三头肌中的多数单一AA以及必需氨基酸(EAA)、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)、总氨基酸(TAA)、支链氨基酸和功能性氨基酸含量均较高,背最长肌次之,股二头肌较少。背最长肌与臀肌AA的平衡性AA较好,具有较高的EAA/NEAA、EAA/TAA,蛋白质营养价值较高。从鲜味方面来看,臂三头肌的甘氨酸(GLy)、精氨酸(Arg)、丙氨酸(Ala)、谷氨酸(Glu)及呈味氨基酸的含量最高、口感更好、鲜味更佳。矿物质含量测定中,不同部位肌肉中大多数矿物元素没有差异,Cu元素和Zn元素的含量由高到低依次为:臂三头肌>股二头肌>背最长肌和臀肌,且差异显著(P<0.05)。  相似文献   

10.
A cranial approach to the humerus was developed for application of a compression plate for repair of comminuted humeral fractures in a weanling foal, a calf, a heifer, and a mature cow. An incision was made from the cranial portion of the greater tubercle of the humerus to the radius. The cranial aspect of the humerus was exposed by retraction of the brachiocephalicus muscle and blunt dissection between the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles. A second plate was applied laterally in the heifer and cow by retraction of the brachialis muscle and elevation of the extensor carpi radialis muscle. Successful fracture reduction, alignment, and stabilization were achieved in all four animals.  相似文献   

11.
Laser Doppler flowmetry: muscular microcirculation in anaesthetized horses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Muscular microcirculation was studied in seven halothane anaesthetised horses in lateral recumbency using a laser Doppler flowmeter. A significant difference between the dependent and the uppermost triceps brachii was recorded. In the dependent muscles, microflow at first decreased and then increased up to the starting value. In the uppermost muscles, a significant rise of the microflow was measured.  相似文献   

12.
Electromyographic activity (EMG) was used to determine how hindlimb muscle activation patterns vary with speed and incline in the horse. EMG was recorded using surface electrodes over the gluteus medius and tensor fasciae latae muscles during treadmill locomotion at trot for different combinations of speed (3.5 to 6 m/s) and inclination (0, 3 and 6%). Raw EMG signals were processed to determine stride duration, activity onset and end, and integrated EMG (IEMG). Stride and stance phase duration decreased linearly with increasing speed. Stride duration was not influenced by the slope. Onset and end of muscle activity came significantly earlier in the stride cycle when speed increased and later when inclination changed from 0 to 6%. The relative duration of the burst (percentage of stride duration) increased as running speed increased, but tended to decrease with increasing slope. The IEMG of the muscles increased with increasing speed and slope, the largest increase being observed in the tensorfasciae latae. It is concluded that both increases in speed and inclination lead to an increase in the integrated electromyographic activity and hence to a higher workload of the 2 hindlimb muscles investigated.  相似文献   

13.
The use of electromyography (EMG) as a diagnostic aid for equine hyperkalemic periodic paresis (EHPP) was investigated in seven affected and seven control horses. Affected horses were confirmed positive for EHPP either by elevated serum potassium concentration with clinical signs of myotonia, or by inducing hyperkalemia and clinical signs using oral potassium chloride challenge. All horses were asymptomatic at the time EMG was performed, using bipolar fine wire needle electrodes. The myopotentials were recorded on magnetic tape and displayed on paper charts for analysis. Insertional and resting activity were recorded from the right supraspinatus, triceps, extensor carpi radialis and gluteal muscles in standing horses. Myotonic discharges were seen in six of seven affected horses but not in any of the controls. All seven affected horses and two control horses had prolonged insertional activity. Five out of seven affected horses and one control horse displayed spontaneous motor unit discharges unrelated to recording electrode movement. Myoelectrical potentials containing closely timed muscle potentials, i.e. doublets, were found in all affected horses, with four of seven affected horses also showing triplets. These potentials were not observed in any of the controls. No obvious difference in activity was observed among the four muscle sites tested. It is concluded that EMG is a safe and useful tool for diagnosing EHPP in horses not currently displaying clinical signs. Myotonic discharges and doublets appear to be the most diagnostically significant electromyographic abnormalities in EHPP affected horses.  相似文献   

14.
Fibre characteristics and enzyme activities were determined for the gluteus, semitendinosus, vastus lateralis and triceps brachii muscles of 55 Standardbred trotters of different ages. Four fibre types (I, IIA, IIB, IIC) were demonstrated by histochemical staining of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase after preincubation at different pH values. Type II fibres predominated in all the muscles and the type IIA/IIB ratio was higher in horses over 5 years than in younger horses, except in the vastus in which the IIA/IIB ratio did not change with age. The vastus had the highest proportion of type IIA fibres and the semitendinosus the highest proportion of type IIB fibres. Histochemical demonstration of NADH dehydrogenase disclosed that almost 100 per cent of the type IIA and many of the type I and IIB fibres were medium-stained; the remaining type I fibres were darkly stained and the type IIB fibres lightly stained. In older horses more fibres were stained for NADH dehydrogenase. The activity of triosephosphate dehydrogenase decreased that that of 3-hydroxy-acyl-coA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase increased in all the muscles except the vastus with increasing age. The greatest increase in oxidative capacity occurred in the gluteus and triceps. Training, rather than age, was regarded as the factor inducing these changes. The results emphasise that histochemical data are only semiquantitative, and there are apparent discrepancies in the intensities of histochemical staining and the biochemical evaluation of various enzymes.  相似文献   

15.
Pork quality depends on various genetic and environmental factors. Despite the improvement of slaughter conditions, the PSE type is still one of the main concerns in this field. This study was conducted on nonstressed animals to evaluate the tissue characteristics of some muscles usually involved during stress compared with a reference muscle, the M. triceps brachii, which is actually not subject to stress-caused damages. Samples of M. triceps brachii, M. longissimus dorsi, M. biceps femoris, and M. semimembranosus were taken from pigs exhibiting 1 of the 3 HAL genotypes (NN, Nn, or nn) and 2 of the 3 RN genotypes (rn+rn+ or rn+RN-). Histoenzymology and immunohistochemistry were used to compare the fiber typing and capillary network in these muscles within these different stress susceptibility genotypes. In comparison with the reference muscle, M. triceps brachii, the combination of a high value of the number of type IIb fibers and a low vascular network showed a primary effect on muscles usually involved during stress. This led to the definition of a PSE index. A dramatic increase (P < 0.001) in this PSE index was systematically found in muscles usually involved in the PSE-type condition. These results show that distinctive histological characteristics were associated with the vulnerability of some muscles independently of the genotypes. Moreover, this study highlights the distinctive histological features of each genotype and is likely to suggest some interactions between them.  相似文献   

16.
The distribution of type-I and type-II fibers in 9 different parts of the musculi triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, and biceps femoris was studied to determine whether biopsies from these muscles give reliable information. All 4 investigated muscles were not homogeneous in their fiber-type distribution. Large differences existed among different muscle parts. The percentage of type-I fibers increased toward the deeper and cranial parts of the muscles. In the same zone of the gluteus muscle, differences of 30% were found for type-I fibers. Therefore, results obtained by biopsies of muscles must be interpreted with caution.  相似文献   

17.
本研究以育肥的小尾寒羊和寒泊羊的羔羊为试验动物,采集背最长肌、臂三头肌、股二头肌和臀中肌样品,测定了肌纤维横截面积、直径、粗脂肪含量和氨基酸种类及含量。结果表明,寒泊羊背最长肌肌纤维直径和横截面积均小于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01),股二头肌肌纤维直径和横截面积大于小尾寒羊 (P＜0.05)。寒泊羊背最长肌和股二头肌粗脂肪含量高于小尾寒羊(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),臂三头肌和臀中肌粗脂肪含量略高于小尾寒羊(P＞0.05)。小尾寒羊肉中牛磺酸含量高于寒泊羊(P＜0.01),其余17种氨基酸含量两品种羊肉间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。与肉鲜味有关的5种氨基酸,寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。除赖氨酸和色氨酸外,其余6种人体必需氨基酸寒泊羊肌肉的含量高于小尾寒羊。  相似文献   

18.
Side view slow motion movies of galloping horses were taken and analyzed to determine horse velocity, limb velocity, stride length, stride time, and the swing and support timesof the stride. Multivariate statistical methods were used to evaluate the interrelationships of theseparameters. A linear relationship between horse velocity and limb velocity was observed; however, two groups could be distinguished within the trials. In one group, in which the horses were galloping normally, a one-to-one relationship of limb velocity to horse velocity was noted. In the other group, in which the majority of the horses were either lame or restrained by the rider, limb velocities were higher than horse velocities.In general, as horse velocity increased, stride length increased and stride time decreased due to decreases in both the swing and support times of the stride. Increases in stride length contributed more to increases in horse velocity than changes in either swing or support times. Changes in stride length had the greatest effect upon the velocities of those horses that were either lame or restrained by the rider, while the effects of changes in swing and support times contributed relatively more to changes in velocities of the horses which were galloping normally.This study suggests that in lame horses, limb velocity is proportionally greater than horse velocity due to decreases in stride length and stride time.  相似文献   

19.
A skeletal myopathy is found in approximately 100% of rasH2 mice. To confirm detailed features of the rasH2 skeletal myopathy, the biceps femoris, diaphragm, triceps brachii, gastrocnemial (types I and II fiber-mixed muscles) and soleus muscle (type I fiber-dominant muscle) obtained from male rasH2 and non-transgenic littermates aged 10-13 and 34 weeks were examined. Variations in the muscle fiber size, early-scattered degeneration/necrosis and regeneration of muscle fibers were detected in 10-13-week-old rasH2 mice. The severity of the above muscular lesions was more prominent in older rasH2 mice. These lesions were noted in the type II myofiber dominant muscles (biceps femoris, triceps brachii and gastrocnemial). NADH-TR stain clearly demonstrated a disorganized intermyofibrillar network and necrotic change in muscle fibers. No specific morphological changes, like rod structure or tubular aggregation seen in some types of myopathy, were noted in Gomori trichrome and NADH-TR stains in the rasH2 mouse like in many types of muscular dystrophy. Electronmicroscopically, occasional muscle fiber degeneration/regeneration, invaded phagocytic cells, indistinct Z-band suggesting excessive contraction and dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum were observed. In summary, the skeletal myopathy occurring in rasH2 mice is consistent with muscular dystrophy characterized morphologically by progressive degeneration and regeneration of myofibers. The myopathy is confined to the type II myofiber predominant muscles and is not associated with any pathognomonic lesions. These characteristics will provide us with a useful model for research in muscular dystrophy of diverse myofibers.  相似文献   

20.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the phase and quantitate the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, hyoepiglotticus, omohyoideus, sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles of clinically normal horses during strenuous exercise. ANIMALS: 7 clinically normal adult horses (2 Thoroughbreds and 5 Standardbreds). PROCEDURES: Bipolar electrodes were surgically implanted in the aforementioned muscles, and horses were subjected to an incremental exercise test on a high-speed treadmill. The EMG, heart rate, respiratory rate, and static pharyngeal airway pressures were measured during exercise. The EMG was measured as mean electrical activity (MEA). The MEA values for maximal exercise intensity (13 or 14 m/s) were expressed as a percentage of the MEA measured at an exercise intensity of 6 m/s. RESULTS: MEA was detected during expiration in the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, sternohyoideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles and during inspiration in the hyoepiglotticus and sternothyroideus muscles. Intensity of the MEA increased significantly with exercise intensity in the genioglossus, geniohyoideus, and hyoepiglotticus muscles. Intensity of the MEA increased significantly in relation to expiratory pharyngeal pressure in the geniohyoideus and hyoepiglotticus muscles. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Once exercise intensity reached 6 m/s, no quantifiable additional increase in muscular activity was detected in the omohyoideus, sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, and thyrohyoideus muscles. However, muscles that may affect the diameter of the oropharynx (genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscles) or rima glottis (hyoepiglotticus muscle) had activity correlated with the intensity of exercise or expiratory pharyngeal pressures. Activity of the muscles affecting the geometry of the oropharynx may be important in the pathophysiologic processes associated with nasopharyngeal patency.  相似文献   

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