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The response of 3-year-old grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cultivar ‘Thompson Seedless’) to furrow and drip irrigation was quantified in terms of water status, growth, and water use efficiency (WUE). Drip irrigation was applied daily according to best estimates of vineyard evapotranspiration while furrow irrigations were applied when 50% of the plant available soilwater content had been depleted. Drip and furrow irrigated vines showed similar water status (midday leaf water potential, Ψ1) and shoot growth patterns throughout the season. Dry weight partitioning was not significantly different between treatments but root mass was somewhat larger for the furrow than drip irrigated vines. Nitrogen concentrations of the fruit and roots were significantly (P < 0.05) less for the drip irrigated vines when compared with the furrow treatment. Similar WUE (kg water kg−1 fresh fruit wt.) were obtained for both treatments indicating that furrow irrigation was as efficient as drip irrigation under the conditions of this study. The data indicate that drip irrigation may increase the potential for control of vine growth by making vines more dependent on irrigation and N fertilization than furrow irrigation. 相似文献
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The effects of hand-pollination and spraying with N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) on fruit set and fruit growth of ‘Matsumoto-Wase-Fuyu’, which is a member of the pollination-constant, non-astringent group of persimmons (PCNA) were investigated. Staminate flowers of pollinizers in the orchard were eliminated before anthesis. Hand-pollination was carried out at full bloom (FB). Without prior hand-pollination, CPPU at 5 or 10 mg 1−1 was sprayed 11 days after FB. Hand-pollination and spraying with CPPU increased fruit set before thinning of fruits by hand. The number of fruits after thinning did not differ among treatments. The yield of marketable fruits after hand-pollination was similar to that after treatment at 5 mg 1−1, but was higher than that for untreated trees. Formation of a sunken fruit apex, which was observed in about 30% of fruits from untreated trees, was suppressed by application of CPPU. CPPU also delayed coloration of fruit. There were no differences among treatments in firmness or soluble solids concentrations of marketable fruits. 相似文献
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Demarcating specific ion (NaCl, Cl, Na) and osmotic effects in the response of two citrus rootstocks to salinity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present work differentiates the effects of NaCl, Cl−, Na+ and concentrated macronutrients on two citrus species, sour orange (Citrus aurantium L) and Macrophylla (Citrus macrophylla Wester). Plants were grown in a base nutrient solution (0.07 MPa osmotic pressure) for 4 months before applying the treatments that consisted of isotonic solutions of 0.23 MPa osmotic pressure of Na+ (40 mM, without Cl−), Cl− (40 mM, without Na+), NaCl (40 mM) and 3.5 times the concentration of macronutrients of the base solution. Plants were grown in the different treatment for 2 months before being examined for symptoms of toxicity. The two genotypes showed major differences in the extent of Cl− and Na+ accumulation in leaves and in their ability to maintain the internal concentrations of essential nutrients in response to the different ionic compositions of the medium. Differences in mineral nutrient accumulation were observed among treatments in both rootstocks. It was concluded that growth response to the different treatments was primarily affected by an osmotic effect, although in Macrophylla, the ionic effects also seem to be present. 相似文献
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The Alstroemeria cultivars Diamond, King Cardinal and Libelle were grown for 18 months under five lighting regimes with, and without, soil cooling. The aim was to optimize the daily investment of light energy from artificial sources with respect to photoperiod and photosynthetic fluence rates and to elucidate possible links between reactions to photoperiod and root-zone temperature. The more photons (photosynthetically active radiation, PAR) that were supplied to the plants per day (8, 11 and 13 mol m−2), the higher was the total production of flowering stems. The total yield from regimes with 13 mol m−2 day−1 was higher when the light was spread over 20 and 16 h compared to 12 h. In treatments with soil cooling, the plants flowered continuously under all combinations of photoperiods and photosynthetic fluence rates, and the summer and autumn recession in flower production that occurred for non-cooled ‘King Cardinal' and ‘Diamond' was the same under all lighting regimes. It is concluded that it might be more cost-effective to spread the daily investment of light over 20 rather than 16 or 12 h when the total energy budget and CO2 costs are taken into consideration. 相似文献
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The reduction of flower bud density by gibberellin sprays, to adjust the cropping level, is a novel approach to fruit thinning of peach and nectarine. A linear reduction in the number of flowers developed per unit of shoot length was found following the spray application of increasing concentrations of GA3, in the nectarine cultivar ‘Crimson Gold’. These reductions in flower number led to reductions in yield at harvest, and increases in mean fruit weight. Flowering was slightly delayed by the GA3 treatments, but no differences in ripening were detected at harvest, this depending rather on fruit size. The yield obtained by the application of 200 mg l−1 GA3 corresponded to that obtained with a very good thinning level, as established by hand thinning. No secondary effects on vegetative growth followed either the application of GA3 or the reductions in crop load by means of hand thinning. Decreasing crop-loads have resulted in an increase in fruit size and an advance of fruit ripening, measured by greater levels of soluble solids and lower flesh firmness. A good commercial quality fruit size was obtained for crop-loads of 300 fruits per tree or less. 相似文献
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Kambiz Baghalian Ali Haghiry Mohammad Reza Naghavi Abodollah Mohammadi 《Scientia Horticulturae》2008,116(4):437-441
In arid and semi-arid regions, where water availability is a major limitation in crop production, using alternative water resources, such as saline water is one way to utilize lands. Chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) as an annual medicinal herb may be considered as an economic substitute for field crops irrigated with fresh water since it has adaptability to wide range of climate and soil. A field examination was conducted during 2004–2005 using complete randomized block design with four replications in order to evaluate the effects of saline irrigation water on morphological characters, mineral content, oil quantity (content, yield), oil composition and apigenin content of chamomile. In each plot, 0.6 g/m2 of seeds were grown in 4 rows. The irrigation water had five different salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 dS m−1). The investigated characters through cultivation were fresh weight of flower (g), dry weight of flower (g), dry weight of aerial stems (g), dry weight of root (g), oil yield (kg/h), oil content (%), oil quality and apigenin content (%). After harvesting, the content of minerals (Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were evaluated in aerial parts and roots of each plot. Mean comparisons for fresh flower weight in different treatments showed that fresh flower yield decreased with increasing salinity and it was higher in control compared to others. Analysis of variance showed that saline irrigation water had no significant effect on oil quantity (yield and content), oil quality (chemical composition) or apigenin content. Our results showed that chamomile is able to maintain all its medical properties, under saline condition and could be cultivated economically in such conditions. 相似文献
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Chiku fruits (Achras sapota L.) were found to be climacteric with the respiratory peak occurring at the same time, or 1–2 days after peak ethylene production. The optimum storage temperature was near 20° C. Storage life at this temperature could be increased by removing ethylene (C2H4) and adding 5–10% (v/v) carbon dioxide (CO2) to the storage atmosphere. Extreme relative humidities or high concentrations of CO2 impaired the quality of stored fruits. Ripening was not affected by treatment with oxygen, C2H4 or indoleacetic acid. Ascorbic acid and glucose levels increased with ripening but ascorbic acid decreased when the fruit became over ripe. Recommended storage conditions are about 20° C with 5–10% CO2 coupled with the complete removal of C2H4 from the storage atmosphere. Short-term holding of the fruit at lower temperatures is also possible. 相似文献
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Methods are described for the in vitro propagation of Symphytum × uplandicum Nyman from bud, root and stem explants. Highest shoot numbers were produced from root explants > 4 mm in diameter, cultured vertically with their distal cut surface on the medium. The most suitable medium for shoot production was Murashige and Skoog's (MS) with 0.3 mg l−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). These shoots developed roots on MS medium without hormones and were successfully transplanted into pots. Subculturing shoots onto MS medium containing BAP, kinetin (K), 6-λ,λ-(dimethylallylamino)-purine or gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0 or 30.0 mg l−1 failed to stimulate outgrowth of axillary buds in culture. In vitro propagation from root explants was also achieved with S. asperum Lepech., S. officinale L. and S. × uplandicum cultivars ‘Bocking 1’, ‘Bocking 2’, ‘Bocking 4’ and ‘Bocking 17’, but not with S. bohemicum, S. grandiflorum DC, S. tuberosum L. or S. × uplandicum ‘Bocking 7’ and ‘Variegatum’. 相似文献
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Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a naturally growing dogwood species in Arasbaran (East Azerbaijan, Iran). Antioxidant capacity, total anthocyanins, total phenols, ascorbic acid and total flavnoids of a number of selected cornelian cherry genotypes were investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of cornelian cherry fruits were determined according to Folin–Ciocalteu and DPPH method, respectively. The range of ascorbic acid content of genotypes was 183.25–299.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). Genotype C24 had the highest total antioxidant capacity (82.37) and total phenolic (2695.75 mg galic acid per 100 g FW basis). The highest total anthocyanin was observed in C27 genotype (442.11 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents/100 g FW). This genotype also had the highest total flavonoid (669 mg catechin per 100 g FW basis). There are linear relationships between the antioxidant capacities with total phenols, total flavonoid and ascorbic acid. But, No statistically significant correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and total anthocyanins. According to Path analysis, the highest direct effect on antioxidant was observed in total flavonoid (0.38). The present study demonstrates the potential of certain cornelian cherry genotypes, notably C24 and C27, for improvement of nutritional value through germplasm enhancement programs. 相似文献
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Stands of summer cauliflower were grown within polyethylene-covered tunnels along which a temperature gradient was imposed. Two tunnels were maintained at either normal or elevated CO2 concentrations. At the last harvest (88 days from transplanting) no interaction between CO2 and temperature on total biomass was detected. The total dry weight of plants grown at 531 μmol mol−1 CO2 was 34% greater than those grown at 328 μmol mol−1 CO2, whereas a 1 °C rise reduced dry weight by 6%. From serial harvests the radiation conversion coefficient was 2.01 g MJ−1 and 1.42 g MJ−1 at 531 μmol mol−1 CO2and 328 μmol mol−1 CO2, respectively, but was not greatly affected by differences in temperature. No effect of either CO2 or temperature on the canopy light extinction coefficient was detected. The rate of progress towards curd initiation increased to a maximum at 15.5 °C, and declined thereafter. Provided the effect of temperature was accounted for, CO2 enrichment did not affect the time of curd initiation. From serial harvests after curd initiation, the logarithm of curd weight or diameter were negative linear functions of mean temperature from initiation. Increases in curd weight and diameter at 531 compared with 328 μmol mol−1 CO2 were greater at warmer temperatures (27% at 13 °C compared with 47% at 15 °C, 57 days after initiation). Effects of CO2 on curd diameter were less than those on curd dry weight because the curd dry matter content was greater at 531 compared with 328 μmol mol−1 CO2. Thus, the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on fresh weight based yield parameters of cauliflower were less than the increase in total dry matter production. 相似文献
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Induction of bulbing of tulip shoots in vitro 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Bulbing has been induced in adventitious shoots from floral stem explants of Tulipa ‘Merry Widow’. Incubation of 1-mm thick explants at 20°C on a medium containing 1 mg l−1 NAA and BAP for 14–18 weeks, followed by 4°C for 8 weeks, produced a consistent bulbing response in shoots after transfer back to 20°C. Bulbing was further enhanced by transfer to 25°C and by raising the concentration of sucrose in the medium. Microscopy indicated the presence of developing meristematic centres in shoots 12 weeks of age. Shoots over 16 weeks of age containing meristematic centres gave a variable bulbing response with applied gibberellins and cold incubation, depending on whether gibberellins were supplied continuously in the medium or via a brief soak in sterile gibberellin solutions before sub-culturing. A GA3 “soak” of 1.0 mg l−1 was optimum for bulb production. The possible mechanisms of cold and gibberellin effects are discussed. 相似文献
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Transplant tray cell size (volume) and age of containerized onion (Allium cepa L. cv. ‘Texas Grano 1015Y') transplants were evaluated for effects on survival, root and shoot growth, yield, and size. Transplant ages of 5, 7, 9, and 11 weeks and cell volume of 6.5 and 20.0 cm3 were used in Florida, and 6, 8, 10 and 12 wk, and 4.0 and 7.1 cm3 were used in Texas. Total yield in Florida was unaffected by transplant age in two planting seasons, but larger size bulb yield increased with increasing transplant age from 5 to 9 wk in 6.5 cm3 cells, and for 11-wk compared to ≤9-wk transplants in 20.0 cm3 in one season. Seed stem initiation was greatest in bulbs from 11-wk transplants in 20 cm3 cells. Survival in Texas was reduced for 6-wk compared to ≥8-wk containerized transplants. At planting, root number increased linearly with transplant age. Transplant cell volume in Texas did not affect root number, plant height or leaf number, but shoot dry weight was greater for seedlings grown in 7.1 cm3 cells compared to 4.0 cm3 cells. Total, jumbo and large size transplant yields in Texas were higher for 10 and 12-week transplants in 7.1 cm3 cells and 8, 10 and 12-week in 4.0 cm3 cells than yields in younger transplants. Total yields were unaffected by transplant cell volume but seedlings in 4.0 cm3 cells had a 16% decrease of jumbo size compared to those grown in 7.1 cm3 cells. Larger cell sizes are appropriate for 10–12-week transplants. The use of 8–10-week containerized transplants grown in small cell volume may be viable for onion stand establishment. Younger transplants may produce more large bulb yields if grown in larger cells, but they also have greater risk of reduced survival. 相似文献
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Anthers of the LiliumבEnchantment’, excised at the uninucleate microspore stage, were cultured on MS media containing 6% sucrose with auxin and cytokinin. When anthers were cultured on the medium with 2 mg l−1 picloram and zeatin, 12–86% of them formed nodular calli. Anthers excised from greenhouse- and field-grown plants showed different responses: anthers of greenhouse-grown plants had a significantly higher capability to form callus and regenerate bulblets than those of field-grown plants. In anthers from greenhouse-grown plants, bulblet formation was dependent on the time at which anthers were excised from donor plants: anthers collected from early forced mother-plants had a higher capability of forming bulblet than others. All regenerated plantlets were diploid, which was substantiated by histological observation showing that the anther-derived calli originated from anther wall tissues. Virus tests by ELISA were made for 49 plantlets selected randomly at transplanting: 20 plantlets (41%) were virus-free, and the rest showed positive reactions for lily symptomless virus, cucumber mosaic virus and/or tulip breaking virus. 相似文献
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‘春艳’是从‘雷尼尔’ב红灯’杂交后代中选育的大果型早熟优质甜樱桃新品种。果实黄红色，短心脏形，果柄短，平均单果质量8.1 g。果肉黄色，肉质细脆、多汁，可溶性固形物含量17.2%，总糖含量11.55%，可滴定酸含量0.93%，维生素C 83.8 mg · kg-1，甜味浓，微酸，风味浓郁，品质上佳。适应性强，早果性和丰产性好。 相似文献
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In order to investigate the effects of spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) on the stress of cadmium chloride (CdCl2), it was checked that the content of polyamines and malondialdehyde (MDA), the rate of superoxide anion (O2−) generation and the activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) in 1-year-old Malus hupehensis Rehd. var. pinyiensis Jiang (tea crabapple) seedlings grown in nutrient solution. The result showed that the content of free putrescine (Put) was increased, the contents of free Spd and Spm and the (Spd + Spm)/Put ratio in leaves were decreased significantly under CdCl2 treatment. Foliar spraying with Spd or Spm under CdCl2 treatment, the accumulation of free Put reduced, the contents of free Spd and Spm and the ratio of (Spd + Spm)/Put in leaves increased significantly. The activities of SOD and GPX in leaves were enhanced and O2− generation rate and MDA content were decreased significantly by foliar spraying with Spd or Spm under CdCl2 treatment. Results suggest that both Spd and Spm can alleviate the lipid peroxidation caused by CdCl2 in M. hupehensis var. pinyiensis. 相似文献