Assessing habitat quality for butterflies on intensively managed arable farmland     

R.F Pywell  E.A Warman  J.N Greatorex-Davies  W.R Meek  S Petit 《Biological conservation》2004,118(3):313-325

The conservation and management of biodiversity requires accurate, repeatable and cost-effective monitoring techniques. In this study, a simple and rapid methodology was employed to measure the quality of different habitats for butterfly species on 10 arable farms in lowland Britain. This habitat monitoring was seven times more rapid than the traditional species-based butterfly monitoring. Data on butterfly abundance were combined with the information gathered on habitat quality at five of the farms using stepwise regression. These models had a consistently high degree of explanatory power for the summary variables of total butterfly abundance and species richness, and the functional groupings of mobile and immobile species. There was good agreement between observed and predicted estimates of species richness and abundance when the models were validated on a further five independent sites. Models to predict the abundance of 11 common butterfly species were also produced. These varied considerably in their predictive power and validity between species. The results clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of targeted habitat creation for butterflies which is promoted under the Agri-environment Schemes, especially the recently introduced pollen and nectar seed mixtures (WM2) available under the Countryside Stewardship Scheme. The models confirmed the importance of shelter, floristically diverse field margins and the availability of nectar resources from legume species in explaining the abundance of immobile butterfly species in arable landscapes. These sources of nectar and the presence of larval host plants in the crucifer family were important factors in explaining the abundance of mobile species. The results are discussed in terms of the potential of this approach for: (i) assessing habitat quality for butterflies in intensively managed landscapes; (ii) enhancing the value of butterfly monitoring schemes in explaining changes in butterfly abundance at the site and national scale; and (iii) informing habitat management and restoration guidelines for butterfly conservation on arable farmland.  相似文献   

The fish fauna of mountain streams in South Korean national parks and its significance to conservation of regional freshwater fish biodiversity     

Min-Ho Jang  Martyn C Lucas 《Biological conservation》2003,114(1):115-126

The fish fauna of mountain streams in the Jiri (440 km²) and Seorak (373 km²) National Park areas of South Korea was investigated from September 1998 to May 2001. A total of 5979 fish were collected and classified into 22 families and 60 species from both national parks. At Jiri, 30 species in 12 families of fishes were collected, while at Seorak there were 42 species in 17 families. Zacco temmincki [relative abundance (RA) 47.9%] was dominant at both parks. Subdominant species were Rhynchocypris kumkangensis (RA 10.8%), Zacco platypus (RA 9.4%), and Pungtungia herzi (RA 5.3%). A total of 20 species were found to be Korean endemic species, representing seven families. The relative abundance of Korean endemic species was higher at Seorak (30.5%) than Jiri (18.5%). One exotic species (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and two species translocated outside their native catchments (Hypomesus nipponensis and Coreoperca herzi) were collected. The proportion of Korean endemic freshwater fish species in both parks (33.3%) was higher than the overall proportion on the Korean peninsula (23.6%). Within the 14 South Korean mountain-area national parks as a whole, larger parks tend to have higher fish diversity. We conclude that South Korean national parks are important for conservation of the regional fish fauna, especially for endemic and endangered species. Current threats to conservation of fishes within South Korean national parks are identified and management solutions are suggested.  相似文献   

Are urban parks refuges for bumble bees Bombus spp. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)?     

Quinn S. McFrederick  Gretchen LeBuhn 《Biological conservation》2006,129(3):372-382

Declines in bee populations have been documented in several parts of the world. Bees are dependent upon flowering plants for resources, and flowering plants often depend upon bees for pollination services. Bees can therefore serve as indicator species of habitat degradation due to these relationships with flowering plants. This study investigates how the bumble bee community in San Francisco has responded to urbanization and which urban park characteristics are important for the current community’s structure. To answer these questions we sampled bumble bees, in 18 urban parks and two nearby wild parks. We estimated park characteristics and used multiple regression analysis to determine which characteristics predicted bumble bee abundance and species richness. Bumble bee abundance was positively associated with resource availability or proxies of resource availability; “natural area” (areas that contain remnant fragments that have been largely unchanged by human activity) in 2003 and nest site abundance and openness of the surrounding matrix in both 2003 and 2004. Bumble bee species richness was negatively associated with abundance of a dominant species, Bombus vosnesenskii, in 2004. The importance of the surrounding matrix suggests that these parks do not act as islands. Accordingly, area of park did not explain species richness, while abundance of the dominant competitor did. The species that was most influenced by competition, Bombus sitkensis, uses rodent holes as nest sites and is possibly excluded from nest sites by the early emerging B. vosnesenskii, another subterranean nester. The species least influenced by competition, Bombus melanopygus, is able to use both rodent holes and abandoned bird nests as nest sites.  相似文献   

Flora and lepidoptera fauna adversely affected by invasive Lupinus polyphyllus along road verges     

Anu Valtonen  Juha Jantunen 《Biological conservation》2006,133(3):389-396

An increasing number of invasive species are changing ecosystems around the world. Road verges have commonly become the first footholds of non-native species in the new environments. Regularly mown road verges also offer habitats for meadow flora and fauna, which in Europe have suffered from the radical decline of semi-natural biotopes due to the agricultural modernization. We studied impacts of an invasive plant Lupinus polyphyllus on the plant and Lepidoptera species composition along road verges. The plant species composition was studied on 15 sites (with 1 m² quadrats) and butterflies and diurnal moths along 15 transects (with weekly censuses) in SE Finland, each site and transect representing equally lupine invaded verge and an adjacent non-lupine verge. The species richness and diversity of flora and the cover and species richness of low growing (<20 cm) species, in particular, was lower in lupine verges compared to non-lupine verges. Also, the abundance of butterflies was lower in lupine verges. As the lupine cover approached 100%, fewer butterflies were observed in lupine transects compared to the adjacent non-lupine transects and a higher proportion of individuals were flying. Our results suggest that the changes in plant species assemblages and lower plant species richness in lupine invaded areas had “bottom-up” effects on higher trophic levels. Further studies on the control of lupine are urgently needed, but meanwhile we suggest regular mowing before the lupines have shed their seeds, together with the removal of the cuttings, to be the best management option.  相似文献   

Effects of Exotic Plant Species on Soil Properties in Hardwood Forests of New Jersey     

Kourtev  P.S.  Ehrenfeld  J.G.  Huang  W.Z. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,105(1-2):493-501

Two exotic plant species, Berberis thunbergii and Microstegium vimineum, recently have invaded deciduous hardwood forests in the Northeast. We examined changes in soil properties that may be associated with this invasion in three parks in northern New Jersey. In each park, we collected soil and vegetation data along transects that were established across heavily infested areas and extended into uninvaded forest. The data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Significant differences were found between invaded and uninvaded plots in both soil and vegetation characteristics. Invaded areas have fewer oaks (Quercus spp.) in the canopy, and lack the native understory shrubs (Vaccinium spp.). The pH of soils in the invaded areas is significantly higher than in the uninvaded areas, and the litter and organic horizons are thinner. The data cannot show that the exotic species have caused these changes. However, the occurrence of contrasting soils in adjacent areas of native vegetation, with no evidence of differences in land-use history between areas, suggests that such a cause-and-effect relationship exists. We propose a feedback loop involving the exotic plants, and the presence of earthworms to explain these dramatic soil differences.  相似文献   

某化工园区周边土壤中传统和新兴全氟化合物的赋存特征及潜在来源     

丁达  宋昕  刘朝阳  许昶 《土壤》2021,53(4):779-787

在某化工园区周边采集了15个土壤样品,分析了12种全氟化合物(PFASs)的赋存水平和空间分布,再用主成分分析法和相关性分析法计算PFASs之间的相互关系,探寻具有相似来源的PFASs,最后用荷兰CSOIL模型评估了土壤PFASs的健康风险。结果表明,短链C4～C7全氟烷基羧酸(PFCAs)是本研究区土壤中主要的PFASs,特别是全氟丁酸和全氟戊酸,含量处于数十到数百ng/g水平。部分土壤点位中PFASs含量较高,可能与其离化工园区较近以及处于园区下风向有关。根据来源分析结果,工业活动可能是短链PFCAs(C4～C7)的主要来源,园区周边农业和生活源对土壤PFASs的贡献不显著。通过食入和吸入土壤颗粒及皮肤接触土壤产生的PFASs每日预计摄入量远低于国际管理机构发布的健康建议值,表明当地土壤中PFASs的人体健康风险相对较低。  相似文献   

A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies     

E. Pollard 《Biological conservation》1977,12(2):115-134

A method based on transect count has been developed to assess changes in abundance of butterflies from year to year. The method involves weekly walks around atransect route making counts of butterflies seen within defined limits. The transects are divided into sections related to habitat or management units. Walks are made only when weather conditions satisfy specified minimum requirements. The method has been tested for three years at Monks Wood and for two years at a number of other sites.The basis for annual comparisons is an index of abundance which is produced for each brood of each species, except when separation of broods is not possible. This index is correlated with abundance, although the precise nature of the relationship will vary from species to species. Evidence on this presented for two species.The method makes it possible to monitor the abundance of butterflies at selected sites, using recorders, such as nature reserve wardens, who can fit in one or two hours recording each week when the weather is suitable. Such a scheme, based on the methods described in this paper, began in 1976. In addition to the monitoring of fluctuations of abundance, the method provides considerable information on the phenology and ecology of butterflies. The division of the transects into sections makes some assessment of the effects of habitat change, due to management or other factors, possible.  相似文献   

Once-yearly sampling for the detection of trends in biodiversity: The case of Willow Slough, California     

Joshua M. O’Brien  James H. Thorne  Michael L. Rosenzweig  Arthur M. Shapiro 《Biological conservation》2011,(7):2012-2019

The butterfly fauna at Willow Slough, Yolo County, California has been censused for 32 years as part of a participatory citizen-science project, the Fourth of July Butterfly Count. While the utility of a once-a-year census as a monitoring tool is potentially compromised by lack of standardization in counting protocols and variation in observer skill, at Willow Slough these issues have been minimized.We examined the Willow Slough count data for trends in both faunal diversity and the probability of presence of individual species. During the study, the number of species observed at a visit declined by 39%. Regressions of per-visit species counts against time did not detect a statistically significant decline until year 24. In contrast, Fisher’s α, a statistic designed to reduce sample-size bias, detected the decline as early as year 13. Twelve of the 24 species analyzed showed significant declines in probability of occurrence; a further nine exhibited negative but non-significant trends. Butterflies that overwinter as eggs or larvae were more likely to decline than those that overwinter as pupae or adults. Many species in decline at Willow Slough have also been observed less frequently at nearby sites which are monitored year-round, supporting the value of once-a-year monitoring. Although correlations with climatic data have been identified, they are too weak to account for the observed faunal decline. We suspect broader patterns of land use and habitat continuity are implicated in butterfly declines across the region.We conclude that once-a-year sampling, if properly and rigorously done, is in fact useful as a monitoring tool for butterfly faunas, and that Fisher’s α is well suited to early detection of trends in repeated diversity sampling.  相似文献   

More than just indicators: A review of tropical butterfly ecology and conservation     

Timothy C. Bonebrake  Lauren C. Ponisio  Carol L. Boggs  Paul R. Ehrlich 《Biological conservation》2010,143(8):1831-1841

Roughly 90% of butterfly species live in the tropics. Despite this, we know very little about tropical butterfly ecology particularly when compared to temperate butterfly systems. The relative scarcity of data on tropical butterfly populations hampers our ability to effectively conserve them. In this review we summarize recurring themes from ecological research on tropical butterflies to serve as a framework for understanding their conservation. Key themes include: (1) the tropics represent the evolutionary origins of butterfly diversity, (2) while some tropical butterflies exhibit relatively stable population dynamics, longer-lived adult stages, and more continuous age-specific reproduction compared to temperate zone species, the generality of these patterns is debatable, and (3) complex species interactions (e.g. mimicry, parasitism and predation) can have significantly greater influences on ecological and evolutionary processes in tropical butterflies than in temperate ones. This state of ecological knowledge, combined with scarce resources, has traditionally constrained tropical butterfly conservation efforts to habitat level approaches, unlike the species- and population-specific approaches familiar in North America and Europe. Consequently, much conservation research on butterflies in the tropics has focused on the relationship between habitat quality (e.g. forest fragmentation) and butterfly diversity, though predictive patterns even in this regard remain elusive. We argue that with the increasing threats of habitat destruction, fragmentation and climate change, it is necessary to move beyond this diversity and habitat relationship if we are to improve predictive capabilities when evaluating anthropogenic impacts on tropical butterfly communities. Tropical butterflies are more than just useful indicator species. They represent some of the most spectacular and visually appealing organisms in the world and play many vital roles in tropical ecosystems. We hope that this synthesis will lay the groundwork for future ecological studies of tropical butterfly populations, species, communities and conservation.  相似文献   

Public perceptions of natural disturbance in Canada’s national parks: The case of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins)     

Bonita L. McFarlane  R. Craig G. Stumpf-Allen  David O. Watson 《Biological conservation》2006,130(3):340-348

Since the 1990s, the mountain pine beetle (MPB) population has exploded in western Canada. In national parks, MPB has the potential to impact visual quality and safety of visitors, and to spread beyond park boundaries to the industrial forest landbase. Control measures have been initiated in some parks to lessen these impacts. A study was undertaken to examine public attitudes, knowledge, issue salience, and management preferences for MPB in Banff and Kootenay national parks. Data were collected by mail survey in 2003 from 1385 residents living in or near the parks. MPB was an important issue for the majority of respondents and they had low knowledge of MPB, expressed negative attitudes towards it, and supported measures to control it. Preferred control measures included those directed at the current infestation. Proactive approaches in uninfested forests were generally not supported. Issue salience and knowledge were the best predictors of attitudes toward the MPB. Attitudes were the best predictors of support for no intervention in beetle infestations in national parks. Management implications include the lack of knowledge and support for natural disturbance and ecological integrity policies in national parks.  相似文献   

农产品加工产业园区聚集水平的发展评价     

张慧媛  郭雪霞  刘瑜  冉国伟  王国扣  王海 《农业工程学报》2016,32(Z1):320-324

产业聚集是中国农产品加工业发展的显著特征和重要形式,已经形成当代农产品加工业的发展趋势。为了研究总结农产品加工业产业聚集的成功经验及各地农产品加工园区的聚集情况和聚集水平。该文依托入驻园区企业数量占该地区农产品加工业企业总数的比例评价计分、入驻园区规模以上占比评价计分、入驻园区龙头企业占比评价计分、入驻园区企业固定资产投入占比评价计分、入驻园区企业主营业务收入占比评价计分、入驻园区企业税后利润占比评价计分、园区吸纳就业人数占该地区加工业从业总人数的比例评价计分、园区科技投入资金占比的评价评价计分等8个因素,设计综合评价模型,统计结果显示,该文选择的10个地区聚集水平依次为:黑龙江、吉林、甘肃、山西、内蒙古、北京、福建、河北、江苏、湖南。研究分析了中国农产品加工业产业园区的聚集效果和聚集水平,同时提出了加强政策引导、提升创新能力、注重产品质量、推进集群发展和坚持融合带动等政策建议。研究结果为同行管理部门、企事业单位及相关研究分析人员提供参考。  相似文献   

National parks and other protected areas in North America in relation to those in Norway and Sweden     

F.E. Wielgolaski  Ph.D. ) 《Biological conservation》1971

In Scandinavia, national parks are mostly restricted to wilderness areas, usually without roads. Most of them are in the mountains and are visited by relatively few people. The problem of ecological balance in national parks in North America is discussed. While, for instance, forest fires have been avoided in the national parks of the United States since the first such park was founded in 1872, the new ecological park policy allows attempts at controlled fires and thinning of dense forest by logging. Success in experiments of this kind requires good knowledge of the ecological potential of the species and successional trends involved—knowledged found only in experienced ecologists. The need is stressed for a strong national park administration, with a high degree of influence of ecologists, in the Scandinavian countries—both to avoid unbalanced use of the parks in the future, and to restrict nature-disturbing activities to areas of lesser interest for purpose of conservation.  相似文献   

A variable edge effect on trees of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, and its bearing on measurement parameters     

William Olupot 《Biological conservation》2009,142(4):789-797

With tropical forests under increased pressure from fragmentation and nascent effects of climate change, it is imperative to reliably predict change for timely reduction of impacts. This depends on measuring the right variables and analyzing them in ways that best detect change. I compared the usefulness of density, species richness, species diversity, and size in detecting edge penetration; and other parameters in revealing edge effect on tree species in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda. Trees were sampled in 104 1 km edge-interior transects set around the entire park. Density and species richness were better indicators of edge-width than girth size and diversity measurements, both showing edge penetration as most intense within 300 m, although effect was detectable up to 900-1000 m. This estimate compared closely with an earlier estimate of 300-350 m obtained using incidences of resource harvest. Among other measures, measures of tree species abundance and frequency showed significant response to the edge by both early succession and primary forest species; while analyses of density showed edge response primarily by forest interior species. Parameters of tree size and their derivatives showed edge response by the lowest number of species. These results suggest that to measure edge effects reliably, it is important to select the right parameters.  相似文献   

A gamma-shaped detection function for line-transect surveys with mark-recapture and covariate data     

E. F. Becker  P. X. Quang 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2009,14(2):207-223

We have developed a procedure for estimating animal population size from aerial survey data collected simultaneously by two observers on the same sighting platform. We used a line transect sample design where transects follow elevation contours in mountainous terrain. Because our 10 data sets from aerial line transect surveys, conducted over a terrestrial environment, consistently show unimodal detection shapes, we chose a gamma-shaped detection function that is unimodal and admits covariates. We fit models separately to data from each observer, and then used all of the data to estimate the probabilities at the apex of the detection curves. We used a Horvitz-Thompson estimator to estimate the population size. We illustrate our procedure on a recently collected brown bear data set.  相似文献   

Mosses as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in polish national parks     

Krystyna Grodzińvska 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1978,9(1):83-97

The concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Ph, Zn, Mn, Fe) and other elements (Mg, Na, K, Ca) were determined in the samples of Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens from 12 Polish national parks. The significant differences in the concentrations of all heavy metals between particular parks were found. The lowest concentrations of these metals were recorded in the mosses from the national parks in northern Poland, the highest in southern Poland. Significant differences in the heavy metals contents of the mosses between central and peripheral park areas, between green and brown parts of mosses, as well as between moss species were also found.  相似文献   

河北沧州国家农业科技园区发展模式探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孙宏勇  刘小京  巨兆强  郭凯  董博飞 《中国生态农业学报》2016,24(8):1145-1150

我国国家农业科技园区从2001年开始建设以来,取得了长足的发展。经过10多年的发展,许多国家农业科技园区成为了区域农业科技创新基地、区域农业新品种新技术新模式的示范基地和先进农业成果的转化基地,为区域粮食增产、农业增效和农民增收作出了重要贡献。但是,不同国家农业科技园区因建设背景、基础条件和发展方向的差异,其存在不同的发展模式,而不同的发展模式均面临一些问题。本文在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,通过分析现有国家农业科技园区的不同发展模式及其存在的问题,结合河北沧州国家农业科技园区总体规划,从建设背景、规划思路、建设目标、功能定位、产业发展分析和功能分区及可实施的发展模式等方面阐述了河北沧州国家农业科技园区的规划思路和发展模式。河北沧州国家农业科技园区的发展模式从组织发展模式、技术运行发展模式和空间布局模式3个方面进行,是以政府引导、协会组织参与和企业(农户)为主体的组织发展模式,以专业合作社、家庭农场和科技示范户为主体的3级并行的技术运行发展模式和以圈层布局模式的核心区、示范区和辐射区的空间布局模式。该园区的组织发展以政府为主导、协会和企业参与成立园区管委会,制定相应的政策,负责园区统一规划、建设和经营。在技术运行方面,通过科技创新园研发和引进先进技术成果然后通过技术站、基地站和科技特派员对专业合作社、家庭农场、科技示范户等不同经营主体进行技术培训和示范推广。最后建立以南皮渤海粮仓试验示范区为核心区,整个沧州市为示范区,环渤海河北、山东、辽宁和天津"三省一市"的辐射区空间布局。  相似文献   

Long-term trends in lobster populations in a partially protected vs. no-take Marine Park     

Nick T. Shears  Roger V. Grace 《Biological conservation》2006,132(2):222-231

Increasing the level of protection afforded to the marine environment requires assessment of the efficacy of existing marine protected areas (MPAs) in protecting exploited species. Long-term data from before and after the establishment of MPAs provide a rare but valuable opportunity to assess these effects. In this study we present long-term data (1977-2005) from before and after park establishment, on the abundance of spiny lobster Jasus edwardsii from fixed sites in a no-take marine park and a recreationally fished marine park, to assess the efficacy of no-take vs. partial protection. Lobster densities were comparable between both marine parks prior to park establishment, but the response of lobster populations differed markedly following protection. On average, legal-sized lobster were eleven times more abundant and biomass 25 times higher in the no-take marine park following park establishment, while in the partially protected marine park there has been no significant change in lobster numbers. Furthermore, no difference was found in densities of legal-sized lobster between the partially protected marine park and nearby fully-fished sites (<1 per 500 m²). Long-term data from fully fished and partially protected sites suggest long-term declines in lobster populations and reflect regional patterns in catch per unit effort estimates for the fishery. The long-term patterns presented provide an unequivocal example of the recovery of lobster populations in no-take MPAs, but clearly demonstrate that allowing recreational fishing in MPAs has little benefit to populations of exploited species such as J. edwardsii.  相似文献   

Automated analysis of 15N and 14C in biological samples     

《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):935-947

Abstract

An automated method for the simultaneous analysis of total N, total C, ¹⁵N and ¹⁴C in small plant and soil samples is described. A commercial C‐N analyser ‐ continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometer (ANCA‐MS) has been extended to also measure CO₂ and collect ¹⁴CO₂ produced by sample combustion. Samples containing 20 ‐ 200 μg N and up to 5 mg C can be analysed directly with no sample preparation other than drying and fine grinding. The precision of total elemental analysis is comparable to that by conventional methods. The average standard deviation of ¹⁵N analyses of plant material at natural abundance was ±1 ‰. This is accurate enough for all ¹⁵N studies except those using natural abundance and possibly long term studies of soil organic matter. Recovery of ¹⁴C in test samples was 100%. The instrument can be operated by graduate students under supervision and operating costs are primarily for sample cups, combustion catalyst and quartz tubes.  相似文献   

Human activities modify soil properties in urban parks: a case study of Tel Aviv-Jaffa     

Pariente Sarah  Helena M. Zhevelev  Atar Oz 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2016,16(11):2538-2547

  相似文献   

The effects of frozen storage conditions on lycopene stability in watermelon tissue     

Fish WW  Davis AR 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(12):3582-3585

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the rate of deterioration of lycopene in watermelon tissue during frozen storage, because little is known about the stability of watermelon tissue lycopene under cold storage conditions. Heart tissue from each of nine individual watermelons was stored at -20 or -80 degrees C as either small chunks or puree and periodically sampled over a year's time. Initial freeze-thaw experiments indicated that a small percentage of lycopene, approximately 4-6%, degraded during an initial freeze-thaw. Analyses of the samples showed a loss of approximately 30-40% lycopene over a year's storage at -20 degrees C and a loss of approximately 5-10% over the same period at -80 degrees C. Lycopene was slightly more stable in pureed compared with diced watermelon tissue at -20 degrees C, but not at -80 degrees C. The kinetic data were best fitted by application of two simultaneous, first-order decay processes. HPLC analysis of the samples after a year's storage suggested that beta-carotene was more stable during storage at -20 degrees C than was lycopene.  相似文献