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1.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the cyclooxygenases (COX) inhibition, adverse effects and analgesic efficacy of dipyrone or meloxicam in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.Study designProspective, blinded, randomized, clinical study.AnimalsA total of 30 healthy young cats.MethodsThe cats were randomly assigned to three postoperative groups: D25 (dipyrone 25 mg kg?1 every 24 hours), D12.5 (dipyrone 12.5 mg kg?1 every 12 hours) and M (meloxicam 0.1 mg kg?1 every 24 hours). In the first 24 hours, the drugs were administered intravenously (IV), and then orally for 6 (dipyrone) or 3 days (meloxicam). Prostanoids thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin E2 concentrations served as indicators of COX activity and, with physiological variables and pain and sedation scores, were measured for 24 hours after first analgesic administration. Rescue analgesia (tramadol, 2 mg kg?1 IV) was provided if Glasgow feline composite measure pain scale (CMPS-Feline) ≥5. Laboratory tests included symmetric dimethylarginine and adverse effects were evaluated regularly up to 7 and 10 days after surgery, respectively. Parametric and nonparametric data were analyzed with two-way anova and Kruskal-Wallis tests, respectively (p < 0.05).ResultsIn the first half hour after analgesic administration, COX-1 activity was close to zero and remained significantly lower than before drug administration for 24 hours in all groups. The inhibition of COX-2 activity was significant for 30 minutes in all groups and up to 4 hours in group M. No alterations in laboratory tests or significant adverse effects were observed. Pain scores and need for rescue analgesia did not differ statistically among groups.ConclusionsDipyrone at both doses and meloxicam provided a nonselective inhibition of COX-1 and -2 activities and effective analgesia without causing significant adverse effects or laboratory tests alterations.Clinical relevanceDipyrone at both doses provides equally effective analgesia without causing adverse effects in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.  相似文献   

2.
ObjectiveTo describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamic variables of codeine and its metabolites in Thoroughbred horses following a single oral administration.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsA total of 12 Thoroughbred horses, nine geldings and three mares, aged 4–8 years.MethodsHorses were administered codeine (0.6 mg kg–1) orally and blood was collected before administration and at various times until 120 hours post administration. Plasma and urine samples were collected and analyzed for codeine and its metabolites by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, and plasma pharmacokinetics were determined. Heart rate and rhythm, step counts, packed cell volume and total plasma protein were measured before and 4 hours after administration.ResultsCodeine was rapidly converted to the metabolites norcodeine, codeine-6-glucuronide (C6G), morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). Plasma codeine concentrations were best represented using a two-compartment model. The Cmax, tmax and elimination t½ were 270.7 ± 136.0 ng mL–1, 0.438 ± 0.156 hours and 2.00 ± 0.534 hours, respectively. M3G was the main metabolite detected (Cmax 492.7 ± 35.5 ng mL–1), followed by C6G (Cmax 96.1 ± 33.8 ng mL–1) and M6G (Cmax 22.3 ± 4.96 ng mL–1). Morphine and norcodeine were the least abundant metabolites with Cmax of 3.17 ± 0.95 and 1.42 ± 0.79 ng mL–1, respectively. No significant adverse or excitatory effects were observed.Conclusions and clinical relevanceFollowing oral administration, codeine is rapidly metabolized to morphine, M3G, M6G, C6G and norcodeine in horses. Plasma concentrations of M6G, a presumed active metabolite of morphine, were comparable to concentrations reported previously following administration of an analgesic dose of morphine to horses. Codeine was well tolerated based on pharmacodynamic variables and behavioral observations.  相似文献   

3.
ObjectiveTo compare the effects of meloxicam or carprofen on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and to evaluate the effect of meloxicam on urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity, of cats after dental surgery.Study designRandomized, blinded, controlled trial.AnimalsA total of 24 mixed breed cats.MethodsCats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 8 per group): meloxicam (0.2 mg kg–1); carprofen (4 mg kg–1); or saline (2 mL). Acepromazine (0.04 mg kg–1) and buprenorphine (0.02 mg kg–1) were administered intramuscularly as preanaesthetic medication. Test drugs were injected subcutaneously at the time of preanaesthetic medication. Anaesthesia was induced with intravenous propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (fR), heart rate (HR) and haemoglobin oxygen saturation values (SpO2) were recorded. All cats underwent ultrasonic dental scaling with polishing. Teeth extraction involved mucosal flap creation, removal of alveolar bone and flap closure. Plasma iohexol clearance (ICL), a measure of GFR, was estimated before and 24 hours after anaesthesia induction in all cats. Urinary NAG index was estimated in saline and meloxicam groups at the same time points as GFR. Between-group and -time point differences in GFR and NAG index were compared using mixed model analyses. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (p < 0.05).ResultsThere was no significant difference in plasma ICL rate (range: from 1.22 ± 0.05 to 1.27 ± 0.04 mL kg minute–1) between groups or between time points. Urinary NAG index (range: from 1.0 ± 0.19 to 1.36 ± 0.29 Units gram–1) was not significantly different between meloxicam and saline groups. MAP, HR, fR and SpO2 did not differ significantly between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMeloxicam and carprofen appeared to produce nonsignificant effects on GFR, and meloxicam did not affect the urinary NAG activity, of cats after dental surgery.  相似文献   

4.
ObjectiveTo compare the postoperative analgesic effects of intravenous (IV) lidocaine, meloxicam, and their combination in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.Study designProspective, randomized, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty‐seven dogs aged (mean ± SD) 16.1 ± 7.5 months and weighing 22.4 ± 17.9 kg scheduled for ovariohysterectomy.MethodsAnaesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane. Dogs (n = 9 in each group) were allocated to receive just prior to and during surgery one of the following regimens: M group, 0.2 mg kg?1 IV meloxicam then a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of lactated Ringer's at 10 mL kg?1 hour?1; L group, a bolus of lidocaine (1 mg kg?1 IV) then a CRI of lidocaine at 0.025 mg kg?1 minute?1; and M + L group, both the above meloxicam and lidocaine treatments. Pain and sedation were scored, and venous samples taken for serum cortisol and glucose measurement before and at intervals for 12 hours after anaesthesia. Pain scores were assessed using a multi‐parameter subjective scoring scale (cumulative scale 0–21) by three observers. The protocol stated that dogs with a total score exceeding 9 or a sub‐score above 3 in any one category would receive rescue analgesia. Sedation was scored on a scale of 0–4.ResultsThere were no significant differences in subjective pain scores, serum cortisol, and glucose concentrations between the three groups. The highest pain score at any time was 5, and no dog required rescue analgesia. None of the three regimens caused any observable side effects during or after anaesthesia. At 1 and 2 hours after extubation dogs in group L were significantly more sedated than in the other two groups.Conclusions and Clinical relevanceThis study suggests that, with the scoring system used, IV lidocaine and meloxicam provide similar and adequate post‐operative analgesia in healthy dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.  相似文献   

5.
ObjectiveTo compare, versus a control, the sensory, sympathetic and motor blockade of lidocaine 1% and 2% administered epidurally in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy.Study designRandomized, blinded, controlled clinical trial.AnimalsA total of 24 mixed-breed intact female dogs.MethodsAll dogs were administered dexmedetomidine, tramadol and meloxicam prior to general anesthesia with midazolam–propofol and isoflurane. Animals were randomly assigned for an epidural injection of lidocaine 1% (0.4 mL kg−1; group L1), lidocaine 2% (0.4 mL kg−1; group L2) or no injection (group CONTROL). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pe′CO2), and invasive systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were recorded every 5 minutes. Increases in physiological variables were treated with fentanyl (3 μg kg−1) intravenously (IV). Phenylephrine (1 μg kg−1) was administered IV when MAP was <60 mmHg. Postoperative pain [Glasgow Composite Pain Score – Short Form (GCPS–SF)] and return of normal ambulation were recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hours after extubation.ResultsThere were no differences over time or among groups for HR, fR, Pe′CO2 and SAP. MAP and DAP were lower in epidural groups than in CONTROL (p = 0.0146 and 0.0047, respectively). There was no difference in the use of phenylephrine boluses. More fentanyl was administered in CONTROL than in L1 and L2 (p = 0.011). GCPS–SF was lower for L2 than for CONTROL, and lower in L1 than in both other groups (p = 0.001). Time to ambulation was 2 (1–2) hours in L1 and 3 (2–4) hours in L2 (p = 0.004).Conclusions and clinical relevanceEpidural administration of lidocaine (0.4 mL kg−1) reduced fentanyl requirements and lowered MAP and DAP. Time to ambulation decreased and postoperative pain scores were improved by use of 1% lidocaine compared with 2% lidocaine.  相似文献   

6.
ObjectiveThe objective was to examine the effects of inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP) on the pharmacokinetics of oral methadone in dogs.Study designProspective non-randomized experimental trial.AnimalsSix healthy Greyhounds (three male and three female).MethodsThe study was divided into two phases. Oral methadone (mean = 2.1 mg kg?1 PO) was administered as whole tablets in Phase 1. In Phase 2 oral methadone (2.1 mg kg?1 PO) was administered concurrently with ketoconazole (13.0 mg kg?1 PO q 24 hours), chloramphenicol (48.7 mg kg?1 PO q 12 hours), fluoxetine (1.3 mg kg?1 PO q 24 hours), and trimethoprim (6.5 mg kg?1 PO q 24 hours). Blood was obtained for analysis of methadone plasma concentrations by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (Tmax), and the area under the curve from time 0 to the last measurable time point above the limit of quantification of the analytical assay (AUC0–LAST) were compared statistically.ResultsThe Cmax of methadone was significantly different (p = 0.016) for Phase 1 (5.5 ng mL?1) and Phase 2 (171.9 ng mL?1). The AUC0–LAST was also significantly different (p = 0.004) for Phase 1 (13.1 hour ng mL?1) and Phase 2 (3075.2 hour ng mL?1).Conclusion and clinical relevanceConcurrent administration of CYP inhibitors with methadone significantly increased the area under the curve and plasma concentrations of methadone after oral administration to dogs. Further studies are needed assessing more clinically relevant combinations of methadone and CYP inhibitors.  相似文献   

7.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline after intravenous (IV) and oral amitriptyline administration in healthy dogs.Study designProspective randomized experiment.AnimalsFive healthy Greyhound dogs (three males and two females) aged 2–4 years and weighing 32.5–39.7 kg.MethodsAfter jugular vein catheterization, dogs were administered a single oral or IV dose of amitriptyline (4 mg kg−1). Blood samples were collected at predetermined time points from baseline (0 hours) to 32 hours after administration and plasma concentrations of amitriptyline and nortriptyline were measured by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed.ResultsOrally administered amitriptyline was well tolerated, but adverse effects were noted after IV administration. The mean maximum plasma concentration (CMAX) of amitriptyline was 27.4 ng mL−1 at 1 hour and its mean terminal half-life was 4.33 hours following oral amitriptyline. Bioavailability of oral amitriptyline was 6%. The mean CMAX of nortriptyline was 14.4 ng mL−1 at 2.05 hours and its mean terminal half-life was 6.20 hours following oral amitriptyline.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAmitriptyline at 4 mg kg−1 administered orally produced low amitriptyline and nortriptyline plasma concentrations. This brings into question whether the currently recommended oral dose of amitriptyline (1–4 mg kg−1) is appropriate in dogs.  相似文献   

8.
ObjectiveTo investigate effects of vatinoxan in dogs, when administered as intravenous (IV) premedication with medetomidine and butorphanol before anaesthesia for surgical castration.Study designA randomized, controlled, blinded, clinical trial.AnimalsA total of 28 client-owned dogs.MethodsDogs were premedicated with medetomidine (0.125 mg m?2) and butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) (group MB; n = 14), or medetomidine (0.25 mg m?2), butorphanol (0.2 mg kg?1) and vatinoxan (5 mg m?2) (group MB-VATI; n = 14). Anaesthesia was induced 15 minutes later with propofol and maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen (targeting 1.3%). Before surgical incision, lidocaine (2 mg kg?1) was injected intratesticularly. At the end of the procedure, meloxicam (0.2 mg kg?1) was administered IV. The level of sedation, the qualities of induction, intubation and recovery, and Glasgow Composite Pain Scale short form (GCPS-SF) were assessed. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane (Fe′Sevo) and carbon dioxide (Pe′CO2) were recorded. Blood samples were collected at 10 and 30 minutes after premedication for plasma medetomidine and butorphanol concentrations.ResultsAt the beginning of surgery, HR was 61 ± 16 and 93 ± 23 beats minute?1 (p = 0.001), and MAP was 78 ± 7 and 56 ± 7 mmHg (p = 0.001) in MB and MB-VATI groups, respectively. No differences were detected in fR, Pe′CO2, Fe′Sevo, the level of sedation, the qualities of induction, intubation and recovery, or in GCPS-SF. Plasma medetomidine concentrations were higher in group MB-VATI than in MB at 10 minutes (p = 0.002) and 30 minutes (p = 0.0001). Plasma butorphanol concentrations were not different between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn group MB, HR was significantly lower than in group MB-VATI. Hypotension detected in group MB-VATI during sevoflurane anaesthesia was clinically the most significant difference between groups.  相似文献   

9.
ObjectiveTo investigate the epidural administration of combinations of ropivacaine, morphine and xylazine in bitches undergoing unilateral mastectomy.Study designProspective, randomized, blinded, clinical study.AnimalsA total of 22 bitches scheduled to undergo unilateral mastectomy for mammary tumor excision.MethodsDogs were anesthetized with acepromazine (0.02 mg kg–1) and morphine (0.3 mg kg–1) intramuscularly, propofol intravenously (IV) and isoflurane. Prior to the beginning of surgery, dogs were randomly administered one of three epidural treatments: ropivacaine (0.75 mg kg–1) with morphine (0.1 mg kg–1) (group RM, n = 7); ropivacaine with xylazine (0.1 mg kg–1) (group RX, n = 8); or ropivacaine with morphine and xylazine (group RMX, n = 7). Cardiopulmonary variables and the expired concentration of isoflurane (Fe′Iso) were recorded intraoperatively. Meloxicam (0.1 mg kg–1) was administered IV during skin closure. Postoperative pain scores were evaluated with the Glasgow composite measure pain scale short form for 24 hours, and rescue analgesia with morphine (0.5 mg kg–1) was administered intramuscularly when pain scores were ≥ 6/24.ResultsFe′Iso was significantly higher in group RM than in groups RX and RMX. Heart rate decreased significantly in groups RX and RMX, but blood pressure remained within acceptable values. The number of dogs administered rescue analgesia within 24 hours was significantly higher in group RX (seven dogs, 87.5%) than in groups RM (one dog, 14.3%; p = 0.01) and RMX (two dogs, 28.6%; p = 0.04). Time to standing was significantly longer in group RX than in group RM.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAll epidural treatments provided adequate antinociception with minimal cardiovascular adverse effects during mastectomy. The inclusion of morphine (groups RM and RMX) provided the best postoperative analgesia. Owing to the undesirable effect of xylazine on ambulation, the combination ropivacaine–morphine appeared to provide greater benefits in bitches undergoing unilateral mastectomy.  相似文献   

10.
ObjectiveTo assess the pharmacokinetics of hydromorphone administered intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC) to dogs.Study designRandomized experimental trial.AnimalsSeven healthy male neutered Beagles aged 12.13 ± 1.2 months and weighing 11.72 ± 1.10 kg.MethodsThe study was a randomized Latin square block design. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive hydromorphone hydrochloride 0.1 mg kg−1 or 0.5 mg kg−1 IV (n = 4 dogs) or 0.1 mg kg−1 (n = 6) or 0.5 mg kg−1 (n = 5) SC on separate occasions with a minimum 14-day washout between experiments. Blood was sampled via a vascular access port at serial intervals after drug administration. Serum was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined with computer software.ResultsSerum concentrations of hydromorphone decreased quickly after both routes of administration of either dose. The serum half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution after IV hydromorphone at 0.1 mg kg−1 were 0.57 hours (geometric mean), 106.28 mL minute−1 kg−1, and 5.35 L kg−1, and at 0.5 mg kg−1 were 1.00 hour, 60.30 mL minute−1 kg−1, and 5.23 L kg−1, respectively. The serum half-life after SC hydromorphone at 0.1 mg kg−1 and 0.5 mg kg−1 was 0.66 hours and 1.11 hours, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceHydromorphone has a short half-life, suggesting that frequent dosing intervals are needed. Based on pharmacokinetic parameters calculated in this study, 0.1 mg kg−1 IV or SC q 2 hours or a constant rate infusion of hydromorphone at 0.03 mg kg−1 hour−1 are suggested for future studies to assess the analgesic effect of hydromorphone.  相似文献   

11.
ObjectiveTo compare the sedative and clinical effects of intravenous (IV) administration of dexmedetomidine and xylazine in dromedary calves.Study designExperimental, crossover, randomized, blinded study.AnimalsA total of seven healthy male dromedary calves aged 14 ± 2 weeks and weighing 95 ± 5.5 kg.MethodsCalves were assigned three IV treatments: treatment XYL, xylazine (0.2 mg kg−1); treatment DEX, dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1); and control treatment, normal saline (0.01 mL kg−1). Sedation scores, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), rectal temperature (RT) and ruminal motility were recorded before (baseline) and after drug administration. Sedation signs were scored using a 4-point scale. One-way anova and Mann–Whitney U tests were used for data analysis.ResultsCalves in treatments XYL and DEX were sedated at 5–60 minutes. Sedation had waned in XYL calves, but not DEX calves, at 60 minutes (p = 0.037). Sedation was not present in calves of any treatment at 90 minutes. HR decreased from baseline in XYL and DEX at 5–90 minutes after drug administration and was lower in DEX than XYL at 5 minutes (p = 0.017). HR was lower in DEX (p = 0.001) and XYL (p = 0.013) than in control treatment at 90 minutes. fR decreased from baseline in XYL and DEX at 5–60 minutes after drug administration and was lower in DEX than XYL at 5 minutes (p = 0.013). RT was unchanged in any treatment over 120 minutes. Ruminal motility was decreased in XYL at 5, 90 and 120 minutes and absent at 10–60 minutes. Motility was decreased in DEX at 5, 10 and 120 minutes and was absent at 15–90 minutes.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe duration of sedation from dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg–1) and xylazine (0.2 mg kg–1) was similar in dromedary calves.  相似文献   

12.
ObjectiveTo determine effects of anti-inflammatory doses of COX-2 selective NSAIDs carprofen, meloxicam, and deracoxib on platelet function in dogs and urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2.Study designRandomized, blocked, crossover design with a 14-day washout period.AnimalsHealthy intact female Walker Hounds aged 1–6 years and weighing 20.5–24.2 kg.MethodsDogs were given NSAIDs for 7 days at recommended doses: carprofen (2.2 mg kg?1, PO, every 12 hours), carprofen (4.4 mg kg?1, PO, every 24 hours), meloxicam (0.2 mg kg?1, PO, on the 1st day then 0.1 mg kg?1, PO, every 24 hours), and deracoxib (2 mg kg?1, PO, every 24 hours). Collagen/epinephrine and collagen/ADP PFA-100 cartridges were used to evaluate platelet function before and during and every other day after administration of each drug. Urine 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 was also measured before and during administration of each drug.ResultsAll NSAIDs significantly prolonged PFA-100 closure times when measured with collagen/epinephrine cartridges, but not with collagen/ADP cartridges. The average duration from drug cessation until return of closure times (collagen/epinephrine cartridges) to baseline values was 11.6, 10.6, 11 and 10.6 days for carprofen (2.2 mg kg?1 every 12 hours), carprofen (4.4 mg kg?1 every 24 hours), meloxicam and deracoxib, respectively.Conclusions and clinical relevanceOral administration of some COX-2 selective NSAIDs causes detectable alterations in platelet function in dogs. As in humans, PFA-100 collagen/ADP cartridges do not reliably detect COX-mediated platelet dysfunction in dogs. Individual assessment of platelet function is advised when administering these drugs prior to surgery, particularly in the presence of other risk factors for bleeding.  相似文献   

13.
ObjectiveTo evaluate selected effects of midazolam or lidocaine administered prior to etomidate for co-induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs.Study designProspective crossover experimental study.AnimalsA group of 12 healthy adult female Beagle dogs.MethodsDogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) butorphanol (0.3 mg kg–1), and anesthesia was induced with etomidate following midazolam (0.3 mg kg–1), lidocaine (2 mg kg–1) or physiologic saline (1 mL) IV. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate (fR) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded following butorphanol, after co-induction administration, after etomidate administration and immediately following intubation. Baseline IOP values were also obtained prior to sedation. Etomidate dose requirements and the presence of myoclonus, as well as coughing or gagging during intubation were recorded. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured prior to premedication and 6 hours following etomidate administration.ResultsBlood pressure, fR and IOP were similar among treatments. Blood pressure decreased in all treatments following etomidate administration and generally returned to sedated values following intubation. HR increased following intubation with midazolam and lidocaine but remained stable in the saline treatment. The dose of etomidate (median, interquartile range, range) required for intubation was lower following midazolam (2.2, 2.1–2.6, 1.7–4.1 mg kg−1) compared with lidocaine (2.7, 2.4–3.6, 2.2–5.1 mg kg−1, p = 0.012) or saline (3.0, 2.8–3.8, 1.9–5.1 mg kg−1, p = 0.015). Coughing or gagging was less frequent with midazolam compared with saline. Myoclonus was not observed. Changes in serum cortisol concentrations were not different among treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMidazolam administration reduced etomidate dose requirements and improved intubation conditions compared with lidocaine or saline treatments. Neither co-induction agent caused clinically relevant differences in measured cardiopulmonary function, IOP or cortisol concentrations compared with saline in healthy dogs. Apnea was noted in all treatments following the induction of anesthesia and preoxygenation is recommended.  相似文献   

14.
ObjectiveTo compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hydromorphone in horses after intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) administration.Study designRandomized, masked, crossover design.AnimalsA total of six adult horses weighing [mean ± standard deviation (SD))] 447 ± 61 kg.MethodsHorses were administered three treatments with a 7 day washout. Treatments were hydromorphone 0.04 mg kg⁻1 IV with saline administered IM (H-IV), hydromorphone 0.04 mg kg⁻1 IM with saline IV (H-IM), or saline IV and IM (P). Blood was collected for hydromorphone plasma concentration at multiple time points for 24 hours after treatments. Pharmacodynamic data were collected for 24 hours after treatments. Variables included thermal nociceptive threshold, heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR), rectal temperature, and fecal weight. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects linear models. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsThe mean ± SD hydromorphone terminal half-life (t1/2), clearance and volume of distribution of H-IV were 19 ± 8 minutes, 79 ± 12.9 mL minute⁻1 kg⁻1 and 1125 ± 309 mL kg⁻1. The t1/2 was 26.7 ± 9.25 minutes for H-IM. Area under the curve was 518 ± 87.5 and 1128 ± 810 minute ng mL⁻1 for H-IV and H-IM, respectively. The IM bioavailability was 217%. The overall thermal thresholds for both H-IV and H-IM were significantly greater than P (p < 0.0001 for both) and baseline (p = 0.006). There was no difference in thermal threshold between H-IV and H-IM. No difference was found in physical examination variables among groups or in comparison to baseline. Fecal weight was significantly less than P for H-IV and H-IM (p = 0.02).Conclusions and clinical relevanceIM hydromorphone has high bioavailability and provides a similar degree of antinociception to IV administration.IM hydromorphone in horses provides a similar degree and duration of antinociception to IV administration.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical efficacy of four analgesia protocols in dogs undergoing tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA).Study designProspective, randomized, blinded study.AnimalsThirty-two client owned dogs undergoing TTA-surgery.MethodsDogs (n= 8 per treatment) received an oral placebo (PM and PRM) or tepoxalin (10 mg kg?1) tablet (TM and TRM) once daily for 1 week before surgery. Epidural methadone (0.1 mg kg?1) (PM and TM) or the epidural combination methadone (0.1 mg kg?1)/ropivacaine 0.75% (1.65 mg kg?1) (PRM and TRM) was administered after induction of anaesthesia. Intra-operative fentanyl requirements (2 μg kg?1 IV) and end-tidal isoflurane concentration after 60 minutes of anaesthesia (Fe′ISO60) were recorded. Post-operative analgesia was evaluated hourly from 1 to 8 and at 20 hours post-extubation with a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS). If VAS > 50 and/or UMPS > 10, rescue methadone (0.1 mg kg?1) was administered IV. Analgesic duration (time from epidural until post-operative rescue analgesia) and time to standing were recorded. Normally distributed variables were analysed with an F-test (α = 0.05) or t-test for pairwise inter-treatment comparisons (Bonferonni adjusted α = 0.0083). Non-normally distributed data were analysed with the Kruskall–Wallis test (α = 0.05 or Bonferonni adjusted α = 0.005 for inter-treatment comparison of post-operative pain scores).ResultsMore intra-operative analgesia interventions were required in PM [2 (0–11)] [median (range)] and TM [2 (1–2)] compared to PRM (0) and TRM (0). Fe′ISO60 was significantly lower in (PRM + TRM) compared to (PM + TM). Analgesic duration was shorter in PM (459 ± 276 minutes) (mean ± SD) and TM (318 ± 152 minutes) compared to TRM (853 ± 288 minutes), but not to PRM (554 ± 234 minutes). Times to standing were longer in the ropivacaine treatments compared to TM.Conclusions and clinical relevanceInclusion of epidural ropivacaine resulted in reduction of Fe′ISO60, avoidance of intra-operative fentanyl administration, a longer duration of post-operative analgesia (in TRM) and a delay in time to standing compared to TM.  相似文献   

16.
ObjectiveTo determine the effects of age, sevoflurane and isoflurane on atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade in 3–16 week-old lambs.Study designProspective randomized experimental trial.AnimalsTwenty-six Scottish blackface ewe-lambs were anaesthetized for spinal surgery when either 3–6 (mean age 4.6 weeks; n = 18) or 12–16 weeks (mean age 13.7 weeks; n = 15) of age; seven animals were anaesthetized at both ages.MethodsAfter intramuscular injection of medetomidine (10 μg kg?1) anaesthesia was induced in the younger lambs either with isoflurane or sevoflurane in oxygen delivered by mask, and in the older lambs with ketamine (4 mg kg?1), and midazolam (0.2 mg kg?1) administered intravenously (IV). In both groups anaesthesia was maintained with fixed end-tidal concentrations of either sevoflurane (2.8%) or isoflurane (1.8%) delivered in oxygen. Before surgery meloxicam (0.6 mg kg?1), morphine (0.5 mg kg?1) and ketamine (1 mg kg?1 followed by 10 μg kg?1 minute?1) were administered IV. The lungs were ventilated mechanically to maintain normocapnia. Neuromuscular block was achieved with a loading dose (LD) of atracurium (0.5 mg kg?1 IV). The peroneal nerve was stimulated (train-of-four every 12 seconds). Evoked responses in the digital extensor muscles were evaluated by palpation and observation. Maintenance doses (MD) of atracurium (0.17 mg kg?1 IV) were administered when the first twitch (T1) returned. The onset and duration of LD action (T1 absent) and the duration of MD were recorded. Data were analysed using Student's t test, Mann–Whitney U test, repeated–measures anova, Wilcoxon's matched pairs test or Pearson correlation coefficient as relevant (p < 0.05).ResultsOnset of LD action developed significantly (p < 0.05) more rapidly in isoflurane compared with sevoflurane-anaesthetized lambs (55 ± 18 cf. 80 ± 37 seconds). Duration of action of LDs and MDs was longer (p < 0.05) in lambs aged 12–16 than 3–6 weeks (33 ± 5.4 cf. 25 ± 6.4 and 26 ± 4.2 cf. 18 ± 5.5 minutes) but were independent of the anaesthetic used.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe effect of atracurium is age-dependent in lambs being prolonged in older animals. The onset of neuromuscular blockade is more rapid in isoflurane compared with sevoflurane-anaesthetized lambs.  相似文献   

17.

Background

Overwintering (breeding) reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are commonly treated with ivermectin against parasitic infestations once yearly in autumn-winter roundups. The only preparations registered to reindeer are those for subcutaneous injection. However, also oral extra-label ivermectin administration is used. Twenty-six, 8-month-old reindeer calves were randomly allocated into three groups. Group 1 (n = 9) received oral ivermectin mixture (Ivomec® vet mixt. 0.8 mg/ml, oral ovine liquid drench formulation), Group 2 (n = 9) oral ivermectin paste (Ivomec® vet 18.7 mg/g equine paste), and Group 3 (n = 8) subcutaneous injection of ivermectin (Ivomec® 10 mg/ml vet inj.), each group at a dose of 200 μg/kg body weight. Blood samples were collected at treatment and at days 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 16 post treatment. Plasma concentrations of ivermectin were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection.

Results

The peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was reached by 2 days after each treatment. The Cmax and Area Under Curve (AUC) differed significantly between the groups: Cmax was 30.2 ± 3.9, 14.9 ± 5.7 and 63.1 ± 13.1 ng/ml, and AUC∞ was 2881 ± 462, 1299 ± 342 and 6718 ± 1620 ng*h/ml for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (mean ± standard deviation).

Conclusions

The differences in plasma concentrations of ivermectin are concomitant with earlier observed differences in antiparasitic efficacy, which discounts the use of the equine paste in reindeer in favour of the oral ovine liquid drench formulation, or preferably, the reindeer-registered subcutaneous injection formulation.  相似文献   

18.
ObjectiveTo compare the isoflurane-sparing effects of sufentanil–lidocaine–ketamine (SLK) and fentanyl–lidocaine–ketamine (FLK) infusions in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy (TECA–LBO).Study designRandomized blinded clinical study.AnimalsA group of 20 client-owned dogs undergoing TECA–LBO.MethodsIntravenous (IV) administration of lidocaine (3 mg kg–1) and ketamine (0.6 mg kg–1) with fentanyl (5.4 μg kg–1; n = 10; FLK group) or sufentanil (0.72 μg kg–1; n = 10; SLK group) was immediately followed by the corresponding constant rate infusion (CRI) (lidocaine 3 mg kg–1 hour–1; ketamine 0.6 mg kg–1 hour–1; either fentanyl 5.4 μg kg–1 hour–1 or sufentanil 0.72 μg kg–1 hour–1). Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 3–5 mg kg–1 IV and was maintained with isoflurane. End-tidal isoflurane concentration (Fe′Iso) was decreased in 0.2% steps every 15 minutes until spontaneous movements were observed (treated with propofol 1 mg kg–1 IV) or an increase of > 30% in heart rate or mean arterial pressure from baseline occurred (treated with rescue fentanyl or sufentanil). Quality of recovery and pain were assessed at extubation using the short-form Glasgow Composite Pain Scale (SF-GCPS), Colorado State University Canine Acute Pain scale (CSU-CAP), and visual analogue scale (VAS). Data were analysed with analysis of variance, t tests, Fisher test and Spearman coefficient (p < 0.05).ResultsFe′Iso decreased significantly in SLK group (45%; p = 0.0006) but not in FLK (15%; p = 0.1135) (p = 0.0136). SLK group had lower scores for recovery quality (p = 0.0204), SF-GCPS (p = 0.0071) and CSU-CAP (p = 0.0273) than FLK at extubation. Intraoperative rescue analgesia and VAS were not significantly different between groups.Conclusions and clinical relevanceCompared with FLK infusion, CRI of SLK at these doses decreased isoflurane requirements, decreased pain scores and improved recovery quality at extubation in dogs undergoing TECA–LBO.  相似文献   

19.
ObjectiveTo compare the effects of propofol and alfaxalone on respiration in cats.Study designRandomized, ‘blinded’, prospective clinical trial.AnimalsTwenty cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.MethodsAfter premedication with medetomidine 0.01 mg kg−1 intramuscularly and meloxicam 0.3 mg kg−1 subcutaneously, the cats were assigned randomly into two groups: group A (n = 10) were administered alfaxalone 5 mg kg−1 minute−1 followed by 10 mg kg−1 hour−1 intravenously (IV) and group P (n = 10) were administered propofol 6 mg kg−1 minute−1 followed by 12 mg kg−1hour−1 IV for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia, respectively. After endotracheal intubation, the tube was connected to a non-rebreathing system delivering 100% oxygen. The anaesthetic maintenance drug rate was adjusted (± 0.5 mg kg−1 hour−1) every 5 minutes according to a scoring sheet based on physiologic variables and clinical signs. If apnoea > 30 seconds, end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO2) > 7.3 kPa (55 mmHg) or arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) < 90% occurred, manual ventilation was provided. Methadone was administered postoperatively. Data were analyzed using independent-samples t-tests, Fisher's exact test, linear mixed-effects models and binomial test.ResultsManual ventilation was required in two and eight of the cats in group A and P, respectively (p = 0.02). Two cats in both groups showed apnoea. Pe′CO2 > 7.3 kPa was recorded in zero versus four and SpO2 < 90% in zero versus six cats in groups A and P respectively. Induction and maintenance dose rates (mean ± SD) were 11.6 ± 0.3 mg kg−1 and 10.7 ± 0.8 mg kg−1 hour−1 for alfaxalone and 11.7 ± 2.7 mg kg−1 and 12.4 ± 0.5 mg kg−1 hour−1 for propofol.Conclusion and clinical relevanceAlfaxalone had less adverse influence on respiration than propofol in cats premedicated with medetomidine. Alfaxalone might be better than propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia when artificial ventilation cannot be provided.  相似文献   

20.
ObjectiveTo test if the addition of butorphanol by constant rate infusion (CRI) to medetomidine–isoflurane anaesthesia reduced isoflurane requirements, and influenced cardiopulmonary function and/or recovery characteristics.Study designProspective blinded randomised clinical trial.Animals61 horses undergoing elective surgery.MethodsHorses were sedated with intravenous (IV) medetomidine (7 μg kg?1); anaesthesia was induced with IV ketamine (2.2 mg kg?1) and diazepam (0.02 mg kg?1) and maintained with isoflurane and a CRI of medetomidine (3.5 μg kg?1 hour?1). Group MB (n = 31) received butorphanol CRI (25 μg kg?1 IV bolus then 25 μg kg?1 hour?1); Group M (n = 30) an equal volume of saline. Artificial ventilation maintained end-tidal CO2 in the normal range. Horses received lactated Ringer’s solution 5 mL kg?1 hour?1, dobutamine <1.25 μg kg?1 minute?1 and colloids if required. Inspired and exhaled gases, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were monitored continuously; pH and arterial blood gases were measured every 30 minutes. Recovery was timed and scored. Data were analyzed using two way repeated measures anova, independent t-tests or Mann–Whitney Rank Sum test (p < 0.05).ResultsThere was no difference between groups with respect to anaesthesia duration, end-tidal isoflurane (MB: mean 1.06 ± SD 0.11, M: 1.05 ± 0.1%), MAP (MB: 88 ± 9, M: 87 ± 7 mmHg), heart rate (MB: 33 ± 6, M: 35 ± 8 beats minute?1), pH, PaO2 (MB: 19.2 ± 6.6, M: 18.2 ± 6.6 kPa) or PaCO2. Recovery times and quality did not differ between groups, but the time to extubation was significantly longer in group MB (26.9 ± 10.9 minutes) than in group M (20.4 ± 9.4 minutes).Conclusion and clinical relevanceButorphanol CRI at the dose used does not decrease isoflurane requirements in horses anaesthetised with medetomidine–isoflurane and has no influence on cardiopulmonary function or recovery.  相似文献   

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