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1.
深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合改良白浆土的效果 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
该研究通过设置心土混拌配施改土物料区和浅翻深松区进行小区对比试验,调查心土混拌配施不同改土物料对白浆土心土理化性质的改良效果,进而进一步拓宽白浆土心土改良途径。试验共设置浅翻深松区(CK);心土混合区(SML);秸秆+心土混合区(S+SML);秸秆+心土混合区+磷肥(S+SML+P),秸秆+心土混合区+石灰(S+SML+L);秸秆+心土混合区+石灰+磷肥(S+SML+L+P)6个处理。研究结果表明:1)与浅翻深松(CK)相比,深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合能够改善心土层土壤物理性质,20~40 cm土层土壤含水率提高幅度为2.11~6.11个百分点;硬度降低40%~50%,且没有出现峰值;提高土壤通透性,改善土壤三相比值,固相降低幅度为8.5~9.97个百分点,液相增加幅度为2.82~5.41个百分点,气相增加幅度为3.89~6.65个百分点,容重下降幅度为10.13%~17.09%。2)提高心土层养分含量,碱解氮提高82.75%~121.63%,有效磷提高190.91%~681.82%,特别是添加磷肥处理变化明显,是对照处理6.5~6.8倍,速效钾提高20.7%~40.74%。有机质提高157.14%~185.71%。缓解土壤酸性,加石灰处理p H值提高0.45~0.47个单位。提高土壤全量养分,全氮提高45.76%~52.54%,全磷提高108.14%~144.19%,全钾提高8.10%~26.34%。3)连续两年提高作物产量。与对照区相比,第1年大豆增产13.42%~24.46%,第2年玉米增产13.43%~19.17%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。研究结果认为,心土混合配施秸秆、石灰和磷肥是白浆土区比较理想的心土改良技术,可为白浆土及其同类低产土壤改良及作物增产提供技术支撑。 相似文献
2.
为了提高改土效率,打破白浆土障碍层次白浆层,改善贫瘠的心土层创造有利条件,该文设计了将白浆土"上翻20 cm,下混30 cm,同时间隔62 cm不混拌"的心土间隔混层犁。2016-2017年在黑龙江省八五四农场设置心土间隔混层区和浅翻深松区大区对比试验,研究改土作业后土壤理化性质、大豆产量及其农艺性状变化,明确改土机械作业效果与作物增产机理。结果表明:与浅翻深松相比,心土间隔处理改土2 a内:改善白浆土心土层土壤物理性质,提高土壤含水率,20～40 cm土层土壤含水率提高幅度为2.13～3.20个百分点;降低心土层土壤硬度,硬度值降低40%～50%,且在20～40cm心土层没有出现峰值,改善土壤三相比例,固相值降低5.06个百分点,液相值增加3.17个百分点,气相值增加1.89个百分点。改善心土层化学性质,20～40 cm土层碱解氮提高33.77%,有效磷提高39.25%,速效钾提高4.16%,有机质提高15.85%,同时提高心土层全量养分含量,降低土壤pH值,但效果不明显。连续调查两年大豆产量,心土间隔混层区比浅翻深松区增产12.66%～13.28%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。该研究结果可为旱地白浆土及其同类低产土壤的改良提供技术支撑。 相似文献
3.
不同机械改土方式对白浆土物理特性及酶活性的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
白浆土是我国东北地区主要低产土壤之一,土体中白浆层通气透水能力极差,生物酶活性很低,导致土壤表旱表涝严重,旱田作物根系有效土层一般只有20 cm左右。自20世纪80年代开始,包括深松在内的机械改土逐渐演变为白浆土的主要改良方式。为了探讨不同机械改土方式的改土效果,研究采用3种机械改土方式,依次为普通深松犁、秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁,并以普通深松犁为对照,在典型白浆土上开展改土试验。机械作业后,分别测定土壤物理性质及土壤酶活性。结果表明:秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁处理后,白浆层的硬度降低至7~9 kg cm-2,远低于对照白浆层硬度10~14 kg cm-2;固相分别为47.74%、50.13%,均低于对照53.16%;容重与对照相比分别降低了14.01%、10.19%。与对照相比,秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁降低了白浆层过氧化氢酶活性,秸秆心土混合犁处理降低了白浆层脲酶和蔗糖酶活性、增加了淀积层脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;两个处理与对照相比大豆分别增产21.34%、4.94%。秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁改善了土壤不良的理化性质,同时对土壤酶活性有很大的影响。研究为机械改良白浆土的评价方法探索了新途径。 相似文献
4.
心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。 相似文献
5.
土层置换对草甸土理化性状及作物产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究旨在探讨土层置换对土壤物理性质和化学性质的变化及对作物产量的影响,这对作物高产具有重要意义。试验地点选在黑龙江省宝清县草甸土上,以玉米绥玉7、马铃薯克新13和甜菜德国KWS3418为材料,设置土层置换和浅翻深松2个处理,分析不同处理对土壤含水率、硬度、土壤三相、速效养分及产量的影响。结果表明:与浅翻深松处理相比,土层置换处理后2年内,明显改善土壤物理性质,0~40 cm土层土壤含水率分别提高3.7%和3.0%;土壤硬度分别下降17.6%和21.6%。20~40 cm土壤固相分别降低0.3%和0.7%;液相分别提高3.7%和1.1%;气相分别提高2.0%和4.2%。进而容重降低,提高土壤通透性。土层置换处理改善20~40 cm土层土壤化学性质,提高土壤速效养分。20~40 cm土层平均养分变化为:碱解氮分别提高48.4%和46.0%;速效钾分别提高12.9%和38.9%;速效磷分别提高11.9%和15.6%。土壤不同层次物理和化学性质的改变能够提高作物产量,与浅翻深松处理相比,2011年、2012年玉米分别增产31.6%、17.9%,马铃薯分别增产70.5%、25.0%,甜菜分别增产12.4%和38.9%,差异达到显著水平。综合以上分析表明,土层置换处理后土壤2个作物生育期内能够改善心土层土壤物理性状、化学性状,从而提高作物产量。因此土层置换技术可为低产土壤改良及作物高产提供理论依据和技术支持。 相似文献
6.
有机物料深耕还田改善石灰性黑钙土物理性状 总被引：2，自引：6，他引：2
为明确不同深耕方式和有机物料配施还田的改土效果,在黑龙江省安达市石灰性黑钙土上开展了深松、秸秆心土还田、秸秆心土还田+鸡粪3种深耕处理对不同土层土壤物理性状影响的研究,并与常规耕作进行了比较。结果表明:耕层土壤三相比处理间变化无规律,20 cm以下土层秸秆心土还田处理和秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理降低土壤固相效果明显;深耕处理不同土层含水率均高于对照,其中30~50 cm土层差异明显;秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理有增加土壤孔隙率、孔隙比和土壤饱和导水率的效果;各深耕处理20~50 cm土层土壤容重和硬度与对照相比降低;深松处理增产效果不明显,秸秆心土还田处理比对照平均增产10.5%,秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理平均增产36.14%,该研究通过明确有机物料不同深耕改土措施对土壤物理性质的影响及与玉米产量的关系,为有机物料深耕还田改善石灰性黑钙土提供理论参考依据。 相似文献
7.
白浆土心土间隔改良对土壤理化性状及作物产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索机械作业改良白浆土新途径,在原有改土原理"上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm"的农艺参数下,自主设计了将白浆土"上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm,同时间隔62 cm不混拌"的新农艺参数及配套机械,即所谓的心土间隔混拌。应用该犁在白浆土上作业,2 a后调查土壤理化性状:结果显示,20~60 cm混拌层土壤含水量提高,两地提高分别为2.25%~1.43%和3.70%~2.48%;硬度降低,幅度为300~1300 kPa;改善土壤三相比和容重,固相降低幅度为4.71%~2.63%,液相增加幅度为2.19%~1.67%,气相增加幅度为2.52%~0.96%,容重下降幅度为0.12~0.07 g cm-3;提高心土土壤速效养分和全量养分、pH和有机质含量。连续2a调查作物产量,种植大豆第1 a、第2 a改土区分别比对照区增产4.8%和4.9%;种植玉米增产20.4%和21.3%。研究结果可为低产土壤改良及作物高产提供技术支撑。 相似文献
8.
心土作为作物生长发育重要的养分、水分储存库和供给源,在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。心土改良的目的是为作物创造更加适宜的土壤条件,心土改良主要包括深松改土、混层耕改土和心土培肥改土等技术,并具有以下特点:一是改土增产效果明显。超深松在朽土上的增产效果4.1%~35%,第一代心土混层犁在白浆土上增产8%~16%,第二代混层耕犁增产10%~27%;心土培肥增产17%~26%。二是改土后效持久。超深松改良黑朽土的增产后效为2~3年,在特殊土壤上后效可持续10~15年;心土混层耕和心土培肥的后效为7~10年,土层置换为3~5年,是"半永久性"土壤改良技术。三是依赖特殊的改土机械才能实施。四是心土改良一次性投入大,作业效率相对较低,制约了心土改良技术的推广和普及。 相似文献
9.
为明确不同深耕方式和有机物料配施还田对石灰性黑钙土化学性质影响及持续改土效果,在黑龙江省安达市石灰性黑钙土上开展了深松、秸秆心土还田、秸秆心土还田+鸡粪3种深耕处理对土壤p H值、盐基离子、有效氮、磷、钾和玉米持续增产效果研究,并与常规耕作进行了比较。结果表明:深耕处理可以改变土壤酸碱度及盐基离子浓度,明显降低土壤p H值,降低幅度分别为0.59~0.96,土壤的水溶性钾、水溶性钠、HCO3-离子质量分数降低幅度分别为0.9~6.9、79.6~272.1、19.5~46.6 mg/kg,提高水溶性钙离子质量分数,幅度为36.5~125.6 6 mg/kg,土壤p H值与水溶性钠、HCO3-离子含量显著正相关,与土壤水溶性钙离子含量呈显著负相关;深耕处理可提高深层土壤有效氮、磷、钾含量,在20~50 cm土层,各处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量高于对照,顺序为秸秆心土还田+鸡粪秸秆心土还田深松对照,其中秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理对土壤有效氮、磷、钾影响最明显,高于对照幅度分别为13.5~36.0、2.4~4.1、41.2~71.3 mg/kg;深耕可以增加玉米产量,不同深耕技术增产效果不同,秸秆心土还田和秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理一次改土后,连续3a均表现增产趋势,秸秆心土还田+鸡粪改土后第1年比对照增加47.1%,第2年和第3年分别比对照增产25.2%和24.7%,3a平均比对照增产32.3%,效果显著,秸秆心土还田处理与对照相比增产效果不如秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理,第1、2和3年增产分别为11.2%、9.8%和18.1%,3a平均增产11.3%,深松处理增产效果在不同年份表现不一致,第1年没有增产,第2年增产6.3%,第3年增产14.3%,3a平均增产6.2%;从土壤化学性质的变化及改土后玉米产量看出,秸秆心土还田+鸡粪处理是比较适合石灰性黑钙土改良的耕作措施。 相似文献
10.
为确定秸秆还田方式对白浆土土壤养分及作物产量的影响,试验设置了普通翻耕的对照处理以及秸秆覆盖还田、心土还田和秸秆焚烧的3种还田方式。3年的试验结果表明:在耕层部分(0~20 cm),普通翻耕处理区土壤氮素和有机质含量测定值最低,而土壤磷素和钾素含量最高;在白浆层(20~40 cm),秸秆心土还田处理的土壤碱解氮、全氮、有效磷、全磷和有机质含量最高;在淀积层(40~60 cm),不同秸秆还田方式,氮素、磷素和有机质含量变化差异较小,钾素表现为土壤下层含量比表层高。两年的数据显示秸秆心土还田处理大豆产量最高,说明秸秆心土还田对土壤地力提升效果明显,利于大豆增产。 相似文献
11.
三段式心土混层犁及其改良白浆土效果的研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
三段式心土混层犁为改造白浆土土体构型实现了“上翻20 cm，下混30～40 cm”的农艺要求，白浆层与淀积层的土壤混拌率Mx达到0.7，白浆层向淀积层的土壤转移率TAw→B达到了0.3。0～40 cm土层土壤物理性状明显改善，疏松透水，硬度下降，农田表涝现象得到缓解，效果持久稳定，连续4年测定，耕翻一次后至第4年其土壤硬度仍然明显低于常规耕作田块。1996年～1998年大面积示范试验，使用该犁耕翻地块作物增产达10%～27.9%。该犁作业幅宽50 cm，深度60 cm，总牵引阻力30～35 kN。 相似文献
12.
G. Guo K. Araya H. Jia M. Kudoh W. Wang F. Liu L. Zhang W. Li T. Li 《Biosystems Engineering》2002,83(4):481
A prototype four-stage subsoil mixing plough was designed in Japan and built in China for the improvement of whitish oasis soil. The machine was transported to two places in China for field tests where the whitish oasis soil is found. This paper presents the trash mixing rate into mixed layer of Bca and C horizons, the inverting rate of the Bca and C horizons and the draught of the plough in the whitish oasis soil.The results show that the rolling resistance of the tracked vehicle (T802), on which the plough was mounted, was about 8 kN and the draught of the first plough body which tilled the Ap horizon was about 4 kN with a working depth of 200 mm and a working width of 500 mm. The draught of the second plough body, which tilled the surface of the Ap horizon, was about 2 kN with a working depth of 50 mm. The draught of the third plough body increased steeply with greater working depths. The draughts were about 8, 14 and 24 kN, respectively, for working depths of 117, 239 and 300 mm. The draught of the fourth plough body also increased steeply with greater working depth. The draughts were about 7, 14 and 18 kN, respectively, for working depths of 117, 178 and 239 mm. When the whitish oasis soil was disturbed by the plough bodies, it was observed that the whitish oasis soil was very hard but comparatively brittle and easily broken up. This property explains the smaller draught requirements in the whitish oasis soil despite a greater soil strength. The values of the soil-inverting rate ranged between 0·45 and 0·6, and the average value was 0·5. Perfect inversion of the Bca and C horizons was not possible, but good mixing was achieved by the plough. The average trash mixing rate in Inner Mongolia was 0·85, and that in North of River was 0·95. These data show that even in Inner Mongolia where the trash material is long, a fairly uniform trash mixing was possible. 相似文献
13.
U. Stockmann B. Minasny T. J. Pietsch A. B. McBratney 《European Journal of Soil Science》2013,64(1):145-160
New analytical techniques have opened up the possibility of addressing rates of soil processes quantitatively. Here, we present the results of an investigation into the use of single‐grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating to derive rates of soil mixing in the top 50 cm of soil profiles from two toposequences situated in the Werrikimbe National Park in Australia. Of 500 single grains analysed from each sampled depth increment, less than 25% provided a finite age, with the rest of the grains either non‐responsive or dose‐saturated. This proportion of finite‐age grains tended to decrease with soil depth. Median ages of quartz grains increased down the soil profile, with topsoil ages of up to 500 years and subsoil ages of up to 5000 years. Few ‘younger’ grains were found deeper in the profile and few ‘older’ grains near the soil surface. These trends suggest that pedoturbation is resulting in vertical transport of grains through the profile, but that there is a distribution of transport distances, with a poor probability of large transport distances from surface to subsoil or vice versa compared with a more frequent movement of grains to and from the surface in the uppermost 10–35 cm. The calculation of a single age for each soil horizon was unachievable as each horizon contained a heterogeneous mixture of grains with varying histories of transport to and from the soil surface. Soil mixing was confirmed along both toposequences studied. However, the occurrence of minor mixing rates did not lead to a homogenization of the topsoil and adjacent horizons. We postulated that mixing velocities were mostly related to flora at our study site. Vertical soil mixing rates of 0.5 and 0.2 mm year?1 were calculated from the distribution of finite single‐grain ages. 相似文献
14.
不同机械深耕的改土及促进作物生长和增产效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
长期不合理耕作导致土壤结构性能恶化、土壤耕性变差,限制作物根系下扎、影响土壤生产潜力发挥。为了改善土壤耕层构造,该试验采用自主研发的改土机械ES-210型深松犁和前置式心土(亚表层)耕作犁进行深耕,以灭茬旋耕(常规耕作)为对照,进行大区耕作对比试验。结果表明:1)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,耕层土壤固相率分别降低1.6%~3.3%、2.8%~4.5%,液相、汽相相对增加,三相比更趋于合理化;打破犁底层,降低耕层土壤硬度,其中20~35 cm土层效果更为明显;耕层土壤有效水含量上升1.1%~1.2%、0.9%,束缚水(无效水)含量下降0.4%~1.1%、0.5%~0.9%。2)深松、亚表层耕作处理比对照根长增长,其中甜菜增长5.1%、2.9%,大豆增长11.5%、13.2%;干物质积累量增加,其中甜菜增加2.3%~4.1%、3.1%~4.8%,大豆增加7.8%~10.0%、10.4%~13.6%;3)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,其中甜菜增产8.5%、12.6%;大豆增产5.0%、6.1%;深松及亚表层耕作改土处理分别比对照增收1003.3、1454.4元/hm2,其中收益大小为亚表层耕作处理深松处理对照。可见,采用ES-210深松犁及心土耕作犁深耕改土,改变了土壤耕层构造,起到扩库增容的效果;改善了作物根系生长环境,提高了作物产量,为今后农业耕作机械的发展提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
15.
Summary The depth of ploughing has increased in West Germany during the last three decades. Before the 1960s, the depth of the Ap horizon rarely exceeded 25 cm; in the early 1980s it reached about 35 cm on average but it has remained constant since that time. In 1989, the total N content of 105 plots in the southern Niedersachsen loess area was measured after deepening of the plough layers. The N content of the samples was compared with that of earlier samplings (1) before deeper tillage in the 1960s, the 1970s, and the 1980s; and (2) in 1983. Directly after the deeper ploughing, the N content of the topsoil decreased, presumably due to dilution with the subsoil material. Mass balance calculations for total N in 1989 showed that the phase of N accumulation can take 20 years or more. Within two decades, up to 2000 kg N ha-1 was immobilized in the soil organic matter. Recent incubation experiments with disturbed soil indicated that the N mineralization capacity was reestablished in all soils and is now similar to that of the early (1960s and 1970s) and more recent (1980s) deepened plough layers. Undisturbed soil material incubated in plastic tubes showed a significantly reduced net mineralization at water contents above 65% of the waterholding capacity, particularly in the lower part (15–30 cm) of the Ap horizon. This study suggests that N accumulated in the deep plough layers cannot contribute noticeably to net N mineralization in loess soils during the growing season. 相似文献
16.
Abstract. Experiments were started in 1967 to investigate the effects of soil mixing on fen peat soil. Peaty topsoil was mixed with mineral subsoil to a maximum depth of 80 cm at two sites, one with a clay subsoil, the other sand. Mixing was done on a commercial scale with a range of implements. After initial increases, yields of arable crops on both mixed soils were subsequently similar to those on unmixed soil. Residual herbicide activity was enhanced on mixed soils, and evidence of peat conservation was obtained at one site. The practice has not been taken up commercially because of the high capital cost of mixing and lack of serious problems which had been predicted following peat wastage. 相似文献
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18.
Topsoil carbon (C) stocks are known to decrease as a consequence of the conversion of natural ecosystems to plantations or croplands; however, the effect of land use change on subsoil C remains unknown. Here, we hypothesized that the effect of land use change on labile subsoil organic C may be even stronger than for topsoil due to upward concentration of plantations and crops root systems. We evaluated soil labile organic C fractions, including particulate organic carbon (POC) and its components [coarse POC and fine POC], light fraction organic carbon (LFOC), readily oxidizable organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass down to 100 cm soil depth from four typical land use systems in subtropical China. Decrease in fine root biomass was more pronounced below 20 cm than in the overlying topsoil (70% vs. 56% for plantation and 62% vs. 37% for orchard. respectively) driving a reduction in subsoil labile organic C stocks. Land use changes from natural forest to Chinese fir plantation, Chinese chestnut orchard, or sloping tillage reduced soil organic C stocks and that of its labile fractions both in top and subsoil (20–100 cm). POC reduction was mainly driven by a decrease in fine POC in topsoil, while DOC was mainly reduced in subsoil. Fine POC, LFOC and microbial biomass can be useful early indicators of changes in topsoil organic C. In contrast, LFOC and DOC are useful indicators for subsoil. Reduced proportions of fine POC, LFOC, DOC and microbial biomass to soil organic C reflected the decline in soil organic C quality caused by land use changes. We conclude that land use changes decrease C sequestration both in topsoil and subsoil, which is initially indicated by the labile soil organic C fractions. 相似文献