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1.
María Xesús Gómez-Rey Manuel Madeira João Coutinho 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(2):281-295
Wood ash addition to forest soils can balance exported nutrients by tree harvesting and decrease soil acidity, but its effectiveness in Mediterranean areas has been scarcely evaluated. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of wood ash application on soil C and N dynamics, nutrient leaching and fertility in a pine stand. Treatments were loose and pelleted ash application (11 Mg ha?1), alone or combined with N fertilizer, and a control treatment. Nutrient leaching and soil chemical and biological properties were periodically evaluated for a 30-month period. Wood ash increased leaching of base cations (Ca, Mg, Na and K) and P, mainly at the beginning of the study. The effect was more pronounced for the loose formulation. As a consequence, a positive effect on soil nutrient availability (exchangeable base cations and extractable P) and soil acidity reduction was observed for the loose formulation in the 0–10-cm soil layer. Carbon and N dynamics were only affected when ash was applied with N fertilizer, which enhanced CO2 flux during the study period. 相似文献
2.
Lisbeth M. Ottosen Anne Juul Pedersen Iben V. Christensen 《Wood Science and Technology》2005,39(2):87-98
Thermal treatment of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) impregnated waste wood is a way to utilize the energy resource of the wood and at the same time to reduce the volume of the waste. An issue of concern in relation to the thermal treatment is As emission to the air. Meanwhile, there is still a matter to cope with when methods to avoid As emission are implemented: the residues with increased concentrations of Cu, Cr and As. In the present paper two different residues after thermal treatment are characterized: a mixed bottom and fly ash from combustion of CCA impregnated wood, and a charcoal from pyrolysis of treated waste wood. By SEM/EDX it was seen that the charcoal still showed wood structure with both tracheids and rays and that Cu, Cr and As were found inside this wood structure. Cu was found alone while Cr and As were often found together. By chemical analysis it was found, too, that the charcoal contained a high concentration of Zn, probably from paint. Chemical extraction experiments in HNO3 were conducted with the charcoal and it was found that the order of extraction (in percentage) was Zn > Cu > As > Cr. A SEM/EDX investigation of the mixed ash from combustion showed the presence of small particles with wood structure with elevated Cu and Cr concentrations, but most particles were irregular shaped matrix particles rich in Si, Al and K. Cr was abundant in many different particles including the lignin skeleton of the small, unburned wood pieces, but also inside silica-based matrix particles. Ca was often found associated with char-like (porous) particles, indicating that Ca-arsenates had been formed during combustion. Cu was often associated with Cr in the unburned wood pieces, whereas it was less abundant inside the silica-based matrix particles. Cu was also found in an almost pure form in a small layer on the surface of some matrix particles indicating condensation of volatile Cu species. Chemical extraction with inorganic acids showed the order of percentages mobilized as: As > Cu > Cr. 相似文献
3.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(6):555-573
Nitrogen (N) is the only nutrient that promotes forest growth when given individually. An extra stem growth of 15 m 3 ha -1 is obtained during a 10 yr period following an application of 150 kg N ha -1 . Larger growth increases have often been the result of more intensive N fertilization. Lime or wood ash give a minor growth stimulation on sites with a carbon (C) to N ratio below 30 in the humus layer, while the opposite effect prevails on N-poor sites. Nutrients given as soluble fertilizers are readily taken up by trees. Boron deficiency may be induced in northern Sweden after N fertilization or liming. The ground vegetation may be altered by single-shot N fertilization, but long-term effects occur only for intensive regimes. Lime or wood ash may modify the flora if soil pH is significantly altered: the change will be in response to N availability. Fruit-body production of mycorrhizal fungi is disfavoured by chronic N input, but also by lime or ash. However, the mycorrhizal structures on root tips are less affected. Faunistic studies are not common and those present are mostly devoted to soil fauna. A practical N dose of 150 kg N ha -1 has no clear effect, but higher doses may reduce the abundance in some groups. Hardened wood ash does not significantly affect the soil fauna. Lime favours snails and earthworms, while other groups are often disfavoured. The response of aquatic fauna to terrestrial treatments has hardly been studied. N fertilization generally results in insignificant effects on fish and benthic fauna. Lime and wood ash reduce the acidity of the topsoil, but practical doses (2-3 t ha -1 ) are too low to raise the alkalinity of runoff unless outflow areas are treated. N fertilizer use in forestry and N-free fertilizers lack effects on acidification. N fertilization may, however, be strongly acidifying if nitrification is induced and followed by nitrate leaching. N fertilization often results in increased long-term C retention in trees and soil, but does not promote significant N 2 O losses. N may temporarily reduce CH 4 oxidation in soil, but there are indications of a long-term opposite effect. Lime and poorly hardened wood ash may cause losses of C from N-rich soils. Only a few per cent of added N are leached to surface water following practical N fertilization, while N-free fertilizers do not induce N leaching. Soil incubations and soil-water studies suggest an increased risk for nitrate formation and leaching where lime or wood have been added to N-rich soils, but increased leaching to surface water has not been observed. Wood ash causes a temporal increase in bioavailability of cadmium (Cd). Other fertilizers may indirectly increase the availability of heavy metals. Wood ash may contain radioactive caesium 137Cs, but addition of such ash does not increase radioactivity in plants and soil. 相似文献
4.
Effects of harvest residues on nutrient leaching and soil chemical properties were studied in a lysimeter experiment. Treatments
were: (A) forest floor litter and harvest residues, other than branches, incorporated into the soil, (B) as A, but with branches
cut in 20 cm long bits and placed on the soil surface, (C) as B, but with bits incorporated into the soil, (D) as B, but with
branches chopped into chips, (E) as C, but with branches chopped into chips, (F) forest floor litter and harvest residues
on the soil surface, with branches cut in 20 cm long bits, (G) as F, but with branches chopped into chips, and (H) absence
of harvest residues (control). Treatments were applied in zero-tension lysimeters containing 25 kg of soil. Leachates were
collected for a 6-year period. At the end of the experiment, lysimeters were dismantled and soil was divided in four layers.
Residues, other than branches, increased N leaching, as compared with the control. Branches on the soil surface reduced N
leaching when cut in chips. Branches incorporated into the soil reduced leaching independently of their size. Organic residues
on the soil surface showed similar effect to those incorporated into the soil. However, harvest residues on the soil surface
increased leachate volume, and reduced Ca and P losses. Such a placement of residues led to high contents of Ca and P in the
0–5 cm top soil layer. Contents of organic C, total N and base cations were not affected by the treatments. 相似文献
5.
Graciela Inés Bolzon de Muñiz Mayara Elita Carneiro Silvana Nisgoski María Guadalupe Lomeli Ramirez Washington Luis Esteves Magalhães 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(4):815-823
This paper characterizes wood and charcoal made from Hymenaea aurea, Mimosa scabrella, Tabebuia capitata and Eucalyptus alba by scanning electron microscopy and near infrared for the purpose of developing a technique to identify the source of charcoal samples. Ten test samples were prepared for each species, oriented in transverse, radial and tangential section. Samples were carbonized in a muffle furnace with a final temperature of 450 °C and a heating rate of 1.66 °C/min. The microscopic structures of the wood and charcoal samples were verified by scanning electron microscopy, and spectra were obtained with a spectrophotometer, equipped with an integrating sphere and operating in transmittance mode. The spectra of the wood samples present characteristic bands of lignocellulosic material, while the spectra of the charcoal samples show small or nil absorption in the near-infrared region. The near-infrared spectroscopy technique was efficient in discriminating the four species studied. 相似文献
6.
Vinícius Gazal Omar Bailez Ana Maria Viana-Bailez Elen L. Aguiar-Menezes Eurípedes B. Menezes 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(3):581-590
The termite Nasutitermes corniger is attracted to weathered wood, but it is not known whether this attraction is of chemical or physical nature. This work examines whether wood extracts can change the attraction of N. corniger to a food substrate. In a first experiment, filter paper impregnated with a eucalyptus extract, Eucalyptus grandis, and another one with a solvent were placed in the foraging arena of N. corniger nests under laboratory conditions. The extracts used were from weathered or unweathered wood. During the second experiment, two tests were performed using eucalyptus wood. First, a piece of unweathered wood was impregnated with an extract of weathered wood (treatment) or solvent (control). In the second test, a piece of weathered wood was impregnated with an extract of unweathered wood (treatment) and another one with solvent (control). At the end of the tests, the number of termite recruitment on each substrate was quantified. Filter paper recruited more termites when treated with unweathered wood extracts or with extracts of weathered wood than when impregnated with the solvent. Unweathered wood treated with extracts of weathered wood recruited more termites than the control. However, weathered wood impregnated with extracts of unweathered wood recruited similar numbers of termites as the same wood impregnated with the solvent. It was verified that chemicals from weathered or unweathered wood increased the foraging activity of N. corniger in neutral substrates, but only chemicals from weathered wood altered the attraction of N. corniger to eucalyptus wood. 相似文献
7.
Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses techniques have been applied to investigate the thermal degradation characteristics
and chemical kinetics of Japanese cedar, cypress, fir, and spruce. The decomposition of the components could be modeled by
an Arrhenius kinetic expression. The kinetic parameters were extracted from the thermogravimetric data using least-squares
techniques. The heating rates used for the analyses were 10°, 5°, and 0.33°C/min; and the activation energy and reaction order
of the above woods were 7.54, 8.39, 2.87, and 7.88 kJ/mol and 0.71, 0.64, 0.44, and 0.63, respectively. Finally, carbonization
was done to produce charcoal from these woods under various operating conditions, and the charcoal was characterized in respect
to yield, heating value, electrical conductivity, and X-ray diffraction. The quality of the charcoal from fir was the best
among the four types of wood. The charcoal produced is inferior to binchotan (white charcoal) in respect to electrical conductivity
and crystalline structure.
Received: February 13, 2002 / Accepted: July 12, 2002
Acknowledgment The authors express their gratitude to Professor Yoshida of Applied Chemistry in Tokyo Metropolitan University for performing
the TG/DTA in his laboratory and for his valuable suggestions about the analyses. 相似文献
8.
Tatsuro Ohira Yuusuke Edashige Naoyuki Matsui Mitsuyoshi Yatagai 《Journal of Wood Science》2011,57(3):226-233
Hiba (Thujopsis dolabrata) wood was treated with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) at stepwise temperature increments from 50° to 400°C continuously so that extractives (dichloromethane-soluble and -insoluble
phases) and solid residues were obtained. The yield of extractives from hiba wood increased with increasing extraction temperature.
The volatile compounds in the dichloromethane-soluble phase from scCO2 extraction at 50°C contained only terpenoids. However, the volatile compounds in the dichloromethane-soluble phase from scCO2 extraction at 300°C not only contained terpenoids but also phenols, furans, hydrocarbons, and organic acids. The yield of
β-thujaplicin, which is a useful compound in hiba wood, increased with increasing extraction temperature from 50°C to 300°C;
the optimal conditions for extracting β-thujaplicin were 300°C and 19.61 MPa. Further study of degradated compounds from the cellulosic and lignic materials of hiba
wood after stepwise high-temperature scCO2 treatment above 300°C may provide clues to its efficient use. 相似文献
9.
The leaching of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) components from unfixed wood immersed in water is modeled in three dimensions
using an analytical model of simultaneous diffusion and reaction. Parameters for the model were determined by laboratory leaching
experiments with small uncoated wood samples, departing from previous approaches where diffusion coefficients are measured
in one dimension at a time. The diffusion coefficients and reaction rate constants of Cr6+, total Cr, Cu, and As in unfixed CCA-treated red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and southern pine (Pinus sp.) were estimated, assuming first-order reaction rate equations and independent Fickian diffusion for all components. Estimated
reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients were not significantly affected by sample dimensions except for very severe
longitudinal leaching from short samples. The predictive ability of the model using diffusion coefficients determined from
immersion of small lab samples was evaluated by leaching experiments in a spray booth of southern pine lumber at 21 and 60°C,
and red pine pole sections at 21°C. The predictive ability of the model was mixed, but in all cases represents a significant
improvement over small-block leaching models which do not account for the diffusive nature of the leaching process. 相似文献
10.
The structural changes of the cell wall and crystalline cellulose of Quercus variabilis wood in a pyrolysis system at several temperatures ranging from 250 to 500°C were investigated to examine the wood carbonization characteristics. The volume of the wood sample was decreased and the weight loss was increased by increasing the carbonization temperature. Vessels collapsed severely in tangential direction during the charring process above 350°C. SEM observation indicated that the layering structure of the walls in wood fibers and parenchyma cells were retained below 300°C. However, the cell walls above 350°C changed to an amorphous-like structure without cell wall layering. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the cellulose crystalline substance was still remained at the carbonization temperature of 300°C but was not detected above 350°C. It can be concluded that the transition from Q. variabilis wood to charcoal might occur at approximately 350°C. 相似文献
11.
Tetsuya Sano Satoru Miura Hitomi Furusawa Shinji Kaneko Takahiro Yoshida Takashi Nomura Seiji Ohara 《Journal of Wood Science》2013,59(4):307-320
To evaluate the characteristics of wood ash as fertilizer, composition of inorganic elements and the leaching behavior were studied. The leaching behavior was evaluated by three leaching methods using different solvents (water, hydrochloric acid, and acetic acid: Japanese leaching test Nos. 18 and 19 and modified toxicity characteristic leaching procedure prescribed by the US Environmental Protection Agency). The ash composition varied according to raw materials for fuel and ash collection systems. Concentration of Na, Al, Si, and V became higher in bark ashes while that of K became higher in wood ashes. Pb, Cd, Se, and Zn were more volatile and enriched in fly ashes. Of the nutrient elements, K showed high water solubility and its phytoavailability also appeared high, although the amount of water-soluble K was low in bark ash. Ca and Mg had intermediate solubility while P was less soluble in both water and acetic acid. The amount of hazardous substances having leached was low for most, but not all the ashes, in terms of Pb, Cr and As. Nevertheless, the phytoavailability of these hazardous substances after their application to the forest appeared low, due to their amphoteric leaching behavior and the acidity of Japanese forest soils. 相似文献
12.
Wood ash use in forestry - a review of the environmental impacts 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The use of wood fuel for energy production in the UK is setto increase in the near future as part of a government commitmentto increase renewable sources to 10 per cent by 2010. The ashgenerated as a by-product of combustion, whether for heat orpower generation, has potential use as a fertilizer in forestsystems. This review assesses the available information on factorsaffecting the quality of the ash and environmental implicationsarising from its application. The key determinants of wood ashchemistry are the tree species combusted, the nature of theburn process and the conditions at the application site. Woodash from hardwood species produces higher levels of macronutrientsin their ash than conifers, and the silica content is frequentlylower. A furnace temperature between 500 and 900°C is criticalto the retention of nutrients, particularly potassium, and determinesthe concentrations of potentially toxic metals including aluminiumin the ash. Fly ash, the lightest component that accumulatesin the flue system, can contain high concentrations of cadmium,copper, chromium, lead and arsenic and this ash should not beused as fertilizer. The form of the ash at application is important,with loose ash releasing Ca, K and Na more rapidly than granulatedash. Heavy metal, radionuclide and dioxin contamination of woodash-based fertilizers is minimal and unlikely to affect ecosystemfunction. The effects of wood ash are primarily governed byapplication rate and soil type. The benefits are maximized atlow dose rates, with possible toxicity from applications inexcess of 10 t ha–1. For most forest sites, a single woodash application per rotation could replace all the nutrientslost after whole-tree harvesting (excepting N). Long-lastingpositive effects on tree growth have been observed on shallowpeats, in which the humus is slowly mineralized in responseto elevated pH and increased nutrient availability. In contrast,wood ash application to podzols is only effective in enhancingtree growth when nitrogen availability is non-limiting. To date,published research of wood ash effects on trees growing in claysand loams is minimal. A lag time for positive tree responsesto wood ash application is often observed, and may be the resultof phosphorous limitation at higher soil pH. The greatest reportedadverse ecological effects are to acidophilic ecosystems, particularlythe constituent bryophyte, soil bacteria and ectomycorrhizalcommunities. 相似文献
13.
In order to understand the reason why glycerin pre-treatment can accelerate the deformation fixation of compressed wood, the
interaction between glycerin and wood at various temperatures was investigated in this study from stress relaxation approach.
The compression stress relaxation curves of poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) samples impregnated with glycerin were measured at temperatures ranging from 25 to 180°C, together with the curves
of oven-dry wood at temperatures between 100 and 180°C for comparison. The activation energy was calculated according to the
Eyring’s absolute rate reaction theory. The results showed that temperature had very obvious effect on stress relaxation for
both glycerin-treated wood (GTW) and oven-dry wood. The stress released very fast at higher temperatures. Glycerin showed
an accelerating effect on stress relaxation. At temperatures exceeding 120°C, a complete relaxation of the stress could be
expected. While for untreated wood, it cannot be reached until 160°C. By calculating the apparent activation energy (ΔE) of
GTW at different temperatures, it is clear that two mechanisms are responsible for different temperature ranges. From 40 to
100°C, ΔE is only 8.24 kJ/mol, which corresponds to the hydrogen bonds formed between wood and glycerin molecules; from 120
to 180°C, ΔE reached 81.38 kJ/mol, which corresponds to the degradation of hemicelluloses or lignin, and during this process,
new cross-linking would happen. 相似文献
14.
Silvana Nisgoski Graciela Inés Bolzon de Muñiz Francielli Rodrigues Ribeiro Batista Richard Eduard Mölleken 《Wood Science and Technology》2014,48(2):301-309
The carbonization process causes different physical and chemical transformations to wood, affecting the final properties of the charcoal produced. In Brazil, the cutting and use of Ocotea porosa (Nees & Mart. Ex Nees) L. Barroso is legally prohibited. But the difficulty of identifying the species used to produce charcoal hinders enforcement efforts to protect this and other endangered tree species. The aim of this work was to characterize the anatomy of charcoal made from O. porosa at different temperatures to provide information to facilitate differentiation of the species by the authorities in charge of suppressing illegal commerce. Samples were carbonized by direct heating and final temperatures of 350, 450 and 650 °C, besides a group under a ramp heating regime also with a final temperature of 450 °C. The qualitative characteristics of the O. porosa wood were preserved at the carbonization temperatures studied permitting the use of its anatomical structures for identification of carbonized wood to support control of the illegal trade in charcoal of this species. 相似文献
15.
16.
Intercalation of wood charcoal with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was investigated. Carbonized sugi (Japanese cedar) samples were prepared by heating at various temperatures in the range
1700°–2700°C. Electrochemical oxidization was carried out in H2SO4 and the feasibility of intercalation was determined. In potentiometric analysis, plateaus appeared for samples carbonized
at temperatures above 2300°C. In their X-ray diffraction profiles, the peak at around 26° was shifted to a smaller angle of
about 22.4°. These results can be considered as signs of intercalation with acid molecules. Fourier transform infrared analysis
of charcoal heated at 2700°C, following washing with water and drying of the sample, showed a band at 1220 cm−1 that was assigned to a sulfonate group. This band was not observed for samples heated at 1900°C. These observations suggest
the occurrence of intercalation in the former charcoal, but not in the latter. It is concluded that wood charcoal can undergo
intercalation when it has ordered stacking of hexagonal carbon layers.
Part of this article was presented at the 55th, 56th, and 57th Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, Akita,
Hiroshima, and Tsukuba, August 2006, August 2007, and March 2008, respectively, and at the International Conference on Carbon
“CARBON 2008,” Nagano, July 2008 相似文献
17.
《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):217-233
The effects of wood ash or wood ash plus nitrogen (N) fertilization on soil chemical properties, needle nutrient concentrations and tree growth were studied in five coniferous stands, aged 31–75 yrs, after 5 and 10 yrs. In each experiment 3 t ha?1 of loose wood ash was applied to three replicated plots (30×30 m). In three of the experiments 120–150 kg N ha?1 was applied together with the same wood ash (WAN). These three experiments also included a stand-specific fertilization (SSF) treatment, which consisted of 120, 150 or 180 kg N ha?1. Five years after wood ash or WAN application the pH increase in the humus layer was 1–1.7 pH-units and in the 0–5 cm mineral soil layer 0.3–0.4 pH-units. The increase was approximately the same 10 yrs after application, and was also associated with an increase in pH in the 5–10 cm mineral soil layer. Wood ash or WAN significantly increased both the total and extractable calcium and magnesium concentrations in the humus layer on all the sites. Wood ash or WAN had an increasing effect on the boron concentrations, but a decreasing effect on the manganese concentrations in the needles. Wood ash had no significant effect on the volume growth. The trees on the WAN plots grew as well as or slightly better than those on the SSF plots. 相似文献
18.
Aims
This study aims to evaluate the effects of wood ash application on nutrient dynamics and soil properties of an acidic forest soil (Arenosol).Methods
Treatments were loose and pelleted ash application (11?Mg?ha?1), alone or together with N fertiliser, and control treatment in a lysimeter experiment. Nutrient leaching was followed during a 2-year period and soil chemical and biological properties were evaluated at the end of the experiment.Results
Wood ash increased leaching of total N, NH 4 + -N, base cations and P, mainly during the first months, the effect being more pronounced for the loose formulation. At the end of the study period, a positive effect on soil nutrient availability and soil acidity reduction was seen. The application of loose and pelleted ash alone decreased N leaching and increased N microbial biomass at the end of the experiment. The C dynamics was weakly affected.Conclusion
Wood ash can be used to improve nutrient availability and balance nutrient exported by tree harvesting in acid forest soils, the effects at short-term being stronger for loose than for pelleted ash. However, their application should be carried out when vegetation is established to minimise nutrient losses at short-term and reduce the potential risk for water bodies. In N-limited soils, wood ash should be applied with N fertilisers to counteract N immobilisation. 相似文献19.
Effects of nano-silver impregnation on brittleness, physical and mechanical properties of heat-treated hardwoods 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Hamid Reza Taghiyari Aliakbar Enayati Hadi Gholamiyan 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(3):467-480
The present study investigates the effect of heat treatment of untreated and nano-silver-impregnated Populus nigra, Populus deltoides and Fagus orientalis on the physical and mechanical properties. Specimens were impregnated with a 200-ppm aqueous silver nanoparticles suspension. Heat treatment was carried out at temperatures of 135 ± 3 °C and 185 ± 3 °C. Nano-silver impregnation aggravated the effects of heat treatment. Although significant in some cases, nano-silver impregnation did not seem to have great effect on physical properties. It may be concluded that although NS impregnation aggravated the effects of heat treatment on solid woods, other factors may also be involved such as the species and density of the wood. 相似文献
20.
J. A. Fuwape 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,22(3):175-179
Charcoal was produced from short rotation tropical species ofLeucaena leucocephala andTectona grandis. The combustion-related properties, moisture content, specific gravity and percentage element composition of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash in wood and charcoal from the two species were determined. The gross heat of combustion of wood and charcoal was also determined.There were significant differences in the moisture content, specific gravity and percentage element composition between wood and charcoal from the two species. The carbon and ash content of charcoal were higher than those of wood. The average heat of combustion of charcoal 25.25 MJKg–1 was higher than that of wood 13.75 MJKg–1. 相似文献