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成熟森林在在维持生物多样性和长期碳平衡中发挥着重要作用,近十多年来,全球掀起了成熟森林固碳研究热潮。理解成熟森林碳储存和碳源/汇动态,有助于评估和预测成熟森林在区域碳循环中的作用,对于估计森林碳减排范围、发展近自然林管理策略亦十分重要。本研究在介绍成熟森林林龄阈值的基础上,分析成熟森林碳储量与碳分配以及自然成熟森林生产力及其影响因素,综述成熟森林固碳的3个假说:1)碳中性假说随着森林演替林龄增加,森林生产力达到最大值后开始下降,到成熟森林阶段,森林碳吸收与生态系统呼吸达到平衡,因而处于碳中性状态;2)碳汇假说许多热带、亚热带以及北半球的北方和温带成熟森林可持续固碳几百年,成熟森林为全球碳汇,成熟森林固碳主要集中在土壤中,可能与气候变化引起森林生产力增加、植被碳流向土壤碳的比率随森林成熟度增加而增加以及气温上升和大气氮沉降等降低土壤异养呼吸有关;3)碳源假说少数研究报道认为成熟森林为净碳源,与成熟森林地被物、枯死木及土壤有机碳的周转加快有关。越来越多研究证实成熟森林能持续固碳,支持成熟森林碳汇假说。建议今后:1)加强成熟森林碳通量观测研究;2)从生态系统呼吸及其构成角度探讨成熟森林碳源/汇过程及其形成机制研究;3)加强全球变化对成熟森林固碳的影响研究。 相似文献
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病虫鼠害是用材林的主要灾害 ,其危害严重的影响了树木的生长量和木材质量 ,而危害部位相同的害虫 ,其防治方法有许多共性。现将害虫分为叶部害虫、枝梢害虫、木质部害虫和韧皮部害虫 ,并对最有代表性、危害最大的害虫及害鼠实用防治技术进行了研究 ,其方法易于操作 ,成本低廉 ,效果较好 相似文献
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森林土壤有机碳(SOC)是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,然而,多样的森林类型和不同森林经营措施的干扰,使得森林土壤碳库维持机制以及碳固存过程的研究和森林土壤碳库的估算存在较大的变异。作为主要的森林经营措施之一,采伐对森林土壤碳储量以及碳过程均产生直接或间接地影响。为深刻理解森林土壤碳库对于采伐干扰的响应,本文综述了近十几年来不同采伐方式下森林土壤碳储量及其主要碳排放过程——土壤呼吸的研究现状,综合分析了采伐方式、森林类型、采伐剩余物管理以及微生物因子等对土壤碳库的影响及其不确定性,并在此基础上阐述了研究中尚未解决的主要问题:1)生物因子作为CO2产生的主体,在应对干扰时结构、功能的变化直接影响着土壤碳排放以及碳固定,但它们具体作用机制以及过程并不清楚,需展开进一步的调查;2)不同森林采伐方式对不同地区和不同类型森林土壤的影响的复杂性,亟须在进一步加强实验研究的基础上,发展森林土壤碳循环的过程或机理模型,为森林生态系统完整的碳循环过程表达及碳计量提供技术支撑,以期为我国森林经营以及碳汇等方面研究提供参考。 相似文献
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我国桉树主要用作纸浆材,随着桉树纯林面积的不断扩大,害虫种类与危害程度也呈上升趋势,为此必须以生态学原理和害虫生态控制理论来指导桉树害虫的控制.森林害虫生态控制的主要内涵是建立健康的生态系统,我们对桉树害虫的生态控制采取了选育抗虫树种、适地适树和科学施肥等措施,培育了健康的林分,已经成功地控制了某些害虫对桉树的危害,此举具有经济、社会和生态效益,可持续控制桉树害虫的危害,是今后的发展方向.桉树地下害虫是一类特殊的害虫群体,在造林初期的危害比较严重,此时应针对不同的害虫选用不同的化学药剂来控制其种群密度,施药时要考虑减轻化学药剂对生态环境的不利影响,应采用毒饵诱杀、根部施药等方式. 相似文献
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火干扰对土壤呼吸的影响及测定方法研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
林火是森林生态系统的重要干扰因子,是导致土壤碳储量发生变化的重要因子。火干扰所排放的含碳气体对物质循环、能量流动和信息传递具有重要影响,进而影响森林生态系统的碳平衡以及气候变化。土壤作为巨大的陆地生态系统储碳库,其与大气碳交换的方式主要是通过土壤呼吸,由于土壤的碳储量巨大,土壤碳库的微小变化都会引起大气CO2浓度的巨大改变,从而影响森林生态系统碳平衡。阐述土壤呼吸的各种测量方法,并对比各种测定方法;火干扰对森林生态系统土壤呼吸速率的影响及其测定方法;火干扰对土壤呼吸环境的影响。最后提出今后在火干扰对土壤呼吸研究中应关注的问题,同时对火干扰与森林生态系统土壤呼吸的研究方向进行展望。 相似文献
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土壤活性有机碳作为森林土壤有机碳的活跃成分,在凋落物分解和土壤碳循环中发挥着重要作用。林火干扰通过改变土壤底物的数量和理化性质进而影响土壤活性有机碳,因而阐明林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响是开展森林碳循环研究的基础。文中以6种土壤活性有机碳为研究对象,分别阐述林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳影响的研究进展。针对目前研究现状及存在问题,认为应进一步深化探究林火干扰后土壤微生物活性变化机制对土壤活性有机碳的影响,揭示土壤碳库平衡的影响机理;加强林火干扰后C-N耦合循环特征的研究;深入研究林火干扰后影响土壤活性有机碳的内在因素和外在因素的相互作用,综合评价林火干扰对土壤活性有机碳的短期与长期影响;加强林火干扰—土壤碳库—全球气候变化的交互关系研究,深入探讨林火干扰与土壤活性有机碳的相互作用关系及影响机理。 相似文献
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岩溶生态系统退化过程（森林-灌丛-草被的变化过程）中,土壤总有机碳贮量显著下降,表明岩溶土壤由大气CO2碳汇变成碳源,对大气环境产生不利影响。而植被类型也由C3植被向C4植被变化,使土壤有机碳呈现变重的趋势。土壤活动性有机碳组分中的微生物量碳也发生相应变化,在B层土壤微生物量碳显著下降,但土壤中溶解性有机碳含量并未产生显著差异,这可能是退化岩溶生态系统土壤有机碳下降的一个原因之一。因此,有效防止岩溶生态系统的退化,将显著促进岩溶生态系统在全球变化中作为大气CO2汇的作用,同时,对于岩溶生态系统生物多样性的保护等方面具有重要作用。岩溶森林土壤具有较高的碳贮量,表层土壤含有高达87.12±35.10 g·kg-1的有机碳,整个剖面的有机碳含量均高,而且下部土壤层次的碳含量较之其他植被类型的下部土壤层次高,岩溶生态系统的退化,并未显著影响到岩溶土壤DOC的量,但从三种植被条件下的含量大小来看,以森林植被最高,而以灌丛地最低,草地的DOC含量高于灌丛地。岩溶土壤有机碳的稳定同位素δ13C值森林下为-26.15‰,变为灌丛下的-25.44‰,变化较小,表现出与植物叶的稳定碳同位素变化较为一致的现... 相似文献
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林火对森林土壤有机碳影响的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《绿色科技》2016,(2)
指出了森林生态系统土壤有机碳是全球碳循环的重要组成,在全球生态系统碳循环和全球变化的研究中占据着重要的地位。火因子是干扰森林生态系统发展的重要因子之一,对森林生态系统中土壤与大气的碳素交换过程有着重要的影响。因此,加强火干扰对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的研究,了解林火对森林生态系统土壤有机碳循环过程的具体影响,对发现火干扰下森林土壤中碳循环的机理,特别是土壤有机碳的动态变化有着重要的作用。综述了林火对森林土壤有机碳的研究进展,讨论了测定土壤有机碳的几种不同方法,比较了其适用性,探讨了在不同林火强度和不同土壤深度条件下土壤有机碳的变化情况。对实际工作中遇到的问题以及今后森林土壤有机碳研究进行了展望。 相似文献
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大气污染对欧洲森林的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
综述了近10年来欧洲大气污染对森林影响的有关研究结果,主要阐述了以下3方面的问题:（1）大气污染物对森林的直接和间接作用,直接作用是指大气污染物直接与林冠（叶子）接触、交换而带来林冠生理、生态功能的改变;间接作用是指通过对土壤化学、微生物特性的影响,从而影响森林生长。（2）森林生态系统对大气污染的反应,即森林在受较长时间的大气污染影响之下而产生的生长特点、地被物组成等方面的改变。（3）今后研究的主要方面。 相似文献
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The Kyoto Protocol brought a new forest function into focus: forests as carbon sinks. This new forest function may lead to
new conflicts, because on the one hand, Switzerland has decided to account for forest management under Kyoto Protocol (Article
3.4), and on the other hand, Swiss Forestry statistics and the Swiss National Forest Inventory indicate that increasing amounts
of wood are being harvested. This trend seems likely to continue. In this study, we used the empirical forest model MASSIMO
and the soil model YASSO to analyse four different forest management scenarios. These scenarios basically feature different
levels of harvesting frequencies and different rotation length, as well as their impact on regional potentials for carbon
sequestration and harvesting amounts. Results were analysed both for the whole of Switzerland and for two very different regions:
The Swiss Eastern Plateau and the Swiss Eastern Alps. The results indicate that Swiss forests can provide an increasing amount
of harvested wood (+18% in relation to the base year 1996) for approximately 20 years and act as a carbon sink accountable
under the Kyoto Protocol (0.5 million tons carbon per year). The corresponding forest management strategy aims for a sustainable
and harvestable increment and may, therefore, avoid spurious carbon maximization in forests that can happen by accounting
for only forest systems, and not for the effect of substitution of non-wood products and fossil fuels by forest products.
The regional results indicate that (1) the carbon sink effect of Alpine forests in Switzerland might be limited, because generally,
Alpine forests have low growth and yield and (2) a large increase in harvesting may lead to regional carbon sources and necessitate
regional monitoring of increment to avoid overexploitation. As MASSIMO does not include the impacts of climate change, the
conclusions of this study cannot be interpreted as actual predictions into the future but portray the impact of the applied
management actions on the respective trends in carbon stocks and stock changes. They are, therefore, a contribution to support
future management decisions. Further studies should focus on interactions with additional forest functions such as the preservation
of biodiversity, increase the consideration of forest damage and account for the effect of climate change. 相似文献
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Esther Thürig Taru Palosuo Jürg Bucher Edgar Kaufmann 《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,210(1-3):337-350
Carbon sequestered in biomass is not necessarily stored infinitely, but is exposed to human or natural disturbances. Storm is the most important natural disturbance agent in Swiss forests. Therefore, if forests are taken into account in the national carbon budget, the impact of windthrow on carbon pools and fluxes should be included. In this article the forest scenario model MASSIMO and the soil carbon model YASSO were applied to assess the effect of forest management and an increased storm activity on the carbon sequestration in Swiss forests. First, the soil model was adapted to Swiss conditions and validated. Second, carbon fluxes were assessed applying the two models under various forest management scenarios and storm frequencies. In particular, the influence of clearing after a storm event on the carbon budget was analyzed. The evaluation of the model results showed that the soil model reliably reproduces the amount of soil carbon at the test sites. The simulation results indicated that, within the simulated time period of 40 years, forest management has a strong influence on the carbon budget. However, forest soils only react slightly to changes in the above-ground biomass. The results also showed that a storm frequency increase of 30% has a small impact on the national carbon budget of forests. To develop effective mitigation strategies for forest management, however, longer time periods must be regarded. 相似文献
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实现"碳达峰、碳中和"是我国积极应对全球气候变化的庄严承诺,也是统筹经济社会发展与生态文明建设的重大战略。"十四五"时期,有效发挥森林、草原、湿地、海洋、土壤、冻土的固碳作用,提升生态系统碳汇增量,提高优质生态产品的供给能力非常关键。目前,迫切需要开展以科技创新为动力的林草碳汇培训,建设一支林草碳汇领域懂政策、会技术、善管理的人才队伍,推动林草业高质量发展。文中总结新时期林草碳汇工作的背景,分析开展林草碳汇培训工作的意义,提出开展林草碳汇培训工作的主要任务,以确保"双碳"目标如期实现。 相似文献
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Shanti Shrestha Bhaskar Singh Karky Anup Gurung Rajesh Bista Ole Reidar Vetaas 《Small-Scale Forestry》2013,12(4):507-517
This study assessed the net above-ground carbon stock in six community forests in the Dolakha district, Nepal. A survey was conducted of above-ground timber species, using random sampling. A tree-ring chronology for Pinus roxburghii was created to construct a growth model representative of the various mainly-pine species. The allometric model combined with tree ring analysis was used to estimate carbon stock and annual growth in the above-ground tree biomass. The out-take of forest biomass for construction material and fuelwood was estimated on the basis of interviews and official records of community forest user groups. The average annual carbon increment of the community forests was 2.19 ton/ha, and the average annual carbon out-take of timber and fuelwood was 0.25 ton/ha. The net average carbon balance of 1.94 ton/ha was equivalent to 117.44 tons of carbon per community forest annually. All the community forests were actively managed leading to a sustainable forest institution, which acts as a carbon sink. It is concluded that community forests have the potential to reduce emissions by avoiding deforestation and forest degradation, enhance forest carbon sink and improve livelihoods for local communities. 相似文献
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Jaanus Paal Margit Turb Tiina Köster Elle Rajandu Jaan Liira 《Journal of Forest Research》2011,16(3):244-252
Decisions regarding forest typology, management and protection are often based on the structures of present-day forests, ignoring
their successional history. Forests growing on kames, eskers and various moraine hillocks common in regions with Holocene
glaciation are good examples of this approach. In Estonia, these forests locally persist as fragments of continuous primary
forest, but usually they are situated on former slash-and-burn areas (bushlands) or reforested agricultural land. Our aim
was to elucidate the strength of the effect of long-term land-use history on the present-day vegetation compositions of mature
hillock forests and their soil chemistry. It appeared that even the mature secondary hillock forests are still distinct from
historically continuous stands in terms of species composition. We discovered connections between stand history and species
content in hillock forests as well as transformed soil properties. The carbon and nitrogen contents in the humus horizons
of secondary forests are lower while their carbon–nitrogen ratios are higher than in continuous forests. The relationship
between vegetation and stand history is demonstrated by the higher proportions of anthropophytic and apophytic species in
the herb layer of the secondary forests. The presence of species that are tolerant of anthropogenic impact on the secondary
hillock forests floor can also be partly explained by the effect of different species in the tree and shrub layers, gaps in
the tree canopy, and the boundary effect caused by the small areas of forest patches, neighboring grasslands or fields. The
extinction debt in secondary communities should also be considered. 相似文献
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To examine how rates of net photosynthesis and N uptake of red oak seedlings respond to defoliation under contrasting conditions of N availability, nitrogen-deficient plants were grown in sand culture and subjected to partial defoliation and increased N availability under low light conditions. Both photosynthesis and N uptake rates were measured regularly before and after the treatments. Defoliation resulted in elevated rates of net photosynthesis in both low-N and high-N trees, but the high-N trees were able to maintain the high photosynthetic rates for a longer period of time. Nitrogen availability did not affect the photosynthetic rate of the undefoliated plants. Nitrogen uptake was not affected by the defoliation treatment, but was increased by increasing N availability in both the defoliated and undefoliated plants. Nitrogen uptake rates increased less than would be expected on the basis of N availability alone, but the uptake rates were apparently not limited by carbon supply in the short term. Suboptimal concentrations of N in plant tissues resulted in a strong sink for N even in the absence of refoliation. 相似文献