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1.
Current experiment was laid out in order to compare different kinds of organic manure and chemical fertilizer application in growing spinach under the open-field conditions in two successive seasons. Matador type spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) was cultivated organically and conventionally and spinach growth, yield, vitamin C and nitrate concentrations were checked throughout two successive seasons (autumn and winter). Commercial chemical fertilizer was used as conventional application, and chicken manure (CM), farmyard manure (FM) and blood meal (BM) were used as organic manure applications as a single and as mixtures at different quantities by aiming to receive 150 kg N ha−1 for each, totally 19 applications. In general, autumn season gave the better results in terms of spinach growth, yield and resulted in lower nitrate concentration, whereas the vitamin C concentration was found to be higher in winter season. Reasonable applications to be recommended should be as follows with regard to the seasons; 3.5 ton ha−1 CM and 0.6 ton ha−1 BM + 0.85 ton ha−1 CM + 4.0 ton ha−1 FM for spinach growth; 3.5 ton ha−1 CM and 5.0 FM + 1.2 CM + 0.4 BM applications for spinach yield; 5.0 ton ha−1 FM + 2.5 ton ha−1 CM and 15.0 ton ha−1 FM for vitamin C and nitrate concentration in the autumn and the winter season, respectively. In conclusion, FM and CM can be used effectively in growing organic spinach especially in the autumn season and can be transferred successfully into an asset. 相似文献
2.
Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers applied during successive crop seasons on growth and nitrate accumulation in lettuce 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A romaine-type lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Corsica was cultivated during three successive crop seasons (late-spring, late-autumn and late-winter) in the same soil of an experimental greenhouse in S.W. Peloponnese, Greece. Seven long-term fertilization treatments were tested for their effect on plant growth and nitrate concentration in the external lettuce leaves. Treatments included: three different doses of organic fertilization (composted sheep manure) applied at the start of each crop season, three different doses of inorganic N fertilization applied via fertigation during each crop season, and a control treatment in which no fertilizer was applied. A drip irrigation system was used to water all plants. The highest nitrate levels were observed in the medium and maximum inorganic fertilization treatments (572–664 mg kg−1) in all crop seasons. They were significantly higher compared to the respective organic fertilization treatments (253–435 mg kg−1) and all other fertilization treatments (148–435 mg kg−1). Crop season affected lettuce growth more than nitrate accumulation in the lettuce leaves: lettuce biomass production was the smallest and most uniform in the late-autumn season and did not respond to the fertilization treatments tested (ranging from 409 to 439 g plant−1), while in the late-spring season biomass production was the highest and most variable (561–841 g plant−1), it correlated with nitrate concentration in the leaves and in the medium and maximum inorganic fertilizer doses it significantly exceeded production from all other fertilization treatments (827–841 g plant−1). Following the three crop seasons the residual availability of N, P and K was clearly enhanced in the soil receiving the organic compared to the inorganic fertilization. Nitrate concentration in lettuce leaves was far below the upper limits set by the European Commission in all fertilization treatments throughout the three crop seasons, a result attributed mainly to the sufficient level of light intensity and duration throughout the year in Southern Greece. 相似文献
3.
In conservation tillage systems based on legume mulches it is important to optimize N management strategies. The present study evaluated the effect of some winter legume cover crops converted into mulches on the following no-tillage tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) yield, tomato nitrogen uptake, tomato use efficiency (NUE), soil nitrate and the apparent N remaining in the soil (ARNS) in a Mediterranean environment. Field experiments were carried out from 2002 to 2004 in a tomato crop transplanted into: four different types of mulches coming from winter cover crops [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.), subclover (Trifolium subterranem L.), snail medic (Medicago scutellata L. Miller), and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)]; a conventional tilled soil (CT); and a no-tilled bare soil (NT). All treatments were fertilized with three different levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 75, and 150 kg N ha−1). Cover crop above-ground biomass at cover crop suppression ranged from 4.0 to 6.7 t ha−1 of DM and accumulated from 54 to 189 kg N ha−1, hairy vetch showed the highest values followed by subclover, snail medic and ryegrass. The marketable tomato yield was higher in no-tilled legume mulched soil compared to no-tilled ryegrass mulched soil, CT, and NT (on average 84.8 vs 68.7 t ha−1 of FM, respectively) and it tended to rise with the increase of the N fertilization level. A similar trend was observed on tomato N uptake. Hairy vetch mulch released the highest amount of N during tomato cultivation followed by subclover, snail medic, and ryegrass (on average 141, 96, 90 and 33 kg N ha−1). The tomato NUE tended to decrease with the increase of the N fertilization rates, it ranged from 39 to 60% in no-tilled legume mulched soil and from −59 to 30% in no-tilled ryegrass mulched soil when compared to the CT. The soil NO3-N content and the ARNS was always higher in the soil mulched with legumes compared to the soil mulched with ryegrass and in NT and CT. This study shows that direct transplanting into mulches coming from winter legume cover crops could be useful for improving the yield and the N-uptake in a no-tillage tomato crop. Furthermore, considering the high N content in the upper soil layer and the remaining N content in the organic mulch residues after tomato harvesting, there is a large amount of N potentially available which could be immediately used by an autumn–winter cash crop. 相似文献
4.
Very little information is available on organic specialty cut flower production, especially fertilization requirements. In order to better understand organic fertilization requirements of two specialty cut flower crops, Limonium sinuatum and Celosia argentea, we initiated a field and greenhouse experiment to study the effect of compost (organic) and conventional (inorganic) fertilization treatments on the growth and productivity of these crops. Optimum yields in the field, expressed as fresh weight per plot, were achieved at compost applications of 98.8 t ha−1 for both Limonium and Celosia. However, when number of stems, height of the stems, and the environmental impacts of such compost applications are considered we concluded that the optimal organic fertilizer amounts were 12.4 and 24.7 t ha−1, for Limonium and Celosia, respectively. Limonium and Celosia plants in the greenhouse experiment were fertilized with 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg L−1 nitrogen, combined with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg L−1 phosphorus. The generation of response surfaces for total weight per pot, number of stems per pot, average weight per stem, and average stem length were attempted for each species. The results showed that nitrogen did not significantly contribute to any of the models, except for Celosia average weight and length per stem models. Total weights per pot on the other hand showed both a linear and quadratic relationship over the range of phosphorus applications we tested. Maximum number of stems and total weight per pot were observed between 30 and 46 mg L−1 P in both Limonium and Celosia. Our results suggest that organic fertilizer recommendations, in the form of animal manure composts should be based on phosphorus content of the compost rather than nitrogen content especially for soils high in initial phosphorous content. 相似文献
5.
The aim of this research was to determine the influence of various forms, diverse doses, and dates of application of nitrogen fertilizers and foliar nutrition on the concentration of sugars, carotenoids and phenolics compound in carrot. Two field experiments (Experiment I in 2003–2005 and Experiment II in 2004–2005) with carrot ‘Kazan F1’ were conducted in Trzciana (50°06′N; 21°85′E) in Poland. Both experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Two sub-blocks were identified in both experiments: sub-block (A) without foliar nutrition and sub-block (B) with plant foliar nutrition. In sub-block (B), plants were sprayed three-times with: 2% (w/v) urea, a 1% (v/v) solution of multi-component ‘Supervit R’ fertilizer, and again with 2% (w/v) urea. Combinations with diversified nitrogen fertilization were distinguished within both sub-blocks. The treatments in Experiment I consisted of: (1) Control, (2) 70 kg N ha−1 as Ca(NO3)2, (3) 70 + 70 kg N ha−1 as Ca(NO3)2, (4) 70 kg N ha−1 as (NH4)2SO4 and (5) 70 + 70 kg N ha−1 as (NH4)2SO4, where 70 kg N ha−1 was used preplant and 70 + 70 kg N ha−1 was applied preplant and as a top dressing, respectively. The treatments in Experiment II consisted of: (1) Control, (2) 35 + 35 kg N ha−1 as ENTEC-26, (3) 70 + 70 kg N ha−1 as ENTEC-26, (4) 105 + 105 kg N ha−1 as ENTEC-26, (5) 35 + 35 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3, (6) 70 + 70 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3, (7) 105 + 105 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3, where 35 + 35, 70 + 70, 105 + 105 kg N ha−1 was applied preplant and as top dressing, respectively. Solid nitrogen fertilizer was added to the soil, as produced: Ca(NO3)2—Yara International ASA (Hydro), (NH4)2SO4—Zak?ady Azotowe w Tarnowie, Poland, NH4NO3—Zak?ady Azotowe w Pu?awach, Poland and ENTEC-26–COMPO GmbH & Co., KG, Germany. In Experiment I, the highest sugar concentrations were found in carrot fertilized with (NH4)2SO4 70, while in Experiment II in the control and after fertilization with ENTEC-26 35 + 35 kg N ha−1. In both experiments N-fertilization affected an increase in phenolic compound concentrations in comparison with the control. Experiment I revealed no significant effect of N-fertilization on carotenoid concentrations in carrot, however in Experiment II the highest concentration of these compounds was characteristic for the control plants and carrot fertilized with ENTEC-26 35 + 35. The foliar nutrition applied in Experiment I caused a decline in sugar concentration and an elevated carotenoid concentration, however it had no influence on the phenolic compound concentrations in carrot. Yet the foliar nutrition in Experiment II led to a decrease in phenolic and carotenoid compound concentrations, but it did not affect sugar concentration in carrot. 相似文献
6.
Effects of N and S supply on the growth and pungency (estimated as pyruvic acid levels) of Chinese spring onion (Allium fistulosum L. var. giganteum Makino) were investigated in two pot experiments using soilless growing media. In the first experiment the effects of S supply (0.01 and 4.00 mmol L−1 SO42−) on the growth and pungency of Chinese spring onion were investigated among four cultivars with fleshy root type or long pseudostem type. In the second experiment the effects of different S (0.01 and 4.00 mmol L−1 SO42−) and N (1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0 and 24.0 mmol L−1 N) supply levels on the growth and pungency of Chinese spring onion were studied. Fleshy root spring onion had stronger pungency and larger pseudostem diameter than long pseudostem spring onion, and the pungency of fleshy root spring onion was regulated to a greater extent by N and S supply compared with long pseudostem spring onion. Increasing S supply level significantly increased the biomass, N and S uptake and pungency of all cultivars tested. The biomass of Chinese spring onion of fleshy root type (cv Longyao) and long root type (cv Zhangqiu) was more influenced by N supply than it was by cultivar or S supply. Low S supply decreased the pungency of the two cultivars with increasing N supply. No significant differences in N or S uptake or pungency were observed in the two cultivars with different S supply at the N supply level of 1.5 mmol L−1 N, however, cultivar differences in N and S uptake and pungency were investigated at high N supply (12.0 mmol L−1 N) and S supply (4.0 mmol L−1 SO42−). Excessive N supply (24.0 mmol L−1) significantly inhibited plant growth, retarded S assimilation, and decreased pungency. It is therefore essential to apply the optimum recommended rate of N fertilizer in Chinese spring onion production. 相似文献
7.
Effects of the commercial product TrichoFlow WP™ (Agrimm Technologies Ltd., New Zealand), based on the fungus Trichoderma harzianum, on quality characteristics and yield of bulb onion was investigated. Bulb sets of the local cultivar Kantartopu was planted in soil with in and between row distances of 0.15 m and 0.40 m, respectively. The product, at considerably high dosages of 5 g m−2, 10 g m−2 and 15 g m−2, was mixed with water and sprinkled once to the plots at planting. Analyses of data at harvest did not show statistical significance for Trichoderma effect on total bulb yield, bulb diameter, leaf length, number of shoot apex, %titratable acidity, number of internal (fleshy) leaves, number of external (papery) leaves, %soluble solids and %bulbs with diameters of 20–39 mm, 40–69 mm and ≥70 mm. The yields obtained from the plots treated with the dosages of 5 g m−2, 10 g m−2 and 15 g m−2 and the control plots were 1063.7 kg da−1, 1051.0 kg da−1, 1066.5 kg da−1 and 985.0 kg da−1, respectively. Our results showed that high dosages of the Trichoderma product were not effective in enhancing onion bulb and yield characteristics under the given conditions. 相似文献
8.
Martina Šturm Nina Kacjan-Maršić Vesna Zupanc Branka Bračič-Železnik Sonja Lojen Marina Pintar 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010
The effect of different fertilisation (i.e. broadcast application and fertigation) and irrigation practices (tank sprinkler and drip irrigation) on yield, yield quality (nitrate content), nitrogen uptake of white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) and the potential for N losses was assessed on sandy-loam agricultural soil. 15N-labelled fertiliser was used as a tracer. It was found that different practices significantly affected yield, nitrate content in plants, N uptake, as well as fertiliser use efficiency. The highest yield (93 t ha−1), plant N uptake (246 kg ha−1), and fertiliser use efficiency (42%) were obtained under treatment with broadcast fertilisation with farmer's practice of irrigation (tank sprinkler). The N surplus after harvest was −41 kg N ha−1, indicating the lowest potential for N losses. Treatment by fertigation and drip irrigation covering 100% of the crop's water requirements did not result in the highest yield as expected (72 t ha−1), the N surplus after harvest was about +38 kg ha−1. The lowest yield (58 t ha−1), fertiliser use efficiency (30%) and hence the highest potential for N losses (N surplus after harvest +68 kg ha−1) were found in treatment with broadcast fertilisation and drip irrigation covering 50% of the crop's water requirements. 相似文献
9.
M.J. Cabello M.T. Castellanos A.M. Tarquis M.C. Cartagena A. Arce F. Ribas 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011
In order to establish a rational nitrogen (N) fertilisation and reduce groundwater contamination, a clearer understanding of the N distribution through the growing season and its dynamics inside the plant is crucial. In two successive years, a melon crop (Cucumis melo L. cv. Sancho) was grown under field conditions to determine the uptake of N fertiliser, applied by means of fertigation at different stages of plant growth, and to follow the translocation of N in the plant using 15N-labelled N. In 2006, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, labelled 15N fertiliser was supplied at the female-bloom stage and in the second, at the end of fruit ripening. Labelled 15N fertiliser was made from 15NH415NO3 (10 at.% 15N) and 9.6 kg N ha−1 were applied in each experiment over 6 days (1.6 kg N ha−1 d−1). In 2007, the 15N treatment consisted of applying 20.4 kg N ha−1 as 15NH415NO3 (10 at.% 15N) in the middle of fruit growth, over 6 days (3.4 kg N ha−1 d−1). In addition, 93 and 95 kg N ha−1 were supplied daily by fertigation as ammonium nitrate in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The results obtained in 2006 suggest that the uptake of N derived from labelled fertiliser by the above-ground parts of the plants was not affected by the time of fertiliser application. At the female-flowering and fruit-ripening stages, the N content derived from 15N-labelled fertiliser was close to 0.435 g m−2 (about 45% of the N applied), while in the middle of fruit growth it was 1.45 g m−2 (71% of the N applied). The N application time affected the amount of N derived from labelled fertiliser that was translocated to the fruits. When the N was supplied later, the N translocation was lower, ranging between 54% at female flowering and 32% at the end of fruit ripening. Approximately 85% of the N translocated came from the leaf when the N was applied at female flowering or in the middle of fruit growth. This value decreased to 72% when the 15N application was at the end of fruit ripening. The ammonium nitrate became available to the plant between 2 and 2.5 weeks after its application. Although the leaf N uptake varied during the crop cycle, the N absorption rate in the whole plant was linear, suggesting that the melon crop could be fertilised with constant daily N amounts until 2–3 weeks before the last harvest. 相似文献
10.
A field experiment was conducted in Southern Italy to investigate the effect of different nitrogen (N) rates (0, 100 or 300 kg ha−1) on the number of branchings and leaves per plant, plant height, yield of above-ground fresh biomass, total leaf area, dry weight, leaf-to-stem ratio, leaf essential oil content and the essential oil quality at commercial harvest (full bloom) of the three cultivars of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.): (i) “Mostruoso mammouth” (MM); (ii) “Genovese profumatissimo” (GP); (iii) “Napoletano a foglia di lattuga” (NFL). Nitrogen fertilization up to 300 kg ha−1 increased yield of above-ground and leaf fresh biomass, leaf essential oil yield, but it did not affect leaf-to-stem ratio, plant height and the number of branchings per plant. The increase in essential oil yield induced by N fertilization depended on an increase in both leaf essential oil concentration and leaf biomass. The increase in LAI with increasing N fertilization was due to an increase in leaf number per plant rather than in individual leaf expansion. The cultivar GP was different in morphology from MM and NFL, since it had greater leaf number and plant height, but lower leaf-to-stem ratio and LAI. The physiological efficiency of N use (PE) in producing above-ground biomass was not related to N application whereas PE in producing essential oil (PE-oil) tended to increase with increasing levels of N applied. With regard to the effect of the cultivar, GP was less efficient in N use for oil production than MM and NFL since PE-oil of GP was lower while leaf N and PE-biomass were higher than the other cultivars. NFL was the richest in methyl chavicol but the lowest in linalool, whereas MM and GP contained linalool and eugenol. 相似文献
11.
Root zone soil nitrogen management to maintain high tomato yields and minimum nitrogen losses to the environment 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Greenhouse field experiments on tomato were carried out at Shouguang, Shandong province, over four double cropping seasons between 2004 and 2008 in order to understand the effects of manipulating root zone N management (RN) on fruit yields, N savings and N losses under conventional furrow irrigation. About 72% of the chemical N fertilizer used in conventional treatment (CN) inputs could be saved using the RN treatment without loss of yield. The cumulative fruit yields were significantly higher in the RN treatment than in the CN treatment. Average seasonal N from irrigation water (118 kg N ha−1), about 59% of shoot N uptake, was the main nitrogen source in treatments with organic manure application (MN) and without organic manure or nitrogen fertilizer (NN). N losses in the RN treatment were lowered by 54% compared with the CN treatment. Lower N losses were found in the MN and NN treatments due to excessive inputs of organic manure and fruit yields were consequently substantially affected in the NN treatment. The critical threshold of Nmin supply level in the root zone (0–30 cm) should be around 150 kg N ha−1 for sustainable production. April to May in the winter–spring season and September to October in the autumn–winter season are the critical periods for root zone N manipulation during crop growth. However, control of organic manure inputs is another key factor to further reduce surplus N in the future. 相似文献
12.
Closed cycle soilless techniques can be adopted to minimize water and fertilizer losses in greenhouse cultivation. There is a general lack of information regarding the soilless cultivation of vegetables with closed cycle subirrigation techniques, specifically when using saline water. In this study, a trough bench subirrigation system (SUB), with two fertilizer concentrations (“100%”, containing 9.8 mol m−3 N-NO3, 1.6 mol m−3 P-H2PO4, 8.7 mol m−3 K+, 2.8 mol m−3 Ca+, 1.8 mol m−3 Mg+, 4 mol m−3 S-SO4, and “70%”, containing 70% of the macronutrient concentration) in the nutrient solution (NS), was compared with open cycle drip-irrigation (DRIP with “100%” NS). For all the three treatments, NS was prepared using rain water (0.05 dS m−1) and adding NaCl (1 g L−1), in order to simulate moderate saline irrigation water. The effect of the treatments on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant growth, yield, fruit quality, water use efficiency (WUE) and fertilizer consumption was evaluated. Substrate and recirculating NS composition were also studied. Subirrigation, regardless of NS concentration, reduced plant height (by 30 cm), leaf area (by 1411 cm2), total fresh and dry weight (by 429 and 48.5 g plant−1, respectively) but not dry matter percentage of the whole plant, with respect to DRIP. Yield was reduced when plants were subirrigated with the higher concentrated NS, but no differences with open cycle DRIP were recorded when the lower NS concentration was used in SUB. Fruit quality was not affected by irrigation system or NS concentration. The higher WUE was obtained with subirrigation. NaCl accumulated similarly over the crop cycle in recirculating NS of both SUB treatments and in growing substrates of all the three treatments. Higher salt concentration was found in subirrigated substrates, in particular in the upper part of the substrate profile. Fertilizers accumulated in the subirrigated substrates when the higher NS concentration was used, but not when the NS concentration was reduced by 30%. The results of this study indicate that tomato can be grown successfully in a closed cycle subirrigation system, using saline water, by reducing the fertilizer NS concentration normally used with traditional open cycle systems. 相似文献
13.
Production of inter-section hybrids between Primula filchnerae and P. sinensis through ovule culture
Inter-section hybrids were obtained in the reciprocal crosses between Primula filchnerae (2n = 2x = 24) of Sect. Pinnatae and P. sinensis ‘Fanfare’ (2n = 2x = 24) of Sect. Auganthus by rescuing ovules on half-strength (1/2) Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium supplemented with 50 g l−1 sucrose, 2.5 g l−1 gellan gum, 0.1 mg l−1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.1 mg l−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 50 mg l−1 gibberellic acid (GA3). In ovule culture, germination occurred with radicle elongation but no plumule was observed. The radicle kept on the initial medium showed root proliferation with callus formation. When the calluses were transferred to (1/2)MS media containing 30 g l−1 sucrose and 3 g l−1 gellan gum, without plant growth regulators (PGRs) or with 1 mg l−1 zeatin and 0.1 mg l−1 NAA, plantlets were regenerated. The plants thus obtained were confirmed to be hybrids through flow cytometry (FCM) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. The hybrid obtained when P. filchnerae was used as the maternal parent was diploid, whereas hexaploid hybrid was obtained when using P. sinensis as the maternal parent. The hexaploid hybrid might be produced through chromosome doubling of a triploid originated from the fertilization of P. sinensis with unreduced pollen of P. filchnerae. 相似文献
14.
Two field experiments (Experiment I in 2003–2005 and Experiment II in 2004–2005) with carrot c.v. ‘Kazan F1’ were conducted at Trzciana village (50°06′N, 21°85′E). The experiments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Two sub-blocks were identified in both experiments: I, without foliar nutrition; II, receiving plant foliar nutrition. The plants were sprayed three times alternately with: 2% urea solution, 1% solution of multi-component ‘Supervit R’ fertilizer (produced by Intermag, Poland) and again with 2% urea solution. Combinations with diversified nitrogen fertilization were distinguished within both sub-blocks. Experiment I comprised of: (1) Control, (2) Ca(NO3)2 70, (3) Ca(NO3)2 70 + 70, (4) (NH4)2SO4 70 and (5) (NH4)2SO4 70 + 70. Experiment II included: (1) Control, (2) ENTEC-26 35 + 35, (3) ENTEC-26 70 + 70, (4) ENTEC 26 105 + 105, (5) NH4NO3 35 + 35, (6) NH4NO3 70 + 70, (7) NH4NO3 105 + 105. Where 70 kg N ha−1 was used before sowing, whereas 35 + 35, 70 + 70 and 105 + 105 kg N ha−1 were applied before sowing and as top dressing. Solid nitrogen fertilizer was added to the soil (produced by): Ca(NO3)2, Yara International ASA (Hydro); (NH4)2SO4, Zak?ady Azotowe in Tarnów, Poland; NH4NO3, Zak?ady Azotowe in Pu?awy, Poland; and ENTEC-26, COMPO GmbH & Co. KG, Germany. The research aimed at determining the effect of diversified nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition on NO3−, NH4+, N-total and dry matter (d.m.) concentrations in carrot, and N uptake by storage roots. In Experiment I, nitrogen fertilization did not affect NO3− concentration, whereas in Experiment II, the applied N treatment increased NO3− concentration in carrot in relation to the control, except for the storage roots of plants fertilized with ENTEC-26 35 + 35. Nitrogen fertilization applied in both experiments caused a significant increase in N-total concentration in carrot and N uptake by storage roots in comparison with the control plants. In both experiments, nitrogen fertilization had a different effect on the concentrations of NH4+ and d.m. in carrot. What is more, foliar nutrition treatments in both experiments had a different effect on the concentrations on NO3−, N-total, d.m. in carrot and N uptake by carrot storage roots. 相似文献
15.
Improvement of soil properties using compost for optimum parsley production in sandy soils 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In the warm and wet north Florida climate, growing Italian parsley (Petroselinum crispum [Mill.]) is gaining popularity with small producers as a short duration crop on sandy soil. Application of compost to agricultural land can benefit the low fertile sandy soils in Florida and subsequent crop production, while providing an outlet for recycling municipal solid wastes (MSW) and biosolids. A field study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications to evaluate the effects of compost (75% MSW:25% biosolids) application in comparison to fertilizer, fertilizer + compost (50:50), and control treatments on: (a) parsley fresh weight (FW), (b) soil and plant tissue nutrient concentrations, and (c) soil bulk density and moisture retention in winter and spring seasons. Soil amended with fertilizer or compost + fertilizer doubled parsley FW from 15.02 Mg ha−1 in the non-amended control plot to 30.75 and 32.67 Mg ha−1 in soils that received fertilizer + compost or fertilizer alone, respectively. Significantly higher total soil carbon (C) levels of 2.16% and 1.95% and nitrogen (N) levels of 0.19% and 0.16% were recorded in compost and fertilizer + compost treatments, respectively. Addition of compost reduced soil bulk density significantly to 1.03 Mg m−3 and increased soil moisture retention in simulated drier conditions at 1500 kPa to 0.12 m3 m−3 in plots that received only compost at the end of winter growing season. Overall, addition of compost resulted in improvement of both physical and chemical properties as well as increased parsley yields. 相似文献
16.
Effects of irrigation with treated wastewater on olive tree growth,yield and leaf mineral elements at short term 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In arid regions, such as Tunisia, the reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) in agriculture can be a sustainable solution for water scarcity. A two-year field experiment was conducted in order to investigate the short-term effects of TWW on olive growth, yield and concentration of total nitrogen (Nt), potassium (K), phosphorous (P), and heavy metals (i.e. Zn, Mn, Pb and Cd) in olive leaves. Olive trees were subjected to the following irrigation treatments: (i) trees irrigated with well water (WW) and (ii) trees irrigated with treated wastewater (TWW). For both treatments, the TWW and WW were applied at a rate of 4.5 m3 day−1 tree−1 (5000 m3 ha−1 year−1). After two years, non-significant injuries caused by salts and/or heavy metals were observed on shoot growth of trees irrigated with TWW. The application of TWW significantly increased concentration of Nt, P and K in the leaves, whereas heavy metals (Zn and Mn) showed a significant increase only after the second year of irrigation. 相似文献
17.
Munnu Singh 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2013,88(5):528-532
SummaryTwo field experiments during 1996-98 at Bangalore, India studied the effect of soil moisture regimes (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 IW:CPE ratios) irrigation water cumulative pan evaporation (IW:CPE) ratios and three levels of nitrogen application (0,100 and 200 kg ha–1). Another experiment investigated three irrigation levels (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 IW:CPE ratios), two levels of nitrogen application (100 and 200 kg ha–1) and organic mulch (0 and 5 t ha–1) on oil content, herbage, oil yield and quality of geranium grown on alfisols. Soil moisture maintained at 0.6-0.9 IW:CPE ratios significantly increased both the herbage and oil yields of geranium. Application of 200 kg N ha–1 gave maximum herbage and oil yield compared with those obtained from 0 and 100 kg N ha–1. Organic mulch increased the oil yield of geranium. The concentration and quality of essential oil were not influenced either by soil moisture regime, N rates or organic mulch. 相似文献
18.
In newly planted orchards, special attention must be paid to fertilization to build up the permanent structure of the trees so that high yield and fruit quality can be reached later on. Nitrogen (N) plays a major role in the fertilization plan, although few studies have assessed its use efficiency in young non-bearing trees, especially in field conditions. In this work, 1–3 years old ‘Rocha’ pear trees, grafted on quince BA29, were planted in a Mediterranean region, and fertigated with 6 g N tree−1 year−1 as ammonium nitrate with 5 at.% 15N enrichment to study the fertilizer N uptake during the vegetative cycle, the overall fertilizer N use efficiency at the end of each year, and the plant–soil N balance for this period. Nitrogen remobilization and the re-cycling of N from senescent leaves were also studied by fertilizing some pear trees with 10 at.% 15N enrichment. 相似文献
19.
Banana is an increasingly demanded food and cash crop in sub-Saharan Africa. Reported yields in smallholder farms vary substantially. The importance and spread of yield constraints have not been properly quantified. A study was carried out in Central Kenya to (i) quantify the yield levels, the primary yield constraints, and the spatial production gradients in such systems (ii) explore how soil fertility gradients relate to gradients in soil fertility management, and whether this is a function of farmer resource availability. Data was collected on crop management aspects, pests and diseases, and soil and plant tissue samples analyzed for nutrient contents. Bunch yields were higher near homesteads (29.8 t ha−1 yr−1) than at mid-distance (26.8 t ha−1 yr−1), or far away 20.2 t ha−1 yr−1. Yields were much higher than previously reported (11–14 t ha−1 yr−1) in Kenya. Both soil and tissue K levels were higher near and mid-distance, than far from the homestead. Gradients of soil pH, total N, available P and Organic carbon were found, being higher near the homestead, while Mg and Ca were lowest near the homesteads. K was the most deficient nutrient, with tissue K index (IK) decreasing when moving away from the homesteads. P and Ca deficiencies were also observed. Resource-poor farmers’ soils were higher in exchangeable K and Mg, pH, and total N, and supported higher mat densities compared to resource-endowed farmers’ farms. Soil quality problems were the biggest yield loss factors and not pests and diseases. 相似文献
20.
Isotopically-labelled nitrogen uptake and partitioning in sweet cherry as influenced by timing of fertilizer application 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Liliana San-Martino Gabriel O. Sozzi Silvina San-Martino Raúl S. Lavado 《Scientia Horticulturae》2010
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a fruit of increasing economic importance though it is less significant than other stone fruit species such as peach. Cherry has received little attention concerning nitrogen (N) uptake and dynamics in mature trees. The aim of this work was to determine N uptake and partitioning as influenced by the timing of fertilizer application in 7-year-old sweet cherry trees cultivated in a cold region (Los Antiguos, Santa Cruz, Argentina; 71°38′ W, 46°32′ S). Nitrogen (95 kg ha−1) was applied as ammonium nitrate to a soil with ‘Bing’ sweet cherry trees grafted onto Prunusmahaleb rootstocks. Fertilization was split into two equal applications per treatment, involving either the commercial fertilizer ammonium nitrate or the same fertilizer labelled with 15N isotope (10% atom.). Treatments consisted of one early spring (full bloom, October 2005) or one summer (late January 2006, 15 days after harvest) application of 15N ammonium nitrate to three replicate trees. Fruit were harvested in early January and leaves were collected at both full canopy and leaf fall. All trees were excavated in winter (August, 2006). Trees were partitioned into their components: trunk, branches (current-season shoots, 1-year-old and over-1-year-old branches), buds of the same age, small roots (less than 1 mm thick), large roots, leaves (sampled in February and April), and fruit (collected at harvest). Those components were dried and analysed for total N and 15N content. Total N per tree and N content derived from the fertilizer did not differ between treatments. Summer postharvest 15N application partitioned not only to structural components (trunk and roots) but also to buds and leaves. Uptake efficiency was significantly (p = 0.0113) higher in the spring than in the summer application (65.7% vs. 37.44%). Nevertheless, 52.5% of N applied in spring was lost due to harvest and summer pruning. This emphasizes the importance of the postharvest N fertilization which increases N accumulation in both reserve organs and buds though, according to our data, it is less efficiently used. The extent of nitrogen uptake, efficiency of use and partitioning in the following growing seasons are still open questions that deserve further research. 相似文献