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1.
In this study, we evaluated the intestinal morphology and bacteria populations in broiler chickens fed for six weeks diets that contained different amount of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Ninety day-old female chicks were randomly divided into three dietary treatments, each with three replicates kept in floor pens and fed a basal diet supplemented with the dried mushroom at levels of 0, 10 or 20 g/kg fresh feed. Feed and water were offered to birds ad libitum. The morphological examinations of the intestine were carried out on 1-cm long excised segments from duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The populations of total aerobes, total anaerobes, Lactobacilli spp., Bifidobacteria spp., Escherichiacoli, Bacteroides spp. and Enterococci were enumerated in ileum and caecum by conventional microbiological techniques using selective agar media. The results of the study showed that dietary mushroom supplementation did not significantly affect intestinal morphology at either level of inclusion. Morphometrical parameters of depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum crypt and height of villi revealed no differences amongst dietary treatments. In the ileum, Lactobacilli spp. were higher in birds supplemented at the level of 20 g/kg compared to controls; however, other measurements of bacteria loads were similar amongst the three dietary treatments. In the caecum, Lactobacilli spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. loads were higher in birds supplemented at either level of inclusion compared to control birds, although these did not differ between the two levels of supplementation. In conclusion, dietary mushroom supplementation may beneficially affect intestinal health of broiler chickens.  相似文献   

2.
Healthy horses and other animals have large numbers of resident leukocytes in the intestinal wall, but there is scant information regarding which and how many leukocytes are normally present in the equine intestinal wall. Our aim was to provide a reference range of leukocytes in the intestinal mucosal and submucosal propria of normal horses. We included in our study intestinal tissues from 22 Thoroughbred racehorses with no clinical intestinal disease, which had been euthanized because of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and plasma cells were counted in 5 random 17,600-µm2 areas of villus lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and deep lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, and small colon. Other features investigated in the same intestinal segments included villus height and width (small intestine), presence of ciliated protozoa, Paneth cells number, subcryptal leukocyte layers (number of leukocyte layers between the bottom of the crypts and the muscularis mucosae), and submucosal leukocytes. Lymphocytes were the most numerous cells in all segments analyzed, followed by plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils. Eosinophil numbers were significantly higher in both lamina propria and submucosa of the large intestine than in the small intestine. The duodenum had shorter and thinner villi than either jejunum or ileum. The data provided from our study will be useful for diagnosticians examining inflammatory processes in the intestinal tract of horses.  相似文献   

3.
Controlling gut inflammation is important in managing gut disorders in the piglet after weaning. Establishing patterns of inflammation markers in the time subsequent to weaning is important for future research to determine whether interventions are effective in controlling gut inflammation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the intestinal inflammatory response during the postweaning period in piglets. A 45-d study included 108 piglets (weaned at 22 d, body weight 5.53 ± 1.19 kg), distributed in 12 pens with nine pigs per pen. Histomorphometry, gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the quantity of immunoglobulin (Ig) A producing cells were measured in jejunum, ileum, and colon on days 0, 15, 30, and 45 postweaning. Cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Ig quantities were analyzed in blood from piglets on days 0, 15, 30, and 45 postweaning. Histomorphometrical results showed a lower villus length directly after weaning. Results demonstrated a postweaning intestinal inflammation response for at least 15 d postweaning by upregulation of IgA producing cells and IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12α, and TGF-β in jejunum, ileum, and colon. IgM and IgA were upregulated at day 30 postweaning. IgG was downregulated at day 15 postweaning. The results indicate that weaning in piglets is associated with a prolonged and transient response in gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and IgA producing cells in the intestine.  相似文献   

4.
This study investigated the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum strain 299v on gut health in suckling piglets. Sixty newborn piglets were assigned to control and probiotic treatments, with three litters per treatment (ten piglets/litter). From days 1 to 20 of life, piglets were orally administered a placebo of 0.1% peptone or 1.0 ×  1010 CFU L. plantarum 299v daily. Six piglets per treatment were sacrificed on day 20, and intestinal tissues (including duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) and the intestinal contents from colon segments were collected. The results demonstrated that piglets treated with L. plantarum 299v had a lower diarrhoea incidence than the controls. L. plantarum 299v administration significantly increased the ratio of the villus height to the crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum, as well as the mRNA expression of jejunal occludin and ileal zonula occludens 1 (ZO‐1). The L. plantarum treatment also increased the mRNA abundance of porcine β‐defensin 2 (pBD2) and pBD3 in the jejunum and ileum and of toll‐like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR6 and TLR9 in the ileum, and significantly upregulated the mRNA abundances of ileal pBD1 and colonic TLR4. Additionally, the L. plantarum 299v treatment significantly changed the structure of the colonic microbiota, as evidenced by the obvious increases in the relative abundances of the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and of the genus Lactobacillus. Our findings indicate that L. plantarum 299v facilitates the gut health of suckling piglets, probably by improving the intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function and by modifying the structure of the gut microbiota.  相似文献   

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6.
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein-coupled receptor for trypsin and mast cell tryptase; it is highly expressed at the intestinal level with multiple functions, such as epithelial permeability and intestinal motility. Many proteases activate PAR2 during tissue damage, suggesting a role of the inflammatory response receptors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the distribution and expression of PAR2 in the jejunum, the ileum and the pelvic flexure, using samples collected from healthy adult horses after slaughter. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 immunoreactivity (PAR2-IR) was observed in the enterocytes, intestinal glands, the smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae, and the longitudinal and circular muscle layers; there were no differences in the distribution of PAR2-IR in the different sections of the intestinal tract. The protein expression level showed that the relative amount of the PAR2 content in the mucosa of the intestinal tract decreased from the small to the large intestine while the PAR2 mRNA analysed showed similar values. This study provides relevant findings concerning the distribution of the PAR2 in the intestines of healthy horses and represents the starting point for evaluating the role of the PAR2 during strangulative intestinal disease and consequent systemic intestinal reperfusion/injury complications in horses in order to identify and employ antagonist PAR2 molecules.  相似文献   

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8.

Background

The aim of this study was to provide a systematic pathological and parasitological overview of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon, of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania.

Methods

Twenty mongrel dogs naturally infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and obtained from the Control Zoonosis Center of the Municipality of Ribeirão das Neves, Belo Horizonte Metropolitan area, Minas Gerais (MG) state, Brazil, were analyzed. The dogs were divided into two groups: Group 1 comprised nine clinically normal dogs and group 2 comprised 11 clinically affected dogs. After necropsy, one sample was collected from each GIT segment, namely the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon. Furthermore, paraffin-embedded samples were used for histological and parasitological (immunohistochemistry) evaluation and a morphometrical study were carried out to determine the parasite load (immunolabeled amastigote forms of Leishmania). The Friedman and the Mann Whitney tests were used for statistical analysis. The Friedman test was used to analyze each segment of the GIT within each group of dogs and the Mann Whitney test was used to compare the GIT segments between clinically unaffected and affected dogs.

Results

The infected dogs had an increased number of macrophages, plasma cells and lymphocytes, but lesions were generally mild. Parasite distribution in the GIT was evident in all intestinal segments and layers of the intestinal wall (mucosal, muscular and submucosal) irrespective of the clinical status of the dogs. However, the parasite load was statistically higher in the caecum and colon than in other segments of the GIT.

Conclusion

The high parasite burden evident throughout the GIT mucosa with only mild pathological alterations led us to consider whether Leishmania gains an advantage from the intestinal immunoregulatory response (immunological tolerance).  相似文献   

9.
Plant compounds occurring in phytogenic feed additives are involved in different pharmacological activities in the animal organism. Since the digestive tract acts as a first line of defence against foreign compounds, it is necessary to outline its response to dietary supplementation with bioactive plant components. Little information is available on the bioactivity of thymol as the main bioactive compound of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (TEO). The main objective of the present study was to provide a detailed view of the concentrations of thymol in plasma and the content of individual intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon) of broiler chickens after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation with different TEO concentrations. 32 one‐day old Ross 308 hybrid broilers were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups (0.00%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1% w/w of TEO in the diet). Thymol concentrations in the duodenal chyme presented around 7% on average from the thymol amount administered in the feed. A significantly increased thymol amount was observed after 0.1% TEO addition to the diet compared with 0.01% TEO enrichment in the duodenal wall and gut content of jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon (p < 0.05). Thymol levels in the colon were significantly higher than in the ileum and about 1.7 times higher on average than those in the caecum. Significant coefficient of correlation was observed between thymol concentrations in plasma and feed, gut content of all intestinal segments as well as duodenal wall. Our results point to intensive thymol absorption in the initial sections of the digestive tract. In the current study, the role of intestine in biotransformation of thymol was observed, and it would be desirable to investigate whether thymol itself or thymol metabolites are responsible for beneficial effects in intestine.  相似文献   

10.
试验旨在建立猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）感染幼龄仔猪肠道损伤模型。试验选用16头7日龄健康幼龄仔猪（杜×长×大）,随机分为两个处理组：对照组和PEDV组,每个处理8个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期为10 d,试验期间两个处理组饲喂相同的基础日粮。于试验第7天晚上对PEDV组仔猪口腔灌服PEDV病毒（剂量为104.5 TCID50）,对照组灌服等量的生理盐水。于试验第10天早上空腹灌服D-木糖（0.1 g/kg体重）,1 h后前腔静脉采血,屠宰取样,取十二指肠、空肠、回肠等组织样品,测定平均日增重（ADG）、腹泻率（DR）、肠道形态结构、肠道黏膜损伤相关基因mRNA水平。试验结果表明：①PEDV感染显著降低了仔猪ADG（P<0.05）,极显著提高了仔猪腹泻率（P<0.01）;②PEDV感染极显著降低了血浆D-木糖含量、空肠和回肠绒毛高度、十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值（P<0.01）,显著提高了十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度（P<0.05）;③PEDV感染极显著提高了仔猪空肠黏膜PEDV M基因的相对表达量（P<0.01）,极显著降低了肠绒毛蛋白（villin）和肠型脂肪酸结合蛋白（i-FABP）基因的相对表达量（P<0.01）。以上结果表明,口腔灌服PEDV可以成功诱导建立幼龄仔猪肠道损伤模型。  相似文献   

11.
The intestinal tract of the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simun) was dissected. We observed a simple structure for the small intestine, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and a well-developed large intestine, cecum, colon and rectus. The cecum consisted of a small chamber, whereas the colon was much enlarged; notably larger than that of the domesticated horse, which belongs to the same order, Perissodactyla. This suggests that in the white rhinoceros the cecum may be functionally replaced by the well-developed colon which may act as the main fermentation tank in this animal.  相似文献   

12.
Chlamydophila pecorum found in the intestine and vaginal mucus of asymptomatic ruminants has also been associated with different pathological conditions in ruminants, swine and koalas. Some endangered species such as water buffalos and bandicoots have also been found to be infected by C. pecorum. The persistence of C. pecorum strains in the intestine and vaginal mucus of ruminants could cause long-term sub-clinical infection affecting the animal’s health. C. pecorum strains present many genetic and antigenic variations, but coding tandem repeats have recently been found in some C. pecorum genes, allowing C. pecorum strains isolated from sick animals to be differentiated from those isolated from asymptomatic animals. This review provides an update on C. pecorum infections in different animal hosts and the implications for animal health. The taxonomy, typing and genetic aspects of C. pecorum are also reviewed.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
【目的】 通过研究槲皮素对猪流行性腹泻病毒（PEDV）感染仔猪肠道形态、肠道抗氧化功能及空肠脂质代谢相关基因相对表达量的影响,旨在探讨槲皮素对PEDV感染仔猪肠道的保护作用。【方法】 选取18头健康的7日龄断奶仔猪,随机分为3组：对照组、PEDV组和槲皮素＋PEDV组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期8 d,于试验第0~7天,对槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪每天口腔灌服10 mg/kg BW的槲皮素,其余组灌服等体积的人工奶。于试验第5天晚上给PEDV组和槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪口腔灌服104.5TCID50的PEDV,对照组仔猪灌服相同体积的PBS溶液。于试验第8天早上屠宰,取仔猪十二指肠、空肠、回肠及结肠组织样品进行检测。【结果】 与对照组相比,PEDV组仔猪空肠和回肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值极显著降低（P<0.01）,空肠、回肠和结肠中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）和总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）的活力显著降低（P<0.05）,十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠中过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活力显著降低（P<0.05）,回肠和结肠中丙二醛（MDA）的含量显著升高（P<0.05）,空肠中载脂蛋白A1（APOA1）、载脂蛋白B （APOB）、载脂蛋白C2（APOC2）、脂肪酸结合蛋白2（FABP2）、酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员3（ACSL-3）和脂肪酸合酶（FASN）基因的相对表达量极显著下调（P<0.01）。与PEDV组相比,槲皮素＋PEDV组仔猪空肠和回肠的绒毛高度以及绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值极显著提高（P<0.01）,空肠、回肠和结肠中GSH-Px和T-SOD的活力显著提高（P<0.05）,十二指肠、空肠和结肠中CAT的活力显著提高（P<0.05）,回肠和结肠中MDA的含量显著降低（P<0.05）,空肠中APOB、FABP2和FASN基因的相对表达量极显著上调（P<0.01）。【结论】 添加槲皮素可有效缓解PEDV感染导致的仔猪肠道损伤,提高仔猪肠道抗氧化能力以及空肠脂质代谢的能力。  相似文献   

15.
Maté, L., Virkel, G., Lifschitz, A., Sallovitz, J., Ballent, M., Lanusse, C. Phase 1 and phase 2 metabolic activities along the small intestine in adult male sheep. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 537–545. Metabolic activities of several xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes were evaluated in both hepatic and enteric subcellular fractions obtained from Corriedale × Merino crossbreed rams by using a biochemical approach. Microsomes obtained from the different segments of sheep small intestinal mucosa displayed cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐dependent N‐demethylations but not O‐deethylase activities apparently occurred. CYP‐mediated N‐demethylations neither decreased nor increased along the small intestinal mucosa. Percentages of activity for erythromycin N‐demethylase in the small intestine were between 29% (duodenum) and 45% (ileum) from that measured in the liver, whereas those determined for triacetyl‐oleandomycin N‐demethylation ranged between 10% (duodenum) and 15% (jejunum) of the same hepatic activity. Conversely, metabolic rates for aminopyrine and chlorfeniramine N‐demethylations in the gut mucosa ranged between 3% and 7% compared to their respective hepatic enzyme activities. Sheep enteric mucosa also displayed metabolic reactions typically mediated by flavin‐containing monooxygenases (FMOs), carbonyl reductases (CBRs), carboxylesterases (CES), glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) and uridine diphosphoglucuronyltransferases (UGTs). The FMO‐mediated sulfoxidation of methimazole was 2.6‐fold higher (P < 0.01) in the ileal compared to the duodenal mucosa. Percentages of activity for the microsomal CBR‐dependent biotransformation of menadione were between 12% (ileum) and 19% (duodenum–jejunum) of the total activity measured in the liver; metabolic rates measured in duodenum and jejunum were ～1.7‐fold higher (P < 0.05) than that observed in the ileum. The microsomal CES activity (using p‐nitrophenyl acetate as substrate) was around twofold higher in duodenum (P < 0.05) and jejunum (P < 0.01) in comparison to the ileum. Cytosolic GST‐dependent activities (toward 1‐chloro, 2,4‐dinitrobenzene) were similar in the mucosa of duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Microsomal UGT activities (toward 1‐naphthol) in duodenum and jejunum were three‐ and fourfold higher, respectively, compared to that measured in the ileum. The small intestinal mucosa may play a critical defensive role due to its involvement in the detoxification of toxic compounds prior to absorption. In addition, gut metabolic reactions may contribute to the presystemic metabolism of orally administered drugs. These results are a further contribution to the understanding of the relevance of the extra‐hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics in ruminant species.  相似文献   

16.
The steady-state response characteristics of a pulse oximeter were evaluated on intestinal segments of seven clinically normal halothane-anesthetized horses. Arterial oxygen tension greater than 200 mm of Hg, end tidal carbon dioxide from 30 to 35 mm of Hg, and systemic mean arterial pressure greater than 70 mm of Hg were maintained throughout the recording periods. Values for percentage of pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, pulsatile blood flow, and percentage of signal strength were recorded from jejunum, ileum, cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon. Probe placement on intestinal segments was recorded as over or not over visible subserosal or transmural vessels. There was no significant difference between median values on the basis of vessel codes for pulse oximeter oxygen saturations, pulsatile flow, and signal strength. Median values recorded for pulse oximeter oxygen saturation were 93% from jejunum and ileum and 95% from cecum, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, and descending colon; median values for pulsatile flow were 576 from jejunum, 560 from ileum, 560 from cecum, 574 from left ventral colon, 578 from left dorsal colon, and 560 from descending colon; median values for signal strength were 50% from jejunum, 67.5% from ileum, 60% from cecum, 75% from left ventral colon, 50% from left dorsal colon, and 52.5% from descending colon. Median values obtained from each anatomic location were not significantly different for pulsatile flow or signal strength. Median pulse oximetry oxygen values recorded from jejunum and ileum were significantly lower than values obtained from other intestinal segments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

17.
The methanol extract from the leaves of Petasites japonicus Maxim (PJ) was studied for its (anti-)mutagenic effect with the SOS chromotest and reverse mutation assay. The (anti-)carcinogenic effects were evaluated by the cytotoxicity on human cancer line cells and by the function and the expression of gap junctions in rat liver epithelial cell. PJ extracts significantly decreased spontaneous β-galactosidase activity and β-galactosidase activity induced by a mutagen, ICR, in Salmonella (S.) typhimurium TA 1535/pSK 1002. All doses of the extract (0.08-100 mg/plate) decreased the reversion frequency induced by benzo (α)pyrene (BaP) in S. typhimurium TA 98. It decreased not only the spontaneous reversion frequency but also that induced by BaP in S. typhimurium TA 100. PJ extract showed greater cytotoxic effects on human stomach, colon and uterus cancer cells than on other cancer cell types and normal rat liver epithelial cells. Dye transfers though gap junctions were significantly increased by PJ extracts at concentrations greater than 200 µg/mL and the inhibition of dye transfer by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorobol-13-acetate (TPA) was obstructed in all concentrations of PJ. PJ significantly increased the numbers of gap junction protein connexin 43, and increased the protein expression decreased by TPA in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these findings, PJ is suggested to contain antimutagenic and anticarcionogenic compounds.  相似文献   

18.
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate expression and localisation of a 28-kDa calcium-binding protein (CaBP-D28k) related to active calcium (Ca) absorption, in the entire intestine of egg-laying hens. 2. Western blotting analysis showed that the entire intestine expressed CaBP-D28k to the following degree: duodenum > jejunum > caecum > ileum > colon. Immunohistochemistry showed strong CaBP-D28k localisation in enterocytes along the villus tip-crypt axis in the duodenum and in villus tips in the caecum and colon. The jejunum and ileum had moderate localisation with respect to the number of immunoreactive cells and staining intensity. 3. These results suggest that laying hens actively absorb Ca in both the large and small intestines.  相似文献   

19.
In this study, specific sequences within three genes (3D, VP4 and 2B) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome were determined to be effective RNAi targets. These sequences are highly conserved among different serotype viruses based on sequence analysis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-expressing plasmids (p3D-NT19, p3D-NT56, pVP4-NT19, pVP4-NT65 and p2B-NT25) were constructed to express siRNA targeting 3D, VP4 and 2B, respectively. The antiviral potential of these siRNA for various FMDV isolates was investigated in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells and suckling mice. The results show that these siRNA inhibited virus yield 10- to 300-fold for different FMDV isolates of serotype O and serotype Asia I at 48 h post infection in BHK-21 cells compared to control cells. In suckling mice, p3D-NT56 and p2B-NT25 delayed the death of mice. Twenty percent to 40% of the animals that received a single siRNA dose survived 5 days post infection with serotype O or serotype Asia I. We used an attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis (C500) vaccine strain, to carry the plasmid that expresses siRNA directed against the polymerase gene 3D (p3D-NT56) of FMDV. We used guinea pigs to evaluate the inhibitory effects of recombinant S. cho (p3D-NT56/S. cho) on FMDV infection. The results show that 80% of guinea pigs inoculated with 109 CFU of p3D-NT56/S. cho and challenged 36 h later with 50 ID50 of homologous FMDV were protected. We also measured the antiviral activity of p3D-NT56/S. cho in swine. The results indicate that 100% of the animals treated with 5 × 109 CFU of p3D-NT56/S. cho were protected in 9 days.  相似文献   

20.
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