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1.
土壤团聚体是影响土壤质量和抗侵蚀能力的关键因素之一,而植被恢复可以帮助提升土壤团聚体稳定性。以4种恢复种植5a的南方红壤区常用生态恢复和水土保持植物(马尼拉、香根草、多花木蓝、紫穗槐)为研究对象,使用Le Bissonnais法对其不同土层(0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～30 cm)的土壤团聚体稳定性进行研究,包括3种破坏试验:快速湿润(FW)、预湿润后扰动(WS)和慢速湿润(SW)。结果表明:草本植物(马尼拉、香根草)覆盖下的土壤相较于灌木(多花木蓝、紫穗槐)具有更高的有机质含量、孔隙度以及更发达的根系,同时在3种破坏试验中,其团聚体稳定性在不同土层亦要显著高于灌木。有机质、容重、砂粒和根系等均对团聚体稳定性有显著影响,其中0.5～2 mm粒径的细根系作用最为关键。FW试验中0.25mm团聚体含量为50.45%～79.59%,团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)为0.39～1.21mm,皆要显著低于WS和SW试验,说明区域内土壤团聚体分解的主要机制是消散作用,FW是测定团聚体稳定性的较优方法。结果可为区域内团聚体稳定性研究以及植被恢复工作中的物种选择提供参考。 相似文献
2.
长期培肥下红壤有机碳组成与团聚体稳定性的关系 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为研究培肥措施对红壤有机碳组成和团聚体稳定性的影响,以及有机碳与团聚体稳定性的关系,通过长期定位实验,选取不同施肥措施(未培肥CK、化肥NPK、化肥+秸秆NPKS和粪肥AM)下的典型红壤为研究对象,分析土壤有机碳组成和团聚体稳定性差异,揭示3种施肥措施下不同层次的有机碳组成和团聚体稳定性的变化规律.结果表明,3种施肥措施均可以提高土壤表层(0 ～25 cm)有机碳质量分数(尤其是颗粒有机碳),其中AM效果最显著,NPKS次之.不同施肥措施下红壤不同层次的团聚体稳定性顺序为AM＞ NPKS＞ NPK＞ CK.与CK相比,AM处理对表下层(5～15 cm)土壤的总有机碳和团聚体稳定性的提高效果最显著.回归分析表明,颗粒有机碳(POC)与湿筛法平均质量直径以及快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)、预湿润震荡(WS)3种处理的平均质量直径的相关性最好(R2 =0.79、0.80、0.66、0.81),说明相对于其他组分,颗粒有机碳更有利于降低消散作用以及抵抗机械破碎进而增强团聚体稳定性,是间接评价土壤团聚体稳定性的良好指标. 相似文献
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4.
湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
为揭示地表结皮形成的物理机制和防止结皮形成的措施提供理论支持,该文以中国3种典型的土壤(黄土、红壤和黑土)为研究对象,采用2mmI/h(慢速),10mm/h(中速),50mm/h(快速)3种湿润速度,研究无降雨条件下不同湿润速度对土壤表面强度和土壤团聚体结构的影响.结果表明:不同湿润速度对3种土壤的表面强度的影响程度由大到小为黄土,黑土,红壤;3种土壤中,红壤的团聚体稳定性最好,其次是黑土,黄土最差;除黄土和红壤各自慢速湿润与中速湿润对平均质量直径(MWD)的影响差异不显著,其余各种土壤不同湿润速度对MWD的影响差异均显著. 相似文献
5.
南亚热带不同母质发育土壤团聚体特征及其稳定性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
团聚体是土壤的基本结构单位,其稳定性是评价土壤质量的重要指标。以南亚热带地区不同母质(石灰岩、第四纪红黏土、砂页岩)发育的土壤作为研究对象,采用湿筛法和LB法测定不同母质发育土壤团聚体稳定性特征。结果表明:(1)随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重呈上升趋势,而孔隙度、有机质和游离氧化铁含量呈下降趋势。砂页岩母质发育的土壤有机质含量最高,为22.44～42.97 g/kg。石灰岩和第四纪红黏土母质发育的土壤以黏粒(40.93%,42.51%)和粉粒(41.69%,42.31%)为主,砂页岩母质发育的土壤黏粒含量最低,为33.79%。(2)经湿筛法处理后,石灰岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为91.58%～92.31%,第四纪红黏土母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为76.45%～90.80%,砂页岩母质发育土壤水稳性团聚体含量为79.18%～86.67%,3种土壤团聚体的稳定性都随着土层深度增加而降低。(3)LB法处理后土壤团聚体MWD值均表现为慢速湿润处理预湿润振荡处理快速湿润处理,砂页岩母质发育的40—60 cm土层对消散和机械破碎作用最为敏感,其相对消散指数RSI和相对机械破碎指数RMI分别为0.78和0.42。不同母质土壤团聚体稳定性均与黏粒、有机质、游离态铁含量呈正相关。 相似文献
6.
为探究甘肃小陇山不同林分对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,选取小陇山林区3种典型林分(油松林、日本落叶松林、锐齿栎林)为研究对象,用Le Bissonnais中的快速湿润(FW)处理方法测定其不同土层深度(0—10,10—20,20—40 cm)土壤团聚体平均质量直径(MWD),并进一步研究土壤基本理化性质(土壤机械组成、SOC、CEC、pH)和根系特征(细根与极细根比例、RLD、RMD、SRL)对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明:不同林分下土壤团聚体稳定性表现为锐齿栎林油松林日本落叶松林。不同土层深度土壤团聚体MWD表现为0—10 cm10—20 cm20—40 cm。由一元线性回归模型可知,对土壤团聚体MWD贡献较大的土壤特征因子是CEC(R~2=0.55)和SOC(R~2=0.54),贡献较大的根系特征因子是RMD(R~2=0.60)和RLD(R~2=0.45),土壤团聚体稳定性与这4个因子均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。总体而言,不同林分土壤团聚体稳定性差异不同,团聚体稳定性随土层深度增加而降低,且对土壤团聚体稳定性影响最大的因子是根质量密度。 相似文献
7.
浙南易蚀土壤的团聚体稳定性及其稳定机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤团聚体的数量和稳定性是衡量土壤质量和可蚀性的重要指标。应用常规湿筛法和Le Bissonnais法测定了紫砂岩母质发育的柑橘园土壤团聚体稳定性,分析了土壤团聚体稳定性与胶结物质组成的关系。结果表明,供试土壤团聚体稳定性差异较大,湿筛法测定的水稳性团聚体MWD在0.75～3.49mm,MWD干筛-湿筛为0.15～2.89mm;Le Bissonnais法测定的水稳性团聚体平均MWD为1.57～3.12mm,其平均MWD与湿筛法测定的0.25mm团聚体含量、MWD、5～2mm团聚体破坏率和MWD干筛-湿筛呈极显著相关,表明两种方法测定的结果具有可比性;5～2mm土壤团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)3种处理后,团聚体崩解产物的MWD表现为FWSWWS,团聚体崩解产物的粒级分布随处理方式不同而不同,经快速湿润处理后,大多数团聚体崩解,崩解成较小粒径的水稳性团聚体,表明崩解的主要机制是由于团聚体内部的闭塞空气产生的压力引起的;土壤团聚体的稳定性指标与黏粒和游离氧化铁含量呈显著正相关,而有机质主要影响水稳定性团聚体的数量,它与土壤中MWD呈极显著正相关。 相似文献
8.
基于Le Bissonnais法对黄土高原森林植被带土壤团聚体及土壤可蚀性特征研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤团聚体的组成和稳定性是衡量土壤结构和质量的主要指标,本研究应用Le Bissonnais(LB)法的3种筛分方法[快速湿润筛分法(FW)、慢速湿润筛分法(SW)、湿润振荡筛分法(WS)]模拟不同条件(暴雨、小雨、扰动)对土壤团聚体的破坏,通过测定预处理后的团聚体特征来表征黄土高原植被恢复对土壤团聚体的影响,以期为黄土高原植被恢复与生态建设提供科学依据。结果表明:在LB法的3种处理方法下,FW处理(暴雨)对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤团聚体主要以0.2 mm为主;SW处理(小雨)对土壤团聚体的破坏最小,WS处理(扰动)居中。土壤团聚体的平均重量直径(DMW),在0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为SWWSFW。土壤团聚体平均几何直径(DGM)0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为SWFWWS,土壤团聚体分形维数(D)0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均表现为WSFWSW。在SW处理下,不同植被类型中铁杆蒿群落、黄刺玫群落(样点6、9)土壤团聚体DMW、DGM值较大,可蚀性(K)较小,表明这两个群落的土壤团聚体更为稳定,在小雨环境下更有利于水土保持。对WS处理,侧柏群落、三角槭群落(样点1、2、3)的土壤团聚体更为稳定,可蚀性(K)值较小,因此在外界扰动环境下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落的土壤抗侵蚀能力更强。在FW处理下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落(样点2、3)土壤团聚体DMW、DGM值较大,可蚀性(K)值较小,表明在外界大雨环境下,侧柏群落、三角槭群落的土壤团聚体稳定性更强,土壤抗侵蚀能力更强。总体来说,对于不同环境,不同植被类型下土壤的团聚体稳定性和抗侵蚀能力差异较大,因此应针对不同的环境,采取不同的植被恢复措施来提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。 相似文献
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干湿交替作用对西南地区黄壤团聚体稳定性的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了探究我国西南地区干湿交替作用对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响,选取重庆缙云山典型黄壤为研究对象,在4个前期含水率(风干,10%,15%,20%)水平下,对4组不同粒级团聚体(1~2,2~3,3~5,5~7mm)分别进行7个不同干湿交替过程(1,2,3,5,7,10,15次)模拟。采用Le Bissonnais法,对干湿交替作用后的团聚体在不同破碎机制下的稳定性特征进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)快速湿润(FW)对团聚体稳定性的破坏程度最大,且与机械扰动(ST)和慢速湿润(SW)存在显著差异;(2)小粒径团聚体相较于大粒径团聚体稳定性更高;(3)干湿交替过程对团聚体存在明显的破坏作用,且在不同含水率变化范围下其破坏程度不同;(4)干湿交替作用主要通过影响团聚体破碎后2mm团聚体的百分比含量来影响团聚体的稳定性。该结果对于研究西南地区土壤侵蚀的发生机理具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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亚热带土壤团聚体测定方法的比较研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《土壤通报》2010,(3)
应用湿筛法、Emerson法、机械和化学分散法、LeBissonnaia法对亚热带第四纪红土发育的富铁土团聚体组成和稳定性进行评价,土壤团聚体数量和稳定性指标分别用0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSA)、团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和团聚体破坏率(PAD)表示。结果表明,3种方法测定的MWD值呈极显著正相关;土壤团聚体数量和稳定性与土地利用方式密切相关,林地和园地较高,荒地和母质最低;5～2、2～1和1～0.5mm团聚体经快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)和预湿后扰动(WS)处理后,团聚体MWD均表现为WSSWFW,相对消散系数(RSI)为31%～45%,表明团聚体崩解的主要物理机制是团聚体中闭塞空气引起的消散作用。3种方法具有可比性,反映土壤团聚体特性和稳定机制,可将其团聚体数量和稳定性指标作为衡量土壤质量和抗蚀性的重要指标。 相似文献
11.
G. J. Levy A. Lordian D. Goldstein M. Borisover 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(2):197-205
Irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW) may affect soil structure and stability and the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the soil solution. The objectives of our study were (i) to evaluate the impact of TWW irrigation, as compared with fresh water (FW) irrigation, on aggregate stability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (indices of soil structure stability) and (ii) to determine whether these indices can be associated with the chromophoric indicators of water‐extractable DOM in TWW‐ and FW‐irrigated soils. We studied aggregate stability and soil hydraulic conductivity (HC) of four different soil types irrigated with either TWW (for at least 5 years) or FW. The results were linked to earlier published data on the concentration scores of fluorescent chromophoric DOM components (obtained from excitation‐emission matrices of flouorescence coupled with parallel factor analysis), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and absorbance at 254 nm (Abs254). These were all obtained from water extracts of the same soils as those used in the current study. Irrigation with TWW decreased aggregate stability, in comparison to irrigation with FW, in the sandy clay and clay soils, while in the loamy sand TWW increased aggregate stability. The apparent steady state HCs in the TWW‐irrigated samples in the loamy sand, sandy clay and clay soils were similar to, or significantly less than, those obtained in the FW‐irrigated samples. In the sandy loam the opposite trend was noted. Results of principal component and classification analyses showed that the aggregate stability indices were directly associated with soil organic matter and DOM attributes in the coarse‐textured soils, while in the fine‐textured soils inverse associations were noted. Only in the fine‐textured soils were the HC attributes associated (directly) with some of the DOM characteristics. Our results suggest that structural indices of fine‐textured soils are more sensitive than those of coarse‐textured soils to the composition of water extractable DOM. 相似文献
12.
雨滴机械打击和消散作用对土壤团聚体的破坏特征 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9
土壤团聚体是土壤结构的基本单元,其稳定性是描述土壤抵抗侵蚀过程中破坏作用的重要指标。但溅蚀过程中,雨滴对团聚体的消散和机械打击两种破坏作用的相对贡献及其破坏机制尚未明晰。利用酒精和超纯水作为雨滴形成材料,模拟机械打击单独作用及消散和机械打击共同作用,分别在五个高度(0.5、1、1.5、2和2.5 m)对塿土和黄绵土进行溅蚀实验。结果表明:当降雨动能相同时,塿土的溅蚀率均小于黄绵土。同时,超纯水雨滴对土壤的机械打击和消散共同作用所导致的溅蚀率均大于酒精雨滴单一机械打击作用的溅蚀率。随着降雨动能增加,两种雨滴对两种土壤的溅蚀率均呈幂函数增加;团聚体因消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的溅蚀率均亦随之增加。但两种土壤的消散破坏作用和机械打击作用的贡献率分别随着降雨动能增加而减小和增加。在相同降雨动能时,塿土消散破坏作用的贡献率均大于黄绵土,而机械打击作用贡献率均小于黄绵土。研究结果对深入理解溅蚀过程中团聚体破坏机理及评价溅蚀过程中团聚体稳定性具有重要意义。 相似文献
13.
Straw incorporation and soil organic matter in macro-aggregates and particle size separates 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
BENT T. CHRISTENSEN 《European Journal of Soil Science》1986,37(1):125-135
Two field experiments in which straw has been removed or incorporated for 17 yr (loamy sand) and 10 yr (sandy clay loam) were sampled to examine the effect of straw on the C and N contents in whole soil samples, macro-aggregate fractions and primary particle-size separates. The particle size composition of the aggregate fractions was determined. Aggregates were isolated by dry sieving. Straw incorporation increased the number of 1–20 mm aggregates in the loamy sand but no effect was noted in the sandy clay loam. Straw had no effect on the particle size composition of the various aggregate fractions. After correction for loose sand that accumulated in the aggregate fractions during dry sieving, macro-aggregates appeared to be enriched in clay and silt compared with whole soil samples. Because of the possible detachment of sand particles from the exterior surface of aggregates during sieving operations, it was inferred that the particle size composition of macro-aggregates is similar to that of the bulk soil. The organic matter contents of the aggregate fractions were closely correlated with their clay + silt contents. Differences in the organic matter content of clay isolated from whole soil samples and aggregate fractions were generally small. This was also true for the silt-size separates. In both soils, straw incorporation increased the organic matter content of nearly all clay and silt separates; for silt this was generally twice that observed for clay. The amounts of soil C, derived from straw, left in the loamy sand and sandy clay loam at the time of sampling were 4.4 and 4.5 t ha?1, corresponding to 12 and 21% of the straw C added. The C/N ratios of the straw-derived soil organic matter were 11 and 12 for the loamy sand and sandy clay loam, respectively. 相似文献
14.
In a greenhouse pot study, we examined the availability of N to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic N sources. The treatments were15N-labeled clover residues, wheat residues, and fertilizer placed on a sandy clay loam and loamy sand soil surface for an 8-week period. Soil aggregates formed under each soil texture were measured after 8 weeks for each treatment. Significantly greater 15N was taken up and recovered by grain sorghum in sandy clay loam pots compared with loamy sand pots. Greater 15N recovery was consistently observed with the inorganic source than the organic sources regardless of soil texture or time. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater for sandy clay loam soil compared with the loamy sand. Microbial biomass 15N was also significantly greater in the sandy clay loam treatment compared to the loamy sand. The fertilizer treatment initially had the greatest pool of microbial biomass 15N but decreased with time. The crop residue treatments generally had less microbial biomass 15N with time. The crop residues and soil texture had a significant effect on the water-stable aggregates formed after 8 weeks of treatments. Significantly greater water-stable aggregates were formed in the sandy clay loam than the loamy sand. Approximately 20% greater water-stable aggregates were formed under the crop residue treatments compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Soil texture seemed to be one of the most important factors affecting the availability of N from organic or inorganic N sources in these soils.Contribution from the MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station, Journal Series No.12131 相似文献
15.
Wind erosion produces textural changes on topsoil of semiarid and arid environments; however, the selection of particles on different textured soils is unclear. Our objectives were to evaluate textural changes induced by wind erosion on cultivated soils of different granulometry and to asses if textural changes produced by wind erosion are linked to aggregation of granulometric particles into different sizes of aggregates formed in contrasting textured soils. Considering this, we studied the particle size distribution (PSD) with full dispersion (PSDF) of 14 cultivated (CULT) and uncultivated (UNCULT) paired soils and, on selected sites, the PSD with minimum dispersion (PSDMIN) and the quotient PSDMIN/F. Results showed that the content of silt plus clay was lower in CULT than in UNCULT in most of the sites. The highest removal of silt was produced in soils with low sand and high silt content; meanwhile, the highest removal of clay was observed in soils with medium sand content. According to PSDMIN, particles of 250–2,000 μm predominated in the sandy soil, in the loamy soil particles between 50 and 250 μm and in the silty loam soil particles between 2 and 50 μm. For clay sized particles, PSDMIN/F was lower than 1 in all soils and managements, but this quotient was higher in CULT compared with UNCULT only in the loamy soil. This means a decrease of clay accumulation in aggregates of larger sizes produced by agriculture, which indicates an increase in the risk of removal of these particles by wind in loamy soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Soil tilth has been defined in terms of a ‘Physical Index’ based on the product of the ratings of eight physical properties — soil depth, bulk density, available water storage capacity, cumulative infiltration or apparent hydraulic conductivity, aggregation or organic matter, non-capillary pore space, water table depth and slope. The Physical Index and a tillage guide were used to identify the tillage requirements of different soils varying in texture from loamy sand to clay in the semi-arid tropics. The physical index was 0.389 for a loamy sand, 0.518 for a black clay loam and 0.540 for a red sandy loam soil and the cumulative rating indices in summer and winter seasons were 45 and 44 for loamy sand, 52 and 51 for red sandy loam and 54 and 52 for black clay loam soils, respectively. The compaction of the loamy sand by eight passes of a 490 kg tractor-driven roller (0.75 m diameter and 1.00 m length) increased the physical index to 0.658 and chiselling of the red sandy loam and black clay loam increased the physical indices to 0.686 and 0.729, respectively. The grain yields of rainfed pearl millet and guar and irrigated pearl millet, wheat and barley increased significantly over the control (no compaction) yields by compaction.
The chiselling of the soils varying in texture from loamy sand to clay at 50 to 120-cm intervals up to 30–40 cm depth, depending upon the row spacing of seedlines and depth of the high mechanical impedance layer, increased the grain yields of rainfed and irrigated maize on alluvial loamy sand, rainfed maize on alluvial sandy loam and red sandy loam, rainfed sorghum on red sandy loam and black clay loam, irrigated sorghum on black clay loam and rainfed black gram on red sandy loam, pod yield of rainfed groundnut, tuber yield of irrigated tapioca and fresh fruit yield of rainfed tomato on red sandy loam and sugarcane yield on black clay soil, significantly over the yields of no-chiselling systems of tillage such as disc harrow and country plough. 相似文献
17.
Elizabeth M. Bach Sara G. Baer Clinton K. Meyer Johan Six 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2010,42(12):2182-2191
Many biotic and abiotic factors influence recovery of soil communities following prolonged disturbance. We investigated the role of soil texture in the recovery of soil microbial community structure and changes in microbial stress, as indexed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, using two chronosequences of grasslands restored from 0 to 19 years on silty clay loam and loamy fine sand soils in Nebraska, USA. All restorations were formerly cultivated fields seeded to native warm-season grasses through the USDA’s Conservation Reserve Program. Increases in many PLFA concentrations occurred across the silty clay loam chronosequence including total PLFA biomass, richness, fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and actinomycetes. Ratios of saturated:monounsaturated and iso:anteiso PLFAs decreased across the silty clay loam chronosequence indicating reduction in nutrient stress of the microbial community as grassland established. Multivariate analysis of entire PLFA profiles across the silty clay loam chronosequence showed recovery of microbial community structure on the trajectory toward native prairie. Conversely, no microbial groups exhibited a directional change across the loamy fine sand chronosequence. Changes in soil structure were also only observed across the silty clay loam chronosequence. Aggregate mean weighted diameter (MWD) exhibited an exponential rise to maximum resulting from an exponential rise to maximum in the proportion of large macroaggregates (>2000 μm) and exponential decay in microaggregates (<250 μm and >53 μm) and the silt and clay fraction (<53 μm). Across both chronosequences, MWD was highly correlated with total PLFA biomass and the biomass of many microbial groups. Strong correlations between many PLFA groups and the MWD of aggregates underscore the interdependence between the recovery of soil microbial communities and soil structure that may explain more variation than time for some soils (i.e., loamy fine sand). This study demonstrates that soil microbial responses to grassland restoration are modulated by soil texture with implications for estimating the true capacity of restoration efforts to rehabilitate ecosystem functions. 相似文献
18.
土壤紧实度对伴矿景天生长及镉锌吸收性的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
采集黏土、壤黏土和砂质壤土,分别设置无压实、低紧实度及高紧实度3种处理,通过盆栽试验研究了土壤紧实度对Cd、Zn超积累植物伴矿景天生长和Cd、Zn吸收性的影响。结果表明,与无压实处理比较,砂质壤土、壤黏土和黏土中伴矿景天地上部生物量在低紧实度下显著下降66.8%~83.5%、59.9%~60.4%和57.9%~71.4%;高紧实度处理却显著提高了伴矿景天的根系活力(142%~241%)。高紧实度处理显著降低了壤黏土上伴矿景天地上部Cd和Zn含量,但低紧实度对砂质壤土和黏土上伴矿景天地上部Cd和Zn含量无显著影响。与无压实处理比较,低紧实度显著降低了砂质壤土、壤黏土和黏土上伴矿景天的Cd吸取量,分别下降50.4%~73.8%、61.4%~74.9%和43.4%~63.3%,Zn吸取量下降48.7%~79.5%、73.6%~79.0%和46.1%~63.5%;土壤紧实度对壤黏土上伴矿景天的镉锌吸取效率影响最明显。 相似文献
19.
S. Andersson M. Simonsson L. Mattsson A. C. Edwards & I. Öborn 《Soil Use and Management》2007,23(1):10-19
Annual potassium (K) balances have been calculated over a 40‐year period for five field experiments located on varying parent materials (from loamy sand to clay) in south and central Sweden. Each experiment consisted of a number of K fertilizer regimes and was divided into two crop rotations, mixed arable/livestock (I) and arable only (II). Annual calculations were based on data for K inputs through manure and fertilizer, and outputs in crop removal. Plots receiving no K fertilizer showed negative K balances which ranged from 30 to 65 kg ha?1 year?1 in rotation I, compared with 10–26 kg ha?1 year?1 for rotation II. On sandy loam and clay soils, the K yield of nil K plots (rotation I) increased significantly with time during the experimental period indicating increasing release of K from soil minerals, uptake from deeper soil horizons and/or depletion of exchangeable soil K (Kex). Significant depletion of Kex in the topsoil was only found in the loamy sand indicating a K supply from internal sources in the sandy loam and clay soils. On silty clay and clay soils, a grass/clover ley K concentration of ～2% (dry weight) was maintained during the 40‐year study period on the nil K plots, but on the sandy loam, loam and loamy sand, herbage concentrations were generally less than 2% K. 相似文献
20.
《Soil biology & biochemistry》1987,19(4):429-435
Soils from two field experiments on straw disposal were fractionated according to particle size using ultrasonic dispersion and gravity-sedimentation in water. Samples of whole soils, clay. silt and sand-size fractions were held for 49 days at 20°C and the CO2 evolution measured on 14 dates by gas chromatography.Recovery of soil solids. C and N was 99, 98 and 93%, respectively. Most of the soil C and N was in the clay (<2μm). (loamy sand, 50% C and 56% N; sandy loam. 65% C and 68% N), the silt (2–20 μm) having smaller proportions (loamy sand, 41% C and 38% N; sandy loam. 29% C and 27% N). The sand fraction (20–6000 μm) accounted for 4–7% of the organic matter, and 1–2% of the C was water soluble. Straw incorporation generally increased the C and N content of whole soils and size fractions.The decomposition rate constants were higher for the sandy loam than for the loamy sand soil. For both soils, the decomposability of the organic matter decreased in the order: sand > clay ⩾ whole soil > silt. Straw incorporation increased the decomposition rate of whole soil and sand organic matter. whereas the effect of straw on clay and silt respiration was small.Between 58 and 73% of the respiration was from clay, 21–25% from silt and 6–19% from the sand size fraction. 相似文献