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1.
中国北方农田氮磷淋溶损失污染与防控机制 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
突破厚包气带农田根层氮磷淋溶与地下水污染复杂定量关系和阻控机理是国际研究难点。本文系统梳理了重点研发专项"农田氮磷淋溶损失污染与防控机制"项目取得的主要进展,项目包括以下4方面研究内容:1)北方主要农区农田根层氮磷淋溶时空规律;2)根层—深层包气带氮磷淋溶机制和主控因子;3)黑土、潮土和褐土氮磷淋溶阻控机制及其效果; 4)典型农区氮磷淋溶风险与区域消减途径。主要科学发现包括:1)受土地利用类型、地下水埋深、包气带岩性、水文地质条件等综合因素的影响,黑土区、潮土区和褐土区根层氮磷淋溶规律与地下水硝酸盐超标率体现出空间不一致和较大差异性。黑土区虽然根层淋溶较小,然而受地形地貌影响,地下水水质对淋溶响应更强烈,应该进一步研究黑土区地下水水质对淋溶的响应机制。华北潮土区和褐土区厚包气带具有明显氮阻控能力,应该进一步加强厚包气带对氮磷淋溶减排机理与途径研究。2)基于长期施肥定位试验和12 m深观测井对包气带农田土壤氮盈余累积特征和淋失规律的研究发现,华北平原区的环境安全施氮量约为200kg(N)·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),超过环境安全阈值的多投入氮肥中有51%淋失到1m根层以下,不合理灌溉、强降水、大孔隙和裂隙是造成土壤硝酸盐淋溶的主要因素,对包气带累积硝态氮的淋失作用可影响至6m以下土层。3)利用深层取样和生物学方法结合,对厚包气带0～10.5m原位土壤微生物的反硝化活性和微生物区系组成的研究结果表明,表层土壤是微生物进行反硝化的主要场所,深层土壤中反硝化作用显著减弱,"碳饥饿"是限制底层土壤反硝化微生物丰度与活性的关键因素;室内培养试验证实添加碳源可有效激活土壤微生物的反硝化活性,为"根层截氮包气带脱氮"的淋溶阻控机理找到了突破口。4)利用黑土、潮土和褐土区氮磷淋溶阻控试验、全国农业面源污染国控监测网、北方农区地下水硝酸盐监测网和NUFER (NUtrient flows in Food chains, Environment and Resourcesuse)模型,提出了养分损失脆弱区区划和区域氮磷污染削减草案,可为农业绿色发展和面源污染阻控提供科学依据。 相似文献
2.
根际是养分进入作物系统的门户,也是土壤-根系-微生物相互作用的微域。根际界面过程决定了氮磷养分的供应强度和有效性,最终影响了氮磷养分的利用效率和作物生产力。近年来,国内外在揭示农田土壤-根系-微生物系统中不同界面的养分转化、吸收和运输机制方面取得了一些新进展。在不同时空尺度上分析了影响土壤氮磷转化微生物组成的影响因子;研究了丛枝菌根系统形成的信号机制及其对氮磷吸收的基因调控机制;从信号网络、根系质子分泌和根构型的角度系统揭示了作物根系应对根际环境氮磷养分供应的形态和生理响应机制。未来针对根际氮磷高效利用问题,需要深入研究土壤-根系-微生物不同界面的协同机制和调控原理,在根际微域和土壤团聚体尺度开展微生物食物网及其关键功能微生物分布格局和演替规律的研究;揭示根构型对根系–微生物协同结构和功能的影响,研究养分缺乏条件下根内质子分泌和关键转运蛋白对根系生长和养分吸收的调控机制;针对粮食作物,研究根系-微生物对话中已知信号物质(如独脚金内酯和N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯)和新的信号物质(小RNA)的网络作用机制及其对多养分协同代谢的影响;最后,针对不同气候、土壤、作物类型区,提出提高氮磷利用效率的根际生物调控途径和措施。 相似文献
3.
黑土是我国重要的土壤资源,承载了全国50%以上的玉米产量。但过量的化肥施入和不合理的农业管理造成黑土土壤氮磷大量残留,氮磷淋溶风险增强。相关研究表明,尽管黑土区旱地农田氮磷淋溶损失相对较低,肥料残留效应仍致使其潜在淋溶风险增强。因此,本研究综合分析了环境因子和农业管理措施对黑土区农田氮磷淋溶特征的影响规律,明确了黑土氮磷淋溶消减措施,并针对玉米农田和蔬菜地提出消减策略。具体结果如下:施肥和降水是影响黑土农田氮磷淋溶的重要因素,灌溉是影响蔬菜地氮磷淋溶的关键农田管理措施;按需施肥、有机无机配施、避免雨热同期追肥、节水灌溉、免耕秸秆覆盖、不同作物轮作和添加生物炭等均是适合于当地气候和土壤条件的氮磷淋溶阻控措施。建议玉米农田采用一次性基肥施入,有机肥占比50%～70%,采用免耕秸秆覆盖技术;蔬菜地在常规施肥和灌溉频次下分别降低20%的施肥量和灌溉量,推荐蔬菜秋季收获后秸秆粉碎深埋等管理措施。本研究明确了黑土区农田氮磷淋溶消减策略,有助于实现黑土区农业绿色可持续发展和绿色生态环境的构建。 相似文献
4.
氮磷富集对森林土壤碳截存的影响研究进展 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
大气氮磷沉降增加森林土壤养分的可利用性,改变底物的化学质量、土壤微生物组成和功能,进而影响土壤有机质的储量与稳定性。然而,现有研究主要集中在氮素富集对自然森林生态系统碳截存的影响,有关磷富集以及氮磷交互对人工林土壤有机碳(SOC)截存的影响及其微生物学机制尚不清楚。本文综述了氮磷富集对森林土壤碳转化和净交换通量、土壤有机质(SOM)的激发效应、SOM组成与稳定性以及介导碳转化功能微生物群落的影响,并指出各个研究环节的不足,包括:(1)森林土壤碳通量及其组分对氮磷富集的非线性响应方程及临界阈值尚未确定;(2)氮磷富集对森林SOM激发效应的影响程度与潜在机制知之甚少;(3)SOM的物理-化学协同稳定机制研究不够深入;(4)土壤活性微生物群落组成、SOM化学结构与SOC累积之间的耦联关系尚不清晰。据此,指出未来研究重点与研究思路:基于多水平氮磷添加控制试验和~(13)C标记培养实验,利用原位监测、土壤化学(~(13)C-NMR和Py-GC/MS)、宏基因组测序的分子生物学方法,重点研究氮磷添加及其交互作用对人工林土壤碳排放与流失通量、微生物激发效应、SOM组成与化学稳定性以及功能微生物群落组成的影响,确定土壤碳输出通量对氮磷添加的非线性响应方程与氮沉降临界负荷,阐明分解微生物群落组成与土壤碳转化及稳定性的耦联关系,揭示氮磷交互影响人工林土壤碳积累与损耗的微生物学机制。研究结果有助于控制森林尤其是人工林土壤碳损失,有效降低陆地"氮促碳汇"评估的不确定性,并可为森林生态系统应对全球变化提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
冻融条件下土壤可蚀性对坡面氮磷流失的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
冻融作用与水力侵蚀的复合作用更容易使土壤发生侵蚀,进而加剧土壤养分的流失,为了揭示冻融作用下土壤可蚀性对坡面养分流失的影响,该文采用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了不同土壤含水率(SWC)下坡面的降雨产流产沙及养分流失特征,并分析了土壤可蚀性对坡面全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)流失的影响。结果表明:产流率与产沙率之间呈现正线性相关关系,相关方程斜率的绝对值可作为土壤可蚀性指标。径流中氮磷的流失主要受径流率控制,受土壤可蚀性影响较小(P0.05);而土壤可蚀性显著影响着泥沙中氮磷和总的氮磷流失(P0.01)。土壤可蚀性对黄土坡面氮素流失的影响与冻融作用有关,而土壤可蚀性对坡面磷素流失的影响与冻融作用无关,磷素的流失随着土壤可蚀性增加而增加。因此,在黄土地区,应当采取一系列的生态建设措施来控制水土流失,降低土壤可蚀性,从而减少坡面养分的流失。该研究结果为冻融条件下黄土坡面水-土和氮磷等养分流失机制提供了有效指导。 相似文献
6.
科技部“十三五”农业面源和重金属污染农田综合防治与修复技术研发重点专项
“农田氮磷淋溶损失污染与防控机制研究”项目正式启动 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
集约化农田通过投入大量化肥和灌溉提高作物产量,过量的化肥养分通过淋溶损失到地下水,对地下水环境产生巨大影响。这种高强度的人为干预,形成了集约化农业特有的根层-深层包气带-地下水系统。我国农业主产区集约化程度和污染负荷居全球之首,对环境影响为全球典型。我国地下水污染日益严重,80%监测点地下水为Ⅳ和Ⅴ类,与农田淋溶相关的“三氮”(氨氮、亚硝态氮、硝态氮)是最主要的污染源。黑土、潮土和褐土区是我国粮仓,氮磷肥、灌溉过量投入,也是农田氮磷淋溶和地下水污染的易发区和高发区。因此,开展氮磷在根层-深层包气带-地下水淋溶机理和阻控机制的理论研究,是保障国家粮食安全和生态环境可持续的迫切需求。由农田点污染控制向区域农田氮磷淋失风险控制分区及其相关氮磷消减政策法案的结合治理是国际上农田氮磷淋失污染控制的发展趋势。欧洲联盟(EU-27)制定硝酸盐指令(nitrate directive)和水指令(water framework directive),规范肥料与灌溉水的施用量和方式,提高氮磷的利用效率,减少氮磷淋失,并通过划分硝酸盐脆弱敏感区,进行重点防控。由此可见,研究从农田到区域的氮磷淋溶规律和区域阻控途径意义重大。针对这一社会需求,近日,科技部联合农业部启动了第一批“农业面源和重金属污染农田综合防治与修复技术研发”重点专项,“农田氮磷淋溶损失污染与防控机制研究项目”属于专项2016年首批启动的基础研究项目之一。 相似文献
7.
EPIC模型中土壤氮磷运转和作物营养的数学模拟 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
土壤侵蚀和生产力影响估算模型EPIC是国际上较有影响的水土资源管理和作物生产力评价动力学模型。本文简要介绍了EPIC模型中描述土壤氮磷养分运转与作物氮磷营养的基本原理及其主要数学方程。在作物和土壤微生物等生物因素,热量、降水等气候因素,施肥、灌溉和土壤耕作等管理因素的影响下,农田土壤氮素和磷素不断发生空间运移和形态转化。EPIC模型能够逐日定量描述土壤中氮磷养分的矿化与固定、硝化与反硝化、淋洗与挥发、流失与吸收、矿质磷循环、豆科作物固氮等运移、转化及作物吸收过程的变化速率和数量,揭示出土壤剖面氮磷运移、转化和作物营养的动态变化规律,可供农田土壤管理和作物营养定量评价研究中借鉴。 相似文献
8.
《土壤与作物》2020,(3)
秸秆还田和化肥施用等管理措施将改变农田土壤碳和养分浓度及其化学计量比,进而影响土壤酶活性乃至土壤肥力。为了明确土壤中可利用态碳与氮、磷、硫等营养元素含量变化及其化学计量关系对土壤酶活性的影响,本研究选取亚热带地区典型稻田土壤,通过外源添加葡萄糖和氮磷硫养分试验,测定培养3 d和60 d时参与土壤碳氮磷循环过程的β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和酸性磷酸酶(AP) 4种土壤胞外酶活性。结果表明,在添加初期(3 d),葡萄糖添加提高了稻田土壤4种酶的活性;然而,不管是否有葡萄糖加入,稻田土壤酶活性均不受养分添加水平的影响。在培养后期(60 d),葡萄糖添加显著降低高养分添加处理中稻田土壤酶活性;而且添加葡萄糖处理中,土壤4种酶活性均与养分元素添加水平呈显著的负相关关系。在培养60 d时,碳水解酶与氮水解酶的比值([BG+CBH)/NAG]与养分添加水平呈显著正相关关系,表明随着养分添加水平的增加,微生物的氮限制程度减弱。然而,碳水解酶与磷水解酶的比值([BG+CBH)/AP]与养分添加水平之间呈显著负相关关系,这意味着养分添加量的增加加剧了微生物的磷限制作用,导致土壤磷酸酶活性升高。研究结果揭示了土壤酶活性与土壤碳和养分有效性之间的化学计量学耦合关系,对于加强农田土壤养分管理和提升土壤肥力具有重要意义。 相似文献
9.
《农业环境与发展》2021,(4)
土壤微生物组在促进土壤养分循环、提高土壤固碳能力和维持土壤肥力等方面具有重要的作用。红壤是我国南方重要的耕地资源,但其有机质含量低、水土流失严重,且面临着土壤酸化导致的活性铁铝增加、作物生长受限和微生物活性下降等严峻问题。我国近年来基于红壤旱地长期定位试验和短期培育试验开展了很多工作,在通过调控红壤微生物组以缓解土壤酸化、增加有机质含量和提高氮磷养分有效性方面取得了突破性进展。本文综述了红壤区农田土壤微生物组结构的主要驱动因素,回顾和比较了长期施用化肥、有机肥和有机无机配施等不同施肥制度对我国南方旱地红壤微生物组结构和功能影响的研究工作,阐述了有机培肥制度对红壤微生物群落多样性的积极效应;总结了配施有机肥在提高红壤有机碳周转功能类群和氮磷代谢功能类群丰度,促进红壤有机碳分解、维持有机质稳定和提高土壤氮磷养分有效性等方面的重要作用;探讨了高多样性微生物群落中关键特殊性代谢功能对驱动微生物群落装配和维持土壤生态功能稳定的作用。最后,对我国旱地红壤微生物组未来的研究方向进行了展望,强调了可以通过改进微生物培养策略、明确微生物组不同类群的功能特征和驱动因素、充分挖掘农业微生物组资源、开发调控红壤微生物组的微生物肥料产品和高效农业管理措施来提高红壤养分循环效率、促进有机质稳定和降低铁铝活性,充分发挥微生物组在红壤耕地资源可持续利用与农业绿色发展中的作用。 相似文献
10.
褐土区农田土壤氮磷淋溶特征及其管理措施 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
自20世纪90年代以来,持续过量氮磷化肥投入导致农业面源污染日益严重,了解农田土壤氮磷淋溶特征是降低地下水污染的基础。基于田间调查、长期定位肥料试验和田间试验,分析褐土区氮磷的盈余状况,阐明该区农田土壤氮磷的盈余变化、淋溶特征;评价田间管理措施对农田土壤氮磷淋溶的影响。结果表明,典型褐土区关中平原过量施氮的土壤达到83%以上,大量土壤硝态氮已经迁移到100cm土层以下,15%的水井地下水的硝态氮含量超过10 mg·L~(-1)(WHO饮用水标准);80%耕层土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)含量已超过20mg·kg-1,富磷土壤已出现可溶性磷素向耕层以下迁移的现象。氮肥和磷肥的投入量、氮磷吸收量和土壤氮磷残留量之间存在着3个发展阶段:环境友好-资源高效阶段、环境低风险-资源低效阶段和环境有害-资源无效阶段。与当地常规水肥投入量相比,在保证产量的前提下,化肥减量、降低灌溉量、施用生物炭或秸秆还田都可以降低氮磷淋失量;其中化肥减量、降低灌溉可显著降低氮磷的淋失,其次是施用生物炭和秸秆。施用秸秆条件下,阻控硝态氮淋失与微生物生物量碳氮的提高、土壤硝化势降低或反硝化势升高有关。此外,需要关注褐土区粮果复合系统中土壤氮磷淋溶的环境效应、地下水硝酸盐污染的溯源等问题。 相似文献
11.
A. Lagomarsino S. Grego S. Marhan M. C. Moscatelli & E. Kandeler 《European Journal of Soil Science》2009,60(1):2-12
The present study tests whether soil management (tillage and fertilizer) modified the small-scale abundance and function of soil microorganisms in response to changes in organic matter quantity and quality. The experimental field, located in the coastal hills of Marche (central Italy), was planted in rotation with Triticum durum in winter and Zea mais in summer. Soil samples were collected in the maize-field soil, in conventional and no-tillage (NT) systems, and in fertilized and unfertilized soil. We analysed total organic C (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) microbial biomass C (MBC), enzymes involved in C- (β-glucosidase, α-glucosidase, β-cellobiohydrolase, β-xylosidase), N- (leucine-aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase), P- (acid phosphatase) and S-cycling (arylsulphatase), as well as functional diversity in the bulk soil, coarse sand, fine sand, silt and clay fractions. Micro-scale investigations revealed great microbial abundance in smaller fractions because of protection offered by microaggregates, whereas the distribution of enzymes reflected the availability of their corresponding substrates. No-tillage treatment significantly increased organic input, mainly in the coarser fractions, enhancing enzyme activities and the functional diversity of the microbial community. This effect was even larger in the absence of fertilizer. At the particle-size level of resolution, adding fertilizer stimulated nutrient cycling. Our results confirmed the hypothesis that no-tillage enlarges the content of particulate organic matter in the coarse sand fraction and stimulates microbial decomposition. In the smaller fractions the enlarged microbial pool and increased soil organic matter with small C/N ratio under NT confirm that this management practice is effective in increasing soil C sequestration capacity. 相似文献
12.
Phosphorus (P) is a key limiting factor in many terrestrial ecosystems because most soil P is bound to soil minerals or organic matter. Increasing P cycling rates can increase P availability, including in agricultural soils that receive external P inputs. For example, cover crops may increase P cycling rates via plant uptake and P release during microbial decomposition. Cover crops and associated microbes may also change rhizosphere properties and stimulate soil P mobilization. We studied the potential of legume – fava bean (Vicia faba), vetches (Vicia dasycarpa, Vicia sativa, Vicia benghalensis) pea (Pisum sativum) – and cereal – rye (Secale cereale), wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa) – cover crops to stimulate P cycling across management practices in two long-term systems trials in California. We measured cover crop biomass and nutrient content, P-mobilizing capacity (pH, organic acids, phosphatase activity) and soil P fraction changes in the rhizosphere. Cereals generally produced more biomass with similar P content compared to legumes, but higher C:P in cereal residues could favor microbial immobilization, delay residue mineralization and reduce P cycling rates. Legumes, especially fava bean, had the largest effect on rhizosphere properties by reducing pH and increasing organic acids concentrations and phosphatase activity. However, these changes in rhizosphere properties had a modest impact on soil P and did not increase soil P availability. Furthermore, we found no strong effect of management practices or soil P concentrations on soil P mobilization. Our results suggest that P mobilization in the rhizosphere of legumes is unlikely to increase P cycling rates in these soils, whereas P uptake and release in cereal biomass could have stronger effects. 相似文献
13.
Soil organic matter, effects on soils and crops 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A.E. Johnston 《Soil Use and Management》1986,2(3):97-105
Abstract. Manurial treatments and cropping history have remained unchanged for many years in classical and long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn, in some cases for more than 100 years. Soil samples taken periodically have been analysed to follow changes in organic carbon content with time and treatment. Data presented here clearly show effects of carbon input and soil texture on equilibrium organic matter content.
Until recently increasing amounts of soil organic matter had little effect on yields of arable crops especially if fertilizer nitrogen dressings were chosen correctly. However the yield potential of many crops has increased and various agronomic inputs have become available to achieve that potential. Yields of many crops are now larger on soils with extra organic matter both on the sandy loam at Woburn and the silty clay loam at Rothamsted. Some of the effect appears to be related to extra water holding capacity, some to availability of nitrogen in ways which cannot be mimicked by dressings of fertilizer N, and some to improved soil physical properties. Responses to fertilizer N have been larger on soils with more organic matter. 相似文献
Until recently increasing amounts of soil organic matter had little effect on yields of arable crops especially if fertilizer nitrogen dressings were chosen correctly. However the yield potential of many crops has increased and various agronomic inputs have become available to achieve that potential. Yields of many crops are now larger on soils with extra organic matter both on the sandy loam at Woburn and the silty clay loam at Rothamsted. Some of the effect appears to be related to extra water holding capacity, some to availability of nitrogen in ways which cannot be mimicked by dressings of fertilizer N, and some to improved soil physical properties. Responses to fertilizer N have been larger on soils with more organic matter. 相似文献
14.
Yosef STEINBERGER Dorsaf KERFAHI Tirza DONIGER Chen SHERMAN Itaii APPLEBAUM Gil ESHEL 《土壤圈》2023,(6):916-926
Soil biota play a crucial role in soil ecosystem stability, promoting organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Compared to conventional farming,organic farming is known to improve soil properties such as aggregation. Despite the importance of soil microbial communities in soil biogeochemical processes, our knowledge of their dynamics is rudimentary, especially under different agricultural management practices. Here we studied the effects of vineyard management practices(conventional an... 相似文献
15.
Although tropical and subtropical environments permit two cropping cycles per year, maintaining adequate mulching on the soil surface remains a challenge. In some cases, leaving soils fallow during the winter as an agricultural practice to control pathogens contributes to reduce soil mulching. The aim of this study was to assess attributes associated with C and N cycling in a soil under conventional and no-tillage management, with contrasting uses in winter: black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) as cover crop or fallow. No-tillage increased total C and N, irrespective the winter crop. Cropping black oats under no-tillage resulted in more microbial biomass C and N, and glutaminase activity (15.2%, 65.2%, and 24%, respectively) than no-tillage under fallow. Under conventional tillage, winter cropping did not affect the attributes under study. Available P was higher in the no-tillage system (9.2–12.3 mg kg−1), especially when cropped with black oats, than in the conventional tillage system (4.8–6.6 mg kg−1). A multivariate analysis showed strong relationships between soil microbiological and chemical attributes in the no-tillage system, especially when cropped with black oats. Soil pH, dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities were the most effective at separating the soil use in winter. Microbial N, total N, microbial to total N ratio, available P, metabolic quotient (qCO2), and glutaminase activity were more effective at separating soil management regimes. The no-tillage system in association with winter oat cropping stimulated the soil microbial community, carbon and nutrient cycling, thereby helping to improve the sustainability of the cropping system. 相似文献
16.
M. A. Shepherd 《Soil Use and Management》1999,15(1):41-48
Abstract. Growing cover crops during the winter before spring-planted crops is often suggested as an effective method to decrease nitrate leaching. A four-course crop rotation (potatoes-cereal-sugarbeet-cereal) was followed through two rotations on a sandy soil in the English Midlands. Three management systems were imposed on the rotation to test their effects on nitrate loss. The effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and crop yields were compared with the more conventional practice of over-winter bare fallow before potatoes and sugarbeet.
Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha−1 , which is typical of their performance on sandy soils in the UK. The cover crops usually decreased nitrate leaching but their effectiveness depended on good establishment before the start of drainage. Over 7 years, cover crops decreased the average N concentration in the drainage from 24 to 11 mg l−1 . Potato yield and tuber N offtake increased after cover crops. Ware tuber yield increased by an average of c . 8%; this was unlikely to be due to additional N mineralization from the cover crop because the potatoes received 220–250 kg fertilizer N ha−1 , and non-N effects are therefore implicated. Sugar yield was not increased following a cover crop.
After 8 years of nitrate-retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment. 相似文献
Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha
After 8 years of nitrate-retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment. 相似文献
17.
麻地膜与肥料互作对辣椒生长、土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
麻地膜在农业生产中的应用越来越广泛。为了解麻地膜在茄果类蔬菜上的应用效果,以辣椒为试验材料,在露地和日光温室条件下研究了普通聚乙烯(PE)地膜及麻地膜与肥料互作对辣椒定植初期10 cm土温、辣椒生长、土壤养分及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖有利于辣椒定植初期10 cm土温的升高,其中,PE地膜的保温效果优于麻地膜,PE地膜+有机肥和PE地膜+有机肥+复合肥的保温效果较好,此外,11:00以后麻地膜覆盖具有降低地表温度的作用;麻地膜对膜下杂草的抑制作用显著强于PE地膜,麻地膜+复合肥的杂草生长量显著低于其他处理;地膜覆盖可以显著增加辣椒的株高、茎粗和产量,对辣椒叶片SPAD值及果实Vc含量影响不显著,麻地膜覆盖的辣椒产量显著高于PE地膜覆盖和对照;地膜覆盖可显著降低土壤pH和有机质含量,且麻地膜覆盖的下降幅度大于PE地膜;地膜覆盖可以显著提高土壤中碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,且麻地膜的增加幅度比PE地膜大;地膜覆盖具有提高土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的作用。 相似文献
18.
Some microbial nitrogen (N) cycling processes continue under low soil moisture levels in drought-adapted ecosystems. These processes are of particular importance in winter cropping systems, where N availability during autumn sowing informs fertilizer practices and impacts crop productivity. We evaluated the organic and inorganic N-cycling communities in a key cropping soil (Vertosol), using a controlled-environment incubation study that was designed to model the autumn break in south Australian grain growing regions. Soils from wheat, lucerne, and green manure (disced-in vetch) rotations of the Sustainable Cropping Rotations in Mediterranean Environments trial (Victoria, Australia) were collected during the summer when soil moisture was low. Microbial community structure and functional capacity were measured both before and after wetting (21, 49, and 77 days post-wetting) using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism measures of bacterial and fungal communities, and quantitative PCR of nitrogen cycling genes. Quantified genes included those associated with organic matter decomposition (laccase, cellobiohydrolase), mineralization of N from organic matter (peptidases) and nitrification (bacterial and archaeal ammonia monooxygenase and nitrite oxidoreductase). In general, the N cycling functional capacity decreased with soil wetting, and there was an apparent shift from organic-N cycling dominance to autotrophic mineral-N cycling dominance. Soil nitrate levels were best predicted by laccase and neutral peptidase genes under drought conditions, but by neutral peptidase and bacterial ammonia monooxygenase genes under moist conditions. Rotation history affected both the structural and functional resilience of the soil microbial communities to changing soil moisture. Discing in green manure (vetch) residues promoted a resilient microbial community, with a high organic-N cycling capacity in dry soils. Although this was a small-scale microcosm study, our results suggest that management strategies could be developed to control microbial organic-N processing during the summer fallow period and thus improve crop-available N levels at sowing. 相似文献
19.
Maysoon M. Mikha Augustine K. Obour Johnathon D. Holman 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2018,49(16):1953-1975
Long-term studies are valuable in assessing the impact of crop management practices on soil sustainability and function. This study used two calculation scenarios, fixed depth and Equivalent Soil Mass (ESM) to assess (i) soil nutrient status and (ii) soil organic carbon (SOC) after 50 years of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates (0, 22, 45, and 67 kg N ha?1) and tillage [clean tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT)] in a dryland winter wheat-sorghum-fallow cropping system. The soil organic matter (SOM) content increased by 33% with NT and RT compared with CT. The SOC at 0–30 cm was 39% greater than 30–60 cm depth with both fixed depth and ESM calculations. Soil nutrient specifically soil calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) associated with N rates were no different than the control. Crop nutrient removal may eventually reduce soil nutrient contents with only N application. Nutrient addition specifically P should be considered in the future. 相似文献
20.
Projected future decreases in snow cover associated with global warming in alpine ecosystems could affect soil biochemical cycling. To address the objectives how an altered snow removal could affect soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity related to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling and pools, plastic film coverage and returning of melt snow water were applied to simulate the absence of snow cover in a Tibetan alpine forest of western China. Soil temperature and moisture, nutrient availability, microbial biomass and enzyme activity were measured at different periods (before snow cover, early snow cover, deep snow cover, snow cover melting and early growing season) over the entire 2009/2010 winter. Snow removal increased the daily variation of soil temperature, frequency of freeze–thaw cycle, soil frost depth, and advanced the dates of soil freezing and melting, and the peak release of inorganic N. Snow removal significantly decreased soil gravimetric water, ammonium and inorganic N, and activity of soil invertase and urease, but increased soil nitrate, dissolve organic C (DOC) and N (DON), and soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N (MBN). Our results suggest that a decreased snow cover associated with global warming may advance the timing of soil freezing and thawing as well as the peak of releases of nutrients, leading to an enhanced nutrient leaching before plant become active. These results demonstrate that an absence of snow cover under global warming scenarios will alter soil microbial activities and hence element biogeochemical cycling in alpine forest ecosystems. 相似文献