共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
K. Senthilkumar P.S. Bindraban N. de Ridder K.E. Giller 《Agricultural Water Management》2009,96(12):1851-1860
Efficient water use in rice cultivation is a prerequisite for sustaining food security for the rice consuming population of India. Novel rice production practices, including water-saving techniques, modifications in transplanting, spacing, weeding and nutrient management, have been developed and shown to be effective on farm, but adoption of these techniques by farmers has remained restricted. Potential constraints include technical difficulties with new practices, and labour and gender issues which differ between farms. On the basis of a rapid survey of 100 rice-based farms, four farm types were identified based on their socio-economic and biophysical characteristics. Detailed farm surveys were conducted on three representative farms of each farm type to evaluate land use patterns, use of inputs such as water, labour, nutrient, capital and machinery, income from crop and animal production and off-farm activities. Opportunities exist for one or more new rice cultivation techniques to be adopted in all the four farm types. For all farm types, however, the opportunities for use of water-saving irrigation were the least promising. In general, adoption of water-saving irrigation will not improve farmers’ livelihoods despite its importance in reducing water scarcity problems at regional scale. At farm scale, the potential for adoption of water-saving irrigation depends on the season, location of fields and the irrigation source. Changes in government policies such as rules and regulations, pricing, institution building and infrastructure development, as well as training and education of farmers are needed to improve the adoption of modified methods for rice cultivation. 相似文献
2.
K. Senthilkumar M.T.M.H. LubbersN. de Ridder P.S. BindrabanT.M. Thiyagarajan K.E. Giller 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(1):82-93
Improving water use and nitrogen efficiencies is of overall importance to society at large - to conserve scarce water resources and prevent environmental pollution. Efficient cultivation practices for rice which had no yield penalty were not adopted by farmers because of the open access to water free of charge. Well-chosen combinations of policy measures are thus needed to stimulate adoption of new cultivation practices. We developed a multi-objective linear programming (MGLP) model to explore the impact of: (i) modified rice cultivation including water-saving irrigation on farm profit; (ii) water pricing and water quota government policies on adoption of modified rice cultivation by farmers; (iii) a combination of (i) and (ii) to achieve the objectives of both farmers and society at large, and (iv) to study the trade-offs between income, water and nitrogen use. The analysis was carried out on four rice-based farm types for the state of Tamil Nadu, South India. Model results showed that observed farm profit of all four farm types could be increased using current practices simply by optimizing land use for specific crops. Adoption of modified rice cultivation further increased farm profit. Water-saving practices were selected only when water pricing was introduced. Farm profits were reduced even at low water prices but were compensated by farmers through adoption of modified rice cultivation. The combination of policies that stimulate adoption of modified rice cultivation was effective in achieving both increased farm income and water savings. The required water prices differed across farm types and seasons and impacted poor resource-endowed farmers the most. Providing water quotas could protect the poor resource-endowed farmers. The model helped to identify the optimal water price and water quota for each farm type to achieve both the objectives of farmers and society at large. Opportunities for reducing water use and avoiding environmental pollution at acceptable profits are available for all farm types, but need to be tailored to the farmers’ resource endowments. 相似文献
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4.
农业节水灌溉的博弈分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
水资源紧缺是制约社会经济发展的关键性因素。农业是我国的用水大户,推广农业节水灌溉技术是实现水资源高效利用的重要途径。从博弈论的角度,分析了水价与节水灌溉之间的关系,说明水价的提高激励了节水灌溉技术的采用。另一方面,为减轻农民负担,提出农业水价加收的费用,通过财政以农业补贴或其他形式回补农民的建议。 相似文献
5.
不同水肥模式单季水稻生长特性研 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过田间试验，对比不同灌溉模式与施肥方式的组合对单季水稻分蘖、根系生长、叶面积指数、产量和水分生产率的影响。研究表明：节水灌溉模式下（薄露灌、间歇灌），水稻分蘖优于常规灌溉，并且3次施肥处理的最终分蘖量好于2次施肥；水稻根系长度和根毛总量均大于常规灌溉；不同灌溉模式对水稻叶面积指数影响不显著；节水灌溉加3次施肥处理的实测产量略大于常规处理，每亩增产10~30kg。另外，节水灌溉模式可显著提高单季水稻的水分生产率，生育期用水可减少10%～30%。 相似文献
6.
稻田农业节水栽培配套技术的研究 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6
在湖南攸县、双峰进行的田间试验结果表明 ,稻草覆盖免耕结合浅湿灌溉的稻田农业节水栽培配套技术与传统的栽培方法比较 ,能提早和促进水稻分蘖 ,提高水稻根系活力、功能叶叶绿素含量和干物质的积累 ,降低水稻纹枯病的发生 ,晚稻产量达 8790 kg/ hm2 ,增产率达 10 .2 %;同时 ,能提高灌溉水的生产效率 ,节约灌溉用水量 ,晚稻田灌水次数减少 40 %,每公顷节约灌水量 112 3.5 m3、节省水稻生产成本 5 10元、纯收入增加 1437元。 相似文献
7.
水稻机械直播技术的试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1993年，浙江省杭州市萧山区开始在不同镇乡、不同土壤性质的地块对引进的直播机进行可行性作业试验。经多年试用，对机器进行了选型和改进，在水稻直播的整地、种子处理、播种到排水、除草、肥水管理以及病虫害防治等整个生产过程，采用了相应的机械和措施。为此，针对水稻机械直播技术，揭示了机直播增产机理、技术特性及优越性．展望了该技术推广应用的发展前景。 相似文献
8.
《Agricultural Water Management》2001,46(3):267-276
The study was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Regional Station, Comilla, during three rice growing seasons. The experiment consists of six weeding treatments with three replications. The objective of the experiment was to determine an economic weeding method as well as to improve water management practices of paddy rice. The study indicates that the continuous ponding (100–150 mm) is not effective for weed control and high yield. Similarly, continuous ponding of 30–70 mm with one hand weeding is not economically sound. Two hand weeding or one hand weeding plus herbicides can be recommended where labors are available. Otherwise only herbicides should be used to make weeding economic for profitable rice production. The study reveals that continuous ponding required about 1.5–2.0 times more water than intermittent irrigation. 相似文献
9.
The system of rice intensification (SRI) has generated considerable debate globally, particularly with regard to its potential to raise rice yields. Proponents of SRI have reported that the average rice yield with SRI is double the current average yield and can be increased to the level of three to four times. Opponents say the reported high yields are due to measurement error and that usual information expected in support of these fantastic yields is missing. The number of SRI adopters has increased in India in recent years. We evaluate the impact of adoption of SRI practices on rice yields, the economics of paddy cultivation and labour inputs based on field research conducted in Purulia, West Bengal, India. Paddy yields with SRI were higher than those under conventional paddy cultivation by 32% and net returns were higher by 67%. Labour input was reduced by 8%. SRI adoption enabled farmers consistently to enhance paddy yields, increase returns and save labour; and enhance productivity with respect to the key inputs in terms of paddy output per unit of seed, fertilizer and labour-day. SRI promises to be a significant alternative for not only raising paddy yields, but also for managing paddy based farming in resource-starved regions. 相似文献
10.
On-farm measurements and observations of water flow, water costs and irrigation labour inputs at the individual parcel level
were made in case studies of smallholder irrigation systems in sub-Saharan Africa and south-eastern Arabia. The systems, in
which the water source supplied either single or multiple users, were analysed to address the fundamental issues of labour
allocation for on-farm water management as this has important consequences for the success of such systems. Results show that
the costs associated with accessing water influenced labour input, because when they were low the farmers tended to increase
the irrigation rate and reduce the amount of time they spent distributing the water within their parcels. Conversely when
water costs were high, lower flow rates and more time spent in water distribution were observed, and this resulted in more
uniform irrigation and higher irrigation efficiency. Also, opportunities and demands for farmers to use their labour for activities
other than irrigation can lead them to modify operational or physical aspects of the system so that they can reduce the time
they spend distributing water within the parcels, particularly when the water is relatively cheap. Awareness and better understanding
of how farmers may allocate their labour for water management will lead to more effective planning, design and management
of smallholder irrigation systems. 相似文献
11.
山区苹果节水灌溉试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过3年田间试验,采用灌关键水、控制土壤水分下限和果树栽培管理相结合的管理模式,探索出苹果生长期的需水规律及节水灌溉模式,即管道输水加按棵施灌的灌水方法.以田间试验为主,通过4个小区不同灌溉制度与群众习惯灌溉的对比试验,按照水量平衡原理.确定了盛果期苹果园生长期的需水量及需水规律;根据各小区果树连续3年的需水量、果树产量和产值,确定苹果树的水分生产率和水分生产效益.求得灌溉效益最大的那组试验数据.由此制定出苹果非充分灌溉节水灌溉制度:苹果在管灌方式下,灌溉4次为宜,最佳灌水期为萌芽前、新梢生长和幼果膨大期、果实迅速膨大期和落叶期.灌溉定额为1 050 m3/hm2. 相似文献
12.
A methodology for up-scaling irrigation losses 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This paper presents a methodology for up-scaling field irrigation losses and quantifying relative losses at the irrigation
area level for potential water savings. Two levels of analysis were considered: First, the field level where irrigation is
applied. Second, the irrigation area level, where the field level losses are aggregated, or up-scaled, using average loss
functions. In this up-scaling approach, detailed crop-soil-water modelling can capture the variability of physical parameters
(such as soils, crops, water table depth, and management practices) at the field level which are then used to derive loss
functions for aggregating losses at higher scales (irrigation area level). This allows potential field-level adaptations and
water management changes made by individual farmers to be assessed for impact at the larger irrigation area level. The APSIM
farming systems model was used for simulation of crops (wheat, rice, and soybean) and their interaction with the wider system
processes at the field level. Given the climate, soil, and management information (sowing, fertilisation, irrigation, and
residue management), the model simulates infiltration, the soil moisture profile, plant water uptake, soil evaporation, and
deep drainage on a daily basis. Then, by placing the field level analysis in the context of the wider irrigation system or
catchment, it is possible to correlate field level interventions (e.g. water savings measures) with water requirements at
these higher levels. Application of this method in the Coleambally Irrigation Area in NSW, Australia, demonstrated that an
exponential function can describe the relationship between deep drainage losses and the water table depth for different soil,
crop, and water table depth combinations. The rate of loss increase (slope of the curve) with the water table depth is higher
on lighter (higher intake rates) soils than on heavy soils and is more pronounced in areas under rice cultivation. We also
demonstrate that this analysis technique can assist in identifying spatial distribution of losses in irrigation areas, considering
water table depth as an additional factor, leading to targeted areas for water-saving measures. 相似文献
13.
季节性干旱丘区的麦秸还田技术与水分利用效率研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
2003~2004年在季节性干旱的丘陵地区进行了麦秸还田种植水稻的试验研究。结果表明:不同覆盖物中,麦秸的节水效果最好,但还田方式与节水效果直接相关。翻耕、水稻栽后麦秸覆盖还田,可以减少田间蒸发耗水,节水41.84%;稻谷水份生产率为1.55 kg/m3比CK高0.51 kg/m3,灌溉水的稻谷生产率比CK高1.22 kg/m3;与此同时水稻增效1860元/hm2。免耕、水稻栽后麦秸覆盖还田的水份生产率为1.26 kg/m3,比CK高0.22 kg/m3,灌溉水的稻谷生产率比CK高0.47 kg/m3。免耕、覆盖、水稻抛栽不节水,但省工节本,增效840~1110元/hm2。 相似文献
14.
水稻软盘育苗,是实现旱育苗,培育旱壮秧,夺取水稻丰产的重要措施,是水稻生产规范化、实现水稻插秧机械化相配套的育苗形式,并且方法简单,操作方便,管理省事,成本低,效果好,深受农民欢迎. 相似文献
15.
论川西北丘陵春夏旱区二熟制水稻节水栽培技术途径 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在多年研究与实践基础上,针对川西北丘陵春夏旱区的气候特点、水资源现状和稻田耕作制度,对该区二熟制杂交水稻生产环节中的节水问题进行了探讨,阐述了普及旱育秧、调整栽插期、适度精细耕整、田面覆盖、合理中耕和减少晒田期水资源浪费等栽培途径的节水意义及其相关技术。 相似文献
16.
以江苏省淮安市涟水县传统稻田、稻虾生态种养田为研究对象,提出了稻田生态种养水足迹核算方法,测算分析了不同种养模式在不同阶段的供、用、排水量,耗水规律和水足迹.研究结果表明:研究区不同种养模式下水稻的灌溉定额、生产水足迹及其组成足迹均存在差异;稻虾生态种养灌溉定额为24 922.95 m3/ha,是传统水稻灌溉定额的5.75倍;水稻生产水足迹为19.9 m3/kg,高于传统水稻生产水足迹11.9 m3/kg;传统水稻的绿水生产水足迹相比最高,而稻虾生态种养的灰水生产足迹最高,且高于绿水和蓝水生产水足迹;从水足迹角度,研究区稻虾生态种养模式的用水效率不高,应针对不同用水环节采取适宜的节水减排策略. 相似文献
17.
针对水田株间除草作业劳动强度大、株间除草率低、易损伤秧苗等问题,提出一种水射流除草方法,以此设计了一种射流式株间除草装置。首先通过理论分析与参数计算确定了射流倾角为31°,喷嘴直径为0.004mm,运用动量守恒定理、粘性流体力学和土力学原理进行分析,建立了喷嘴临界破土压力模型,得出喷嘴临界破土压力为0.53MPa。进行水稻根系抗冲断极限水压试验,确定了喷嘴出口压力上限为1.5MPa。进行台架试验,选取装置前进速度和喷嘴出口压力为试验因素,以除草率为试验指标,采用二次正交旋转组合设计,建立了试验指标与影响因素回归模型。运用Design-Expert 8.0.6软件对试验数据分析并进行验证试验,结果表明,当装置前进速度为0.3m/s,压力为1.5MPa时,除草率为90.62%。满足水田机械除草作业农艺和技术要求。 相似文献
18.
在考虑降水蒸发蒸腾等影响一致的情况下,研究了常规灌溉、控制灌溉Ⅰ、控制灌溉Ⅱ、控制灌溉Ⅲ4种不同灌溉模式下水稻各生育期灌水量、产量性状,通过方差分析研究了不同灌溉模式对水稻产量的影响、灌溉水利用率并拟合得到灌水量与产量的回归方程。试验结果表明:各灌溉模式灌溉水利用率为控制灌溉Ⅰ控制灌溉Ⅲ控制灌溉Ⅱ常规灌溉,图表中看出返青到分蘖末为需水非敏感期、拔节孕穗期和抽穗开花期为需水敏感期,不同灌溉模式对产量影响显著。控Ⅰ灌溉水利用率最高,能够达到节水增产的目的,合理利用水资源。 相似文献
19.
彭世彰 《中国农村水利水电》1992,(11)
1982年以来,于麦仁店灌溉试验站进行了控制土壤含水量水稻灌溉技术及水稻需水量的试验研究,其成果表明,采用节水高产的控制灌溉技术后,水稻耗水量大幅度下降,生理生态需水规律发生显著变化。文章从稻田土壤水分等生态环境的改善,以及水稻自身生理调节机能和适应能力变化等方面,分析了水稻节水机理,并对彭曼法在节水灌溉水稻需水量计算中的应用进行了探讨,提出了应力系数K_s的计算公式。 相似文献
20.
J.S. Pachpute 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(9):1251-1258
A package of water management practices including pitcher irrigation method and water conserving techniques of manure application and mulching is experimented for sustainable growth and improved production of cucumber crop in Makanya village in North Eastern Tanzania. The increase in total yield due to package of water management practices is 203 per cent and water use efficiency obtained is 12.06 kg m−3. The seasonal water requirement of cucumber crop under package of water management practices ranges from 146.30 to 198.10 mm, which is on an average 4.19 times less as compared to control treatment of can irrigation. The irrigation interval in package of water management practices is 4.9 times higher than the can irrigation method. The water and labour uses are reduced by 75.9 and 73 per cent, respectively in package of water management practices. The results showed that the self-regulative nature of pitchers and moisture retention by water conserving techniques is helpful in mitigating water stress in crop root zone. The moisture retention period in soil is increased assisting reduction of labour hours required in irrigation. In local context, the water management practices included in the package are easy to understand, adopt, operate and maintain. 相似文献