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1.
Brassica napus var. oleifera varieties have traditionally been developed as open‐pollinated varieties. The successful introduction of several high‐yielding hybrids based on cytoplasmic male sterility or transgenic pollination control systems has generated interest in the development of new hybrid systems. Self‐incompatibility could be an additional useful pollination control system for B. napus if a sufficient number of S‐alleles could be developed in this species. The S‐alleles, S2, S5, S13, S24 and S39, were identified in five hybrids of B. oleracea var. italica and subsequently transferred to B. napus. Doubled haploid lines were produced for the self‐incompatible (SI) lines in B. napus and intercrossed to produce SI heterozygotes in order to study allele interaction. There was a greater incidence of interallelic dominance in the stigmas and pollen of B. napus than was reported for the S‐alleles in B. oleracea. Allele S24 exhibited the greatest degree of dominance over the other alleles tested, while allele S2 was generally recessive or codominant with other alleles. Self‐incompatible expression was very similar in the SI homozygotes and heterozygotes, thus no weakening of the SI trait in the heterozygote was observed. The implications of S‐allele interaction for the use of SI in B. napus are discussed.  相似文献   

2.
Cultivars in Brassica napus var. oleifera, a self‐pollinating, self‐compatible species, have traditionally been developed as open‐pollinated lines or populations. Significant yield gains in this species have been realized through the exploitation of heterosis. Commercial hybrid production has been possible as a result of the development of a number of pollination control systems. Self‐incompatibility was transferred from B. oleracea var. italica to B. napus var. oleifera through interspecific hybridization. The response to interspecific pollination, as measured by pod elongation and initial stages of ovule development, was genotype dependent, and two highly responsive B. napus genotypes were identified. Embryo rescue was used to produce the interspecific hybrids. Isoelectric focusing of stigma proteins was used to identify S‐alleles in the interspecific hybrids to facilitate backcrossing. Segregation of the S‐locus through a series of back‐crosses to B. napus was complicated by aneuploidy; however, the S‐locus was found to segregate as a single gene. Usefulness of B. oleracea as a source of S‐alleles for pollination control in B. napus is discussed.  相似文献   

3.
Production of yellow-seeded Brassica napus through interspecific crosses   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
M. H. Rahman   《Plant Breeding》2001,120(6):463-472
Yellow‐seeded Brassica napus was developed from interspecific crosses between yellow‐seeded Brassica rapa var.‘yellow sarson’ (AA), black‐seeded Brassica alboglabra (CC), yellow‐seeded Brassica carinata (Bbcc) and black‐seeded B. napus (AACC). Three different interspecific crossing approaches were undertaken. Approaches 1 and 2 were designed directly to develop yellow‐seeded B. napus while approach 3 was designed to produce a yellow‐seeded CC genome species. Approaches 1 and 2 differed in the steps taken after trigenomic interspecific hybrids (ABC) were generated from B. carinata×B. rapa crosses. The aim of approach 1 was to transfer the yellow seed colour genes from the A to the C genome as an intermediate step in developing yellow‐seeded B. napus. For this purpose, the ABC hybrids were crossed with black‐seeded B. napus and the three‐way interspecific hybrids were self‐pollinated for a number of generations. The F7 generation resulted in the yellowish‐brown‐seeded B. napus line, No. 06. Crossing this line with the B. napus line No. 01, resynthesized from a black‐seeded B. alboglabra x B. rapa var.‘yellow sarson’ cross (containing the yellow seed colour genes in its AA genome), yielded yellow‐seeded B. napus. This result indicated that the yellow seed colour genes were transferred from the A to the C genome in the yellowish‐brown seed colour line No. 06. In approach 2, trigenomic diploids (AABBCC) were generated from the above‐mentioned trigenomic haploids (ABC). The seed colour of the trigenomic diploid was brown, in contrast to the yellow seed colour of the parental species. Trigenomic diploids were crossed with the resynthesized B. napus line No. 01 to eliminate the B genome chromosomes, and to develop yellow‐seeded B. napus with the AA genome of ‘yellow sarson’ and the CC genome of B. carinata with yellow seed colour genes. This interspecific cross failed to generate any yellow‐seeded B. napus. Approach 3 was to develop yellow‐seeded CC genome species from B. alboglabra×B. carinata crosses. It was possible to obtain a yellowish‐brown seeded B. alboglabra, but crossing this B. alboglabra with B. rapa var.‘yellow sarson’ failed to produce yellow seed in the resynthesized B. napus. The results of approaches 2 and 3 demonstrated that yellow‐seeded B. napus cannot be developed by combining the yellow seed colour genes of the CC genome of yellow‐seeded B. carinata and the AA genome of ‘yellow sarson’.  相似文献   

4.
Resistance responses of resynthesized Brassica napus lines to infection with Plasmodiophora brassicae were investigated. Lines that were derived from interspecific crosses between clubroot-resistant B. rapa and resistant B. oleracea exhibited very broad and effective resistance in both greenhouse and field tests. When clubroot resistance was introduced into resynthesized lines from the B. oleracea parent only, the plants were mainly susceptible. Interspecific hybrids from the most resistant parental genotypes, i.e. B. campestris ECD-04 and the B. oleracea cultivars ECD-15 or ‘Bohmerwaldkohf’, were used to initiate a B. napus resistance-breeding programme. These artificial rapeseed lines were resistant to isolates that were virulent on all B. napus differential lines and/or parental lines. Preliminary segregation analysis suggests that their resistance is due to at least two dominant and unlinked genes. In some cases progenies from selfed resynthesized plants exhibited resistance reactions that differed from those of the parental hybrid plant; this may have been the result of cytological instability.  相似文献   

5.
C. M. Lu    B. Zhang    F. Kakihara  M. Kato 《Plant Breeding》2001,120(5):405-410
Fifteen lines of Brassica napus were resynthesized via ovule culture through 24 interspecific crosses between four Brassica oleracea and three Brassica campestris accessions. The degree of success in the interspecific crosses was significantly influenced by maternal genotypes. The interspecific hybrid production rate (HPR) varied with combinations from 0 to 76.9%, with a mean HPR of 24.7% for the crosses with B. campestris as the female parent and 6.9% for the crosses with B. oleracea as female parent. Twenty‐four crosses between seven natural and six resynthesized B. napus gave, on average, 10.3 seeds per pod, and ranged from 1.2 to 22.0 seeds per pod, depending on genotypes of both parents. Resynthesized lines of B. napus showed high erucic acid content and variable content of linolenic acid, ranging from 3.4% to 9.9%. The fatty acid composition in hybrid seeds between natural and resynthesized B. napus was dominated by the embryo genotypes; an additive mode was shown for erucic acid and positive over‐dominance for linolenic acid content.  相似文献   

6.
Brassica napus is a most important oilseed grown worldwide with a limited genetic background, due to the short history of speciation, domestication and cultivation. To create novel germplasm for rapeseed breeding, we made interspecific crosses followed with chromosome doubling between B. rapa and B. oleracea to generate novel B. napus with favourable agronomic traits. The resynthesized (S0) hybrids were confirmed by SSR and cytogenetic analysis, and the fertility was increased from 32.7% in S0 generation to ~97.31% in S1 generation. The plant shapes of the progeny were dramatically improved compared to the diploid parents and B. napus cv. ‘Yangyou 6’, especially for the branch initiation height, branch number and pod number. The single‐plant yield was significantly improved in S1 progeny for the variations in branching sites and number. Significant improvement in plant shape and yield was observed on S2 generation compared to the local elite commercial open‐pollinated cultivar, which would be further fixed by intensive selection and pyramiding breeding. Such variation is of great value for breeding rapeseed with improved plant architecture and harvest index.  相似文献   

7.
Summary Brassica napus is a natural allotetraploid derived from the diploid species B. rapa L. (syn. campestris L.) and B. oleracea L. Somatic hybrids synthesized from highly heterozygous lines of these two diploid species were evaluated for fertility. The hybrids were obtained from two fusion experiments which differed in the B. rapa full-sibling parent used as the source of protoplasts. Both B. rapa siblings were lelf-incompatible (SI) yet contained different S-alleles; the B. oleracea species parent was self-compatible (SC). Eight tetraploid hybrids examined had very high female and male fertility; eight hybrids with higher ploidy had low fertility. Hybrids derived from one B. rapa sibling were self-incompatible, whereas those derived from the other B. rapa sibling were fully self-compatible. These data suggest that the different S-alleles of each B. rapa sibling displayed varying penetrance relative to the SC of the B. oleracea parent when combined in B. napus.Abbreviations SC self-compatibility - SI self-incompatibility  相似文献   

8.
Genetic information conffering non- shattering of siliques has been introgressed in rapeseed (Brassica napus) following; interspecific hybridization between Brassica juncea and B. napus. A reconstituted B. napus plant with complete non-dehiscence of its fruits was isolated in the BC-, generation. This plant had normal meiosis and formed 19 bivalents. Its seed fertility, however, was low (23 percent). It is suggested that the gene(s) for shattering-resistance were incorporated into a B. oleracea chromosome following allosyndetic; chromosome pairing and. segmental exchange between B. nigra and B. oleracea chromosomes in the initial interspecific AABC hybrid.  相似文献   

9.
Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), a maternally transmitted failure in pollen formation, is an effective pollination control system in hybrid rapeseed (Brassica napus) breeding. However, CMS is not widely used in the related oilseed species Brassica rapa. In the past years, several male sterile plants have been isolated from the B. rapa landrace ‘0A193’, collected in Shaanxi, China, in 2011. It is noteworthy that the fertility expression of 0A193‐CMS was affected by temperature. In contrast to pol CMS, fertility tests with 18 B. rapa and 9 B. napus accessions suggest that a different system of maintaining and restoring is responsible for the observed phenotype. Further on, genetic investigation evidenced that fertility of 0A193‐CMS is controlled by both cytoplasmic and one pair of nuclear recessive genes. Interestingly, plants of the 0A193‐CMS type possess a highly specific fragment of the mitochondrial gene orf222, a crucial regulator of male sterility in nap CMS. Our study broadens the CMS resources in B. rapa and provides a highly applicable alternative to pol CMS and ogu CMS for hybrid breeding production.  相似文献   

10.
M. H. Rahman 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(4):357-359
The fatty acid composition of seed oil of four interspecific hybrids, resulting from crosses between zero erucic acid Brassica rapa (AA), and high erucic acid Brassica alboglabra/Brassica oleracea (CC) and Brassica carinata (BBCC), void of erucic acid genes in their A‐genomes was examined. The erucic acid content in resynthesized Brassica napus (AACC) lines derived from these crosses was only about half that of the high erucic acid CC genome parents, indicating equal contributions of the two genomes to oil (fatty acid) synthesis and accumulation. The differences in C18 fatty acid synthesis between the parents were also evident in the resulting resynthesized B. napus plants. Hexaploid Brassica plants of the genomic constitution AABBCC, in which the AA genome was incapable of erucic acid synthesis, had lower erucic acid contents than the B. carinata (BBCC) parent. This is plausible considering the fact that the zero erucic acid AA genome contributes to oil synthesis in AABBCC plants, thus reducing erucic acid content.  相似文献   

11.
Six accessions belonging to four subspecies of Brassica rapa, including three accessions of B. rapa subsp. sylvestris, were crossed with B. oleracea subsp. alboglabra in order to develop a series of synthetic B. napus lines with a common C genome but contrasting A genomes. Different A genomes had significant effects on the efficiency of B. napus resynthesis and the sexual compatibility of the synthetic lines with oilseed rape cultivars. The synthetic lines were used to investigate the effect of A genome substitution on the resistance of B. napus to infection by Leptosphaeria maculans, and to explore the potential for the use of wild forms of B. rapa in oilseed rape breeding programmes. Synthetic lines derived from two wild accessions of B. rapa, and their F1 hybrids with oilseed rape cultivars, expressed high levels of resistance to L. maculans in glasshouse experiments. One of these lines also expressed high levels of resistance in field experiments in England and Australia when exposed to a genetically diverse pathogen population. All other synthetic lines and cultivars were highly susceptible in both glasshouse and field experiments. F1 hybrids between oilseed rape cultivars and synthetic lines derived from B. rapa subsp. chinensis were significantly more susceptible than either parent.  相似文献   

12.
Mapping boron efficiency gene(s) in Brassica napus using RFLP and AFLP markers   总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22  
F. S. Xu    Y. H. Wang  J. Meng   《Plant Breeding》2001,120(4):319-324
Soil boron (B) deficiency, a world‐wide problem in agriculture, exists for more than 33 million hectares of cultivated land in China. Genetic variation exists for B‐efficiency among different Brassica napus germplasms. To identify genes controlling B efficiency, an F2 population of B. napus was constructed from a cross between a high B‐efficiency cultivar, ‘Qingyou 10’, and a low B‐efficiency cultivar, ‘Bakow’, and then evaluated for seed yield, bolting date and maturity date under B‐deficient conditions. The ratio of high B‐efficiency to low B‐efficiency individuals fitted the expected ratio of 3:1, indicating a major gene controlling the B‐efficiency trait. The major gene was mapped in the ninth linkage group of B. napus. Genome‐wide quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses detected one major locus near the major gene, which explained 64.0% of the phenotypic variance. At the same time, three minor loci in three linkage groups were also detected, and these minor loci individually explained 39.2%, 32.5% and 36.9%, respectively, of the phenotypic variance. A total of 11 QTLs were detected for bolting date and maturity date, some of which were associated with B‐efficiency.  相似文献   

13.
S. Mohring    V. Horstmann  E. Esch 《Plant Breeding》2005,124(2):105-110
Using primers annealing to S locus sequences the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) method was applied to develop a marker and to characterize different alleles at the self‐incompatibility locus in Brassica napus. A segregating F2 population from a cross of a self‐incompatible (SI) and a self‐compatible parent, as well as seven SI lines representing four different S alleles were used. Several primers specific to the S locus in B. oleracea and B. campestris, chosen from the literature, allow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA. However, only one primer pair amplified a single specific and reproducible PCR fragment of the expected length in B. napus. Digestion with restriction endonucleases revealed polymorphisms for two CAPS markers absolutely linked to the S locus. Using the codominant marker efMboI it was possible to discriminate all three F2 genotypes. With this marker and an additional marker using another primer pair it was possible to distinguish between three of the four different S alleles and five of the seven SI lines, respectively.  相似文献   

14.
Hybridization of Sinapis alba L. and Brassica napus L. via Embryo Rescue   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Embryo rescue techniques were used to obtain hybrids between Sinapis alba L. (white mustard) and Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape) with the goal of improving the disease tolerance of oilseed rape. Hybrid plants with 31 or 43 chromosomes were only recovered, when S. alba, was used as the female parent. One hybrid was obtained from the cross S. alba L. cv. ‘Kirby’×B. napus L. cv. ‘Topas’, while 26 hybrids were obtained, when various S. alba L. cultivars were pollinated with the rapid cycling B. napus line CrGC 5006. All F1, hybrid plants were male sterile; however, the first generation backcross to B. napus L., also obtained by embryo rescue, produced plants with 50 chromosomes and 61–84 % pollen viability. Second backcross generation seed was produced by normal sexual crossing. Preliminary cytological analyses of pollen mother cells of hybrid plants suggests the possibility of genetic exchange between the two species.  相似文献   

15.
W. Rygulla    W. Friedt    F. Seyis    W. Lühs    C. Eynck    A. von Tiedemann    R. J. Snowdon 《Plant Breeding》2007,126(6):596-602
Resynthesized (RS) forms of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.; genome AACC, 2n = 38) generated from interspecific hybridization between suitable genotypes of its diploid progenitors Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris; genome AA, 2n = 20) and Brassica oleracea L. (CC, 2n = 18) represent a potentially useful resource to introduce resistance against the fungal pathogen Verticillium longisporum into the gene pool of oilseed rape. Numerous cabbage (B. oleracea) accessions are known with resistance to V. longisporum; however, B. oleracea generally has high levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates in the seed, which reduces the suitability of resulting RS rapeseed lines for oilseed rape breeding. In this study resistance against V. longisporum was identified in the cabbage accession Kashirka 202 (B. oleracea convar. capitata), a zero erucic acid mutant, and RS rapeseed lines were generated by crossing the resistant genotype with two spring turnip rape accessions (B. rapa ssp. olerifera) with zero erucic acid. One of the resulting zero erucic acid RS rapeseed lines was found to have a high level of resistance to V. longisporum compared with both parental accessions and with B. napus controls. A number of other zero erucic acid RS lines showed resistance levels comparable to the parental accessions. In the most resistant RS lines the resistance and zero erucic acid traits were combined with variable seed glucosinolate contents. Erucic acid‐free RS rapeseed with moderate seed glucosinolate content represents an ideal basic material for introgression of quantitative V. longisporum resistance derived from B. oleracea and B. rapa into elite oilseed rape breeding lines.  相似文献   

16.
Genetic analysis of four self-incompatible lines in Brassica napus   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
G. S. Yang    C. B. Chen    G. L. Zhou    C. N. Geng    C. Z. Ma    J. X. Tu  T. D. Fu 《Plant Breeding》2001,120(1):57-61
Reciprocal hybridization between four self-incompatible lines of Brassica napus: 271, 181, 184 and ‘White Flower’, revealed incompatibility. The reciprocal F1s obtained by bud pollination showed self-incompatible reactions, and no segregation for self-incompatibility was observed in all the reciprocal F2 populations, indicating that lines 271, 181, 184 and ‘White Flower’ were genetically identical with regard to self-incompatibility. Observations of self-incompatibility in 17 hybrids from crosses between line 271 and 17 varieties of B. napus showed 10 of the F1 hybrids to be self-compatible, while four were partially self-compatible and three were self-incompatible. Genetic analysis based on F2 and BC1 populations from five self-compatible F1 hybrids and two self-incompatible F1 hybrids suggested the existence of at least two loci controlling the self-incompatibility of line 271: one is the S locus, with dominant and recessive relationships between the S alleles, and the other is the suppressor (sp) of the S locus. The sp locus is genetically different from the S locus, and also shows dominant and recessive relationships between the sp alleles.  相似文献   

17.
B. Zhang    C. M. Lu    F. Kakihara  M. Kato 《Plant Breeding》2002,121(4):297-300
The effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal colour was studied in Brassica. Three accessions of yellow‐petalled B. rapa (2n= 20, AA) were crossed with a white‐petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra (2n= 18, CC) and with three cream‐yellow‐petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes (2n= 18, CC) to produce resynthesized B. napus (2n= 38, AACC or CCAA) and sesquidiploids (2n= 29, AAC or CAA). Petal colour was measured with a Hunter automatic colour difference meter. The results revealed that petal colour in Brassica is controlled by nuclear genes and by cytoplasmic factors. Additive and epistatic gene effects were involved in the action of nuclear genes. When crosses were made between yellow‐petalled B. rapa and white‐petalled B. oleracea var. alboglabra, significant additive, epistatic and cytoplasmic effects were found. White petal colour was partially epistatic over yellow petal colour. When crosses were made between yellow‐petalled B. rapa and cream‐yellow‐petalled B. oleracea var. gongylodes, only epistatic effects were detected. Yellow petal colour was epistatic over cream‐yellow.  相似文献   

18.
C. M. Lu    B. Zhang    L. Liu  M. Kato 《Plant Breeding》2004,123(5):495-496
The effect of genome composition and cytoplasm on petal size was studied in Brassica. Two accessions of Brassica rapa (2n = 20, AA) were reciprocally crossed with three accessions of Brassica oleracea (2n =18, CC) to produce resynthesized B. napus (2n = 38, AACC or CCAA) and sesquidiploids (2n = 29, AAC or CAA). Petal size was measured and compared among diploids (AA and CC), sesquidiploids (AAC and CAA) and amphidiploids(AACC and CCAA). The results showed that petal size is a genome‐dependent and highly heritable character. The heritability of petal length is as high as 96.3%. The addition of each C‐genome to the AA genomic background increased the petal length by 4‐5 mm. Cytoplasm of B. oleracea showed a positive effect on petal length by about 1.3 mm over that of B. rapa. Petal width was positively correlated with petal length at a highly significant level (r= 0.806, df = 81). Resynthesized B. napus (AACC) showed significantly larger flower petals than natural rapeseed cultivars (AACC).  相似文献   

19.
‘Polima’ cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) was transferred to three different genotypes of B. napus i.e. GSL-1, ISN706 and HNS-8 by repeated backcrossing and was found to be completely stable in the nuclear background of synthetic B. napus genotype, ISN706, derived from a cross B. campestris ssp. oleifera var. brown sarson ×B. oleracea var. botrytis cv. Tusa Katki'. The BC5 and BC6 generation lines of ISN706, GSL-1 and HNS-8 with ‘Polima’ CMS were grown under a range of temperature and photo-period conditions to test their stability. No breakdown in sterility was observed in ‘Polima’ ISN706 and, therefore, this genotype can be used as a maintainer for hybrid seed production.  相似文献   

20.
Although strong intersubgenomic heterosis for seed production has been observed between “natural” domesticated Brassica napus (rapeseed, AACC) and a new type of rapeseed into which subgenomic components of Brassica rapa (AA) have been introgressed, the molecular genetic mechanism of this intersubgenomic heterosis is not understood. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population of new type rapeseed derived from a cross between B. napus and B. rapa, together with a population from a backcross with the parental line of B. napus, was used to identify single-locus quantitative trait locus (QTL) and interacting QTL pairs for yield and nine yield-related traits. More than half of single-locus QTLs and interacting QTL pairs detected were involved with the novel alleles induced by the introgression of B. rapa. The alleles directly from B. rapa A genome played a secondary role in contributing to intersubgenomic heterosis. Allelic and nonallelic interactions of both novel alleles generated by B. rapa introgression and the alleles directly from B. rapa A genome contributed to the intersubgenomic heterosis between “natural” domesticated rapeseed and new type rapeseed into which B. rapa had been introgressed. Six loci for fixed heterosis were identified and their possible applications are also discussed.  相似文献   

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