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1.
以二苯醚类除草剂高效降解菌株Bacillus sp. Za为材料制备微生物制剂，优化液体制剂保护剂的物质配比，筛选固体制剂的最适材料，对固体制剂进行初步应用并评价其降解效果。研究结果表明：（1）液体制剂保护剂（0.20%柠檬酸钠、0.20%羧甲基纤维素、0.30% KCl）可使活菌数提高35.71%，保存30 d的液体制剂对50 mg/L乳氟禾草灵的降解率为83.50%。（2）筛选得到猪粪有机肥作为固体制剂的最适材料，保存60 d时固体制剂活菌数为8.26×108 cfu/g，对土壤中10 mg/kg乳氟禾草灵的降解率为85.52%。（3）添加固体制剂可有效缓解乳氟禾草灵残留对玉米所产生的药害。 相似文献
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以蚯蚓粪肥、猪粪肥、鸡粪肥、秸秆肥、米糠、泥炭以及花生壳粉作为载体,以多菌灵降解菌Rhodococcus qingshengii djl-6和啶虫脒降解菌Pigmentiphaga sp. D-2为材料,开展了固体菌剂的研发。接种菌株djl-6及D-2后,各载体均能够促进供试菌株的生长。以蚯蚓粪肥作为载体时,菌株djl-6、D-2有效菌数释放率最高,分别为100.40%和82.03%。在保存120 d时,除花生壳粉外,其余各载体中的活菌数均高于10~7 cfu/g;以蚯蚓粪为载体的djl-6菌剂活菌数达到了7.00×10~8 cfu/g,以猪粪为载体的D-2菌剂活菌数达到了4.29×10~8 cfu/g。固体菌剂保存30 d后进行土壤农药残留降解试验,以蚯蚓粪为载体的djl-6菌剂对5 mg/kg的多菌灵降解率为94.30%,以蚯蚓粪为载体的D-2菌剂对10 mg/kg的啶虫脒降解率为81.87%。研究结果表明,以蚯蚓粪为载体的固体农残降解菌剂活菌数高、保存期长,具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
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针对菜田土壤中多菌灵和啶虫脒的残留问题，以多菌灵降解菌株Rhodococcusqingshengiidjl-6和啶虫脒降解菌株Pigmentiphaga D-2作为材料，进行降解菌剂的复配，研究了使用复合降解菌剂对复合农药残留土壤的修复效果及微生态效应。研究结果表明：(1)复配降解菌株djl-6与D-2的最适体积比为5∶3，复合降解菌剂在3 d内对无机盐培养基中50μg/ml的多菌灵降解率为87.14%，对50μg/ml的啶虫脒降解率为96.10%。(2)初始接种量为7%时，复合降解菌剂可在6 d内将复合农药污染土壤中5 mg/kg多菌灵降解74.40%，将5 mg/kg啶虫脒降解95.87%。土壤含水率为25%时，复合降解菌剂对复合农药污染土壤中5 mg/kg多菌灵的降解率为80.80%，对5 mg/kg啶虫脒的降解率为97.87%。(3)复合农药污染土壤中10 mg/kg多菌灵和10 mg/kg啶虫脒即可对小青菜的生长产生明显的药害，小青菜生长24d时根长仅为空白对照的66.56%、茎叶长为58.35%、鲜重为45.13%。在7%的接种量条件下，复合降解菌剂可解除药害，使小青菜的生... 相似文献
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采用室内培养方法,从吴江市郊长期被多环芳烃污染的土壤中富集到以菲为唯一碳源和能源的菲降解复合微生物菌群,复合菌群在7d内对无机盐液体中菲（含量100mg·L^-1）的降解率达到99%。从复合菌群中分离纯化获得两株菲高效降解菌B1和L2,经过菌体形态特征、生理生化特征和16SrDNA序列分析,鉴定菌株B1为百日咳博行特氏菌（Bordetella petrii）,菌株L2为墨西哥假黄单胞菌（Pseudoxanthomonas mexicana）。这两株菌在菲含量为100mg·L^-1的无机盐培养液中,7d内对菲（含量100mg·L^-1）的降解率大约为80%,9d内的降解率可达到99%。将复合菌群和菲污染土壤混合,在光照培养箱中进行培养修复。结果表明,修复88d后,接种复合菌群的低污染浓度（8.22mg·kg^-1）处理和高污染浓度（39.65mg·kg^-1）处理的菲去除率分别达到95.74%和98.06%。 相似文献
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噬氨副球菌HPD-2固体发酵条件优化及其对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
选用有机肥A、有机肥B和紫花苜蓿粉3种有机物料作为菌剂载体,探讨了固体发酵过程中物料量、接种量、固水比和发酵时间对噬氨副球菌HPD-2生长的影响,以及固体发酵菌剂对PAHs污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,3种发酵载体中,以有机肥A的效果最好。噬氨副球菌HPD-2以有机肥A为载体的固体发酵最佳条件为物料量20 g、接种量5%、固水比1:1、发酵时间 144 h。菌剂施入土壤28天后,土壤中PAHs总含量由初始的9.96 mg/kg 下降到7.64 mg/kg,其去除率达22.8%。不同环数PAHs的去除率高低顺序为3环＞5环＞6环和4环,分别下降了35.1%、27.0%、20.7%、20.4%。该菌剂对PAHs污染土壤有一定的修复效果。 相似文献
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花生化感物质降解菌和抗连作拮抗菌复合菌剂应用效果的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了提高花生化感物质降解菌对化感物质降解率以及连作障碍拮抗菌对植物病原菌的拮抗效果。利用优化培养后制备的复合菌剂进行大田试验(复合菌剂中降解菌有效活菌数总数达3×1010cfuml~(-1),拮抗菌有效活菌数1.12×108cfuml~(-1)),研究了复合菌剂对花生病害、降解特性及土壤微生物活性等的影响。结果表明:复合菌剂及菌剂加倍处理对化感物质的降解率分别达66.7%和89.4%;菌剂的施入对花生网斑病、焦斑病和褐斑病有明显的抑制作用,特别是菌剂加倍对网斑病抑制效果2年分别能达到56.1%和72.1%;花生生育期内,微生物生物量碳氮总体呈先增加后减少趋势,菌剂处理比空白分别能提高6.2%~34.5%和4.9%~31.1%;复合菌剂处理能明显提高土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性;花生产量2年皆以菌剂加倍最高,分别为3734.2 kg hm~(-2)和3708.6 kg hm~(-2),复合菌剂在花生整个生育期稳定性良好。 相似文献
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以堆肥作为3株功能芽胞细菌液体菌剂的载体,通过优化载体含水量、温度和接种浓度等关键影响因子,以不同时间载体中有效活菌数的变化为指标,探讨堆肥代替草炭作为功能微生物载体的可行性和最适条件。研究结果表明,载体C（鸡粪）、P（猪粪）、M（1∶1鸡粪猪粪）和TP（猪粪＋草炭）在72 h内的有效活菌数均显著低于草炭;混合载体TC2（50%草炭＋50%鸡粪）和TM1（25%草炭＋75%1∶1鸡粪猪粪）的有效活菌数随着时间的延长而增加,其中72 h时TC2的有效活菌数达到11.40×109 cfu.g-1,TM1的有效活菌数达到2.64×109 cfu.g-1,均与草炭无显著差异,因此适宜代替草炭作为功能微生物的载体。采用单因素实验,载体TC2和TM1的最优化影响因子为含水量30%、吸附温度30℃、菌液接种浓度为108cfu.mL-1。 相似文献
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为筛选适宜的玉米秸秆纤维素降解菌株作为玉米秸秆腐熟菌剂菌株资源储备，通过采用腐殖玉米秸秆土壤微生物培养筛选、刚果红水解圈测试及酶活测定等多种方法的应用，筛选得到2株具有纤维降解能力的真菌1#菌株和2#菌株。经形态学和分子生物学鉴定，初步确定1#菌株为长枝木霉，2#菌株为聚多曲霉。真菌1#菌株和2#菌株在刚果红培养基上均呈现比生长圈大2倍的水解圈。2个菌株在液体、固体2种酶液发酵情况下均表现内切酶活较强(65.202～217.614 U/mL)，均高于外切酶活(55.398～85.322 U/mL)和滤纸酶活(46.074～141.366 U/mL)，认为这2个菌株可作为玉米秸秆专用腐熟菌剂研发的储备菌株。 相似文献
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"秸秆降解生防菌强化技术"对黄瓜连作土壤微生物区系的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
"秸秆降解生防菌强化技术"(BS)近年在我国北方冬季温室栽培中广泛使用, 具改良土壤、减轻病害、改善品质、提高产量等多方面的效果。为探讨应用该技术后对黄瓜连作土壤中微生物区系的影响, 本研究采用平板培养计数与末端标记限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)分析相结合的方法, 检测了黄瓜连作土壤中真菌、细菌、放线菌以及生防菌和病原菌的数量动态。结果表明, BS处理土壤后, 在连作第2茬时, 土壤中真菌群体总量比第1茬显著减少; 细菌总量比第1茬显著增加。细菌与真菌数量比值(B/F值)在连作两茬时明显升高, 土壤表现为"细菌型"; 连茬土壤中两种生防菌的含量保持相对稳定; 枯萎病原菌数量在连作两茬时与其他处理和对照相比有所降低, 但不显著; 处理后土壤细菌多样性在第2茬时显著升高, 并能促进TRF139等有益菌群增殖, 抑制TRF341和TRF501等有害菌群增殖。BS处理土壤能明显提高连作黄瓜的产量并降低根结线虫的病情指数, 在第3茬时产量比对照增加25.9%, 病情指数比对照减少71.4%。生防菌与秸秆配合使用对黄瓜连作土壤微生物的数量和群落结构影响显著, 在一定的连作茬数内能够保证生防菌有效定殖, 抑制病原菌数量增长, 提高土壤微生物多样性, 使土壤微环境达到相对健康的状态。 相似文献
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Protozoan predation and the turnover of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the presence of plants 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Kuikman P. J. Jansen A. G. van Veen J. A. Zehnder A. J. B. 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1990,10(1):22-28
Summary The impact of protozoan grazing on the dynamics and mineralization of 14C- and 15N-labelled soil organic material was investigated in a microcosm experiment. Sterilized soil was planted with wheat and either inoculated with bacteria alone or with bacteria and protozoa or with bacteria and a 1:10 diluted protozoan inoculum. 14C–CO2 formation was continuously monitored. It served as an indicator of microbial activity and the respiration of soil organic C. The activity of protozoa increased the turnover of 14C-labelled substrates compared to soil without protozoa. The accumulated 14C–CO2 evolved from the soils with protozoa was 36% and 53% higher for a 1:10 and for a 1:1 protozoan inoculum, respectively. Protozoa reduced the number of bacteria by a factor of 2. In the presence of protozoa, N uptake by plants increased by 9% and 17% for a 1:10 and a 1:1 protozoan inoculum, respectively. Both plant dry matter production and shoot: root ratios were higher in the presence of protozoa. The constant ratio of 15N: 14+15N in the plants for all treatments indicated that in the presence of protozoa more soil organic matter was mineralized. Bacteria and protozoa responded very rapidly to the addition of water to the microcosms. The rewetting response in terms of the 14C–CO2 respiration rate was significantly higher for 1 day in the absence and for 2 days in the presence of protozoa after the microcosms had been watered. It was concluded that protozoa improved the mineralization of N from soil organic matter by stimulating the turnover of bacterial biomass. Pulsed events like the addition of water seem to have a significant impact on the dynamics of food-chain reactions in soil in terms of C and N mineralization.Communication No. 19 of the Dutch Programme on Soil Ecology of Arable Farming Systems 相似文献
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Malika Bendouz Justine Dionne Lan Huong Tran Lucie Coudert Guy Mercier Jean-François Blais 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(3):115
This study was conducted to determine the optimal conditions for PAH degradation from highly contaminated attrition sludge (PAC) using a Fenton process or successive permanganate (KMnO4) oxidation and Fenton processes. The following parameters were studied to optimize the Fenton oxidation process: the amounts of reactants based on the stoichiometric oxidant demand (SOD), the reactant addition protocol and number of doses, and the solid/liquid ratio (S/L). The results showed that the following conditions were optimum: TS?=?30%, 7.5 times SOD, H2O2/Fe2+ ratio?=?10, and added five times during 60 min, which allowed the degradation of 43% of total 27 PAHs from the PAC. Successive Fenton and KMnO4 oxidation processes were also tested. PAH degradation using a sequential Fenton process followed by KMnO4 oxidation (or KMnO4 followed by Fenton) was higher than for the use of Fenton or KMnO4 treatment alone. Up to 71% of the total 27 PAHs were degraded when using a combination of both processes. It appeared that the sequential treatment is a viable method for the significant degradation of 27 PAHs from PAC (t value?>?2.77). 相似文献
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Coupled nitrification-denitrification associated with liquid manure in a gel-stabilized model system
Summary Following the application of liquid manure to soil, the development of the two processes, nitrification and denitrification, was studied in a two-phase model system. A saturated mixture of manure and soil, stabilized with silica gel, was overlain by an aerobic soil phase. Profiles of the redox potential pH, inorganic N, dissolved organic C, nitrification and denitrification potentials, and phospholipid concentrations for an estimate of microbial biomass were measured during a 20-day period. NH
4
+
diffusing into the aerobic soil was oxidized within 10 mm of the interface, but with only a small accumulation of NO
2
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and NO
3
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. It was estimated that N equivalent to approximately 70% of the NH
4
+
originally present in the manure was lost through coupled nitrification-denitrification. The potentials for nitrification and denitrification increased 40-and 20-fold, respectively, around the interface. Maximum values were recorded after 14 days. Within 0–5 mm of the anaerobic zone, apparent generation times for NH
4
+
-oxidizing bacteria of 1.1–1.8 days were estimated between day 1 and day 7. The phospholipid concentration profiles suggested that the biomass within 2 mm on either side of the interface was stimulated throughout the 20-day period. 相似文献
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复合菌剂对小麦秸秆降解速率、土壤酶和土壤 微生物类群的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
秸秆在农业上的有效利用日益受到关注。针对秸秆还田后腐解难的问题,本文选择7株纤维素降解菌种进行复配:拟茎点霉B3、茎点霉YY11、绿色木霉、里氏木霉、根霉、黑曲霉、蜂房芽孢杆菌。最终采用两种复配液体菌剂A(B3、YY11、绿色木霉和蜂房芽孢杆菌)、C(上述7个菌种),同时制作与液体菌剂A、C分别对应的固体菌剂B、D。探讨了复合菌剂对秸秆降解速率的促进作用和对土壤质量的提升效果。结果表明,4种菌剂均可促进小麦秸秆降解,改善土壤生物学特性,增加土壤养分,改良玉米农艺学性状。综合评价各个指标,菌剂B(B3、YY11、绿色木霉、蜂房芽孢杆菌;固体剂型)的表现最好,且玉米总产量比市售秸秆腐熟剂处理高20.72%。总之,本研究表明小麦秸秆还田后和联合菌剂使用能明显提高土壤降解功能,并且为实现经济可持续的农业管理方式提供了一种有应用前景的秸秆腐熟剂组合方式。 相似文献
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盐碱地塔宾曲霉菌的解磷能力及其对小麦生长的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]研发新型解磷生物菌肥,提高黄河三角洲盐碱障碍耕地作物产量。[方法]采用无机磷液体培养基培养的方法,从黄河三角洲盐碱化菜园根际土壤筛选得到一株解磷真菌CT1,即塔滨曲霉菌(Aspergillus tubingensis),对其解磷能力进行了深入研究。[结果]解磷菌CT1的解磷能力随发酵液盐浓度升高降低,当发酵液盐浓度在0.03%~6%时,发酵液中有效磷浓度可维持在523.5~338.5mg/L,且解磷菌的溶磷量与发酵液pH之间存在明显的负相关。解磷菌CT1在葡萄糖作为碳源的培养基上生长状况最好,在(NH_4)_2SO_4作为氮源的培养基上生长状况最好。接入解磷菌15d的小麦与未接菌的小麦相比,茎长增加了16.24%,茎鲜重增加了12.35%,根长增加了21.6%。[结论]解磷菌CT1对盐碱地小麦幼苗生长有一定的促进作用,可作为提高盐碱地作物产量的新型解磷生物菌肥利用。 相似文献
17.
植烟土壤中微生物特性及氨化、亚硝化菌分离鉴定与活性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对烤烟生产中施用有机肥后植烟土壤有机态氮素分解速率不易调控的问题,并为配制有机氮分解微生物菌剂提供优良菌株,本研究以化肥、牛粪、玉米秸秆、油枯处理下的烤烟根区土壤为材料,分离筛选出高活性氨化、亚硝化土著菌,并分别测定其对有机氮降解及氨氮分解的效果。结果表明:在烤烟生长旺长期,施用有机肥处理的土壤可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化菌数量均高于单施化肥处理;在烤烟成熟期,施用有机肥处理,烤烟根区土壤氨化菌、亚硝化菌、真菌、放线菌数量均高于单施化肥。通过各类菌株的土样来源分析,氨化作用强度较高的优势菌株均来源于有机肥处理的土样,植烟土壤施用有机肥较单施化肥能够获得较高活性的氨化细菌。各类菌活性研究显示,短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus stearothermophilus)、巨大芽孢菌(B.megaterium)培养液有机氮含量降幅最大,较初始有机氮含量分别降低84.74%、92.74%、79.52%;寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp.)兼具有亚硝化作用及硝化作用,培养7 d后,培养液中硝态氮含量增加了0.617 mg·L~(-1);嗜麦芽寡单胞菌(S.maltophilia)亚硝化作用最强,培养7 d后,培养液中亚硝态氮含量为0.518 mg·L~(-1)。氨化菌培养48 h后有机氮分解速率降低,具有亚硝化及硝化作用的菌株培养到第7 d活性仍处于较高水平。因此,试验分离出的不同功能细菌在配制解氮复合微生物菌剂时需在不同时间加入菌株进行发酵,以获得高活性微生物菌剂。根据分解有机氮、解氨试验及相关文献中各菌株作用功能分析,筛选出纳西杆菌(Naxibacter sp.)、寡养单胞菌、短小芽孢杆菌、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌、同温层芽孢杆菌(B.stratosphericus)、纤维菌(Cellulosimicrobium cellulans)、高地芽孢杆菌(B.altitudinis)和巨大芽孢菌8株高效氮素功能菌株用于有机氮分解微生物菌剂的配制。 相似文献
18.
Methods to quantify plant available silicon (Si) from Si-based slags for use as fertilizers are not well defined. Although it is possible to estimate total Si from a potential Si fertilizer source; this approach does not represent how much Si is available for uptake by the plant. In this study, Si was extracted from ten sources [Wollastonite W10; calcium silicate slag from the US; calcium silicate from Canada; magnesium silicate; Excellerator; silican gel; 00-00-12 + Si (liquid source) and three types of potassium silicate with different concentrations in the liquid form, K53; K120 and AgSilTM25] using each of the following seven methods: hydrochloric acid (HCl) plus hydrofluoric acid (HF) extraction, leaching column; sodium carbonate (Na2CO3–10 g L?1) + ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3–16 g L?1); citric acid (50 g dm?3 or 5%); hydrochloric acid (0.5 N); neutral ammonium citrate (NAC); and resin (Amberlite IRC-50, pK 6.1). All the Si-containing products were added to pots at rates equal to 600 kg ha?1 of Si based on the total Si extracted. Poa trivialis cv. ‘Darkhorse’ was grown for 24 days with these sources to determine Si plant uptake. Based on the correlation coefficients, the best extractor for available Si in solid fertilizer was determined to be Na2CO3 + NH4NO3, while for liquid fertilizers, the total Si (HCl + HF) was found to be the best. Consequently, regulatory agencies now have two extractors for estimating the plant available Si from fertilizers depending on the physical property of the material (solid or liquid). 相似文献